AP World History: Modern time line: Difference between revisions

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* Dar al-Islam, Pax Islamica
* Dar al-Islam, Pax Islamica
* "caliph" = official Islamic religious and political ruler
* by end of 9th century, was a fragmented empire with centrally-ruled and allied, autonomous rulers
* by end of 9th century, was a fragmented empire with centrally-ruled and allied, autonomous rulers
* Baghdad remained the "ritualized court" for Sunni Islam in opposition to Shia Islam
* Baghdad remained the "ritualized court" for Sunni Islam in opposition to Shia Islam
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* established Islamic capital at the ancient city, Dehli, India
* established Islamic capital at the ancient city, Dehli, India
|South Asia
|South Asia
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|Persia, India
|cultural diffusion
|cultural diffusion
|Islam
|Islam
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* Hindu hegemony over South Asia directly challenged by the Ghurid dynasty, which brought Islam to India
* transferred Persian culture to northern India, including literature and architecture
* transferred Persian culture to northern India, including literature and architecture
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|Islam
|Islam
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* "sultan" = Arabic for "he who rules"; originally was not a hereditary title
* established by a Ghurid general, a Turkish slave who became a military leader (a "'''Mamluk'''" = non-Arab slave given military and administrative duties)
* established by a Ghurid general, a Turkish slave who became a military leader (a "'''Mamluk'''" = non-Arab slave given military and administrative duties)
* at peak controlled most of the subcontinent but rule was reduced to 14th century Hindu reconquests
* at peak controlled most of the subcontinent but rule was reduced to 14th century Hindu reconquests

Revision as of 12:29, 14 May 2022

AP World History: Modern timeline, 1200-present

Article purpose:

  • timeline via sortable chart columns
  • associate time, place, theme and make connections

Units 1-2, 1200 to 1450[edit | edit source]

Dates Place/Empire Region Place Theme 1 Theme 2 Main Ideas/ Notes Other
750-1258 Abbasid Caliphate
  • 3rd caliphate
  • capital Baghdad
West Asia & North Africa MidEast religion Islam
  • Dar al-Islam, Pax Islamica
  • "caliph" = official Islamic religious and political ruler
  • by end of 9th century, was a fragmented empire with centrally-ruled and allied, autonomous rulers
  • Baghdad remained the "ritualized court" for Sunni Islam in opposition to Shia Islam
  • subjected to Persian, Seljuk & other Turkic invasions
  • final collapse from Mongol invasion
Click expand to view map Dar al-Islam in the 10th century (click on image to enlarge):
The lands and cities of the Dar al-Islam in the 10th century, according to the geographer al-Muqaddasi
960-1279 Song Dynasty China
1095-1492 Crusades Europe religion
1173-1206 Ghurid dynasty
  • Persian Tajiks who converted to Islam and introduced it to northern India
  • established Islamic capital at the ancient city, Dehli, India
South Asia Persia, India cultural diffusion Islam
  • Hindu hegemony over South Asia directly challenged by the Ghurid dynasty, which brought Islam to India
  • transferred Persian culture to northern India, including literature and architecture
  • Ghurs were Tajik (Persian ethnic) tribes, likely from central Afghanistan, who, with other Turkic tribes frequently raided western and northern India
  • the Ghurs fell under the Islamic Turkic rule over Persia, Afghanistan and northern India
  • the Ghurs then established their own rule over Persia and expanded eastward across northern India
1206-1526 Delhi Sultanate
  • series of Muslim dynasties that ruled south Asia
  • started as Turkic rule but transformed into Indo-Muslim rule
  • established Islamic culture in India
South Asia cultural diffusion Islam
  • "sultan" = Arabic for "he who rules"; originally was not a hereditary title
  • established by a Ghurid general, a Turkish slave who became a military leader (a "Mamluk" = non-Arab slave given military and administrative duties)
  • at peak controlled most of the subcontinent but rule was reduced to 14th century Hindu reconquests
  • 1526 = Mughal conquest
  • Mamluk Dynasty (1206-1290)
  • Muslim rulers tolerated but looked down upon local religions
  • concerned with administration, prestige and wealth more than with religious suppression, although the Sultanate conquest included destruction of Hindu and Buddhist temples and libraries, as well as sacking, massacre and sometimes total destruction
  • the Delhi Sultanate oversaw migration wave of West Asian Muslims fleeing Mongol invasions and spread of Islam, especially at the expense Buddhist culture in Bengal (eastern portion of subcontinent)
  • was one of the few Eurasian powers to repel Mongol invasions
1206-1277 Genghis Khan Asia Mongols
1215 Magna Carta Europe England
1258 Abbasid Caliphate ends West Asia empire
  • Mongol army conquered Bagdhad and killed the rule, officially ending the Abbasid Caliphate
1271-1285 Mongol invasion of Japan fails
1260 Mongol Empire divided into 4 khanates:
  • Yuan Dynasty (east Asia)
  • Golden Horde (northwest )
  • Ilkhanate (southwest)
  • Chagatai (central)
Asia Mongols empire
  • succession disputes arose among grandchildren of Genghis Khan over direction of Mongol rule as integrated into conquered areas or maintaining traditional steppe / nomadic identity
  • although Kublai Khan became emperor in 1260, he was nominal and not actual ("emperor in name only"). and each khanate was largely autonomous
click expand for political map of Asia in 1335 showing Mongol Khanates before further disintegration of Mongol Empire
Asia in 1335. Mongol states are Golden Horde, Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate & Yuan Dynasty
1271-1295 Marco Polo's travels
1260-1350 Pax Mongolia
1279 peak of Mongol Empire
1279-1368 Yuan Dynasty in China (Mongol rule)
1282 introduction of water-powered paper-mill " China technology
1299-1923 Ottoman Empire
1400-1600 Italian Renaissance
1324 Mansa Musa pilgrimage to Mecca
1325 Tenochitlan founded
1325-1354 Ibn Battuta's travels
1336-1572 Vijayanagara Empire
  • Hindu empire in southern India
  • stopped Islamic spread to southern India by defeating the Deccan sultanates
South Asia India cultural diffusion religion
  • was slow to adopt cannon and other modern military technologies
  • fell to the sultanates when they combined and defeated the Vijayanagara army in 1565
  • the capital was moved and the empire divided in 1572
  • Vijayanagara, the capital city, was famed for wealth and learning
  • in 1500 was the 2nd largest city in the word (after Beijing) w/ c. 500,000
  • became a source of fascination to Europeans in 15th-16th centuries
  • the capital was sacked in 1565 by the Muslim Deccan sultanates and abandoned
1346 Black Death in China
1347-1388 Black Death in Europe
1351-1368 Red Turban Rebellion
1353 gunpower perfected in Germany Europe China technology cultural diffusion
  • with improved metalworking, increased firing range and durability over early Chinese and Middle Eastern guns
  • Europeans acquired gunpowder via Silk Road exchange with the Mongol Empire
  • printing and paper technologies were also transmitted over the Silk Road
  • gunpowder was invented in 9th century in China, called "fire medicine"
  • had limited use under Song Dynasty as "incendiary projectiles" but not adapted for common military use and not for cannon or guns
  • Medieval Islam acquired recipes which included saltpeter, which they called "Chinese snow"; having already employed naptha (petroleum-based) as an incendiary
  • Mongol warfare included use of gunpowder, especially in conquest of China, and possibly in attacks on Europe, which may have been part of its introduction to Europe
  • see Gunpowder empires for Islamic empires that made extensive use of muskets and cannon
  • Europeans applied it to small arms and cannon, and it was instrumental in bringing an end to calvary supremacy of European knights (see the Thirty Years War)
  • European gunpowder was brought to China by the Portuguese in the 15th century
1368-1644 Ming Dynasty
1399-early 1400s Timurid relations with Europe Europe, West Asia Mongols globalism cultural diffusion
  • 1399-1400, Turco-Mongol emperor Tamerlane defeated the Ottomans in Syria
  • he sought alliances with European monarchs to oppose the Ottomans
  • each side exchanged diplomats, gifts and information
  • was concurrent (same time as) to Ming dynasty overseas expeditions
  • similar to Franco-Mongol alliance of the early 13th century, which was designed to oppose Ottoman expansion
1405-1433 Zheng He's treasure voyages
1428-1521 Aztec Empire
1438-1533 Inca Empire
1440 Swahili city-states
1440 Guteneberg invents printing press
1400s Portuguese caravel developed
1441 Atlantic slave trade in Atlantic islands

Units 3-4, 1450-1750[edit | edit source]

Dates Place/Empire Region Place Theme 1 Theme 2 Main Ideas/ Notes Other
1450 Fra Mauro map Europe World exploration globalism
  • 1st European modern world map, created by Venetian monk, Niccolò de Conti in 1450 (took several years to make; he had traveled to )
  • the map indicated a sea route between Europe and India around Africa
  • considered the first European map to be non-religious in nature or focus
  • it did not place Jerusalem at the longitudinal center, and it removed the Garden of Eden from the world map (which was traditionally located on the world map to the east)
Click expand to view map of the Fra Mauro Map (click on image to enlarge):
The Fra Mauro Map of the world. The map depicts Asia, Africa and Europe, with south to the top (standard for Muslim world maps). The map is considered highly accurate and the first modern map of the world, even though not correctly depicting all of Africa (or the PaciiAmericas)
1453 Ottoman conquest of Constantinople & collapse of Byzantine empire Europe empire
1453-1736 Gunpowder empires
  • Islamic empires built / expanded on use of gunpowder, especially muskets and cannon
  • Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal empires
  • the Ottomans were the first to adopt the technology & used it most effectively
South Asia West Asia technology economy
  • used gunpowder in guns and cannon to great effect over existing technologies and strategies (broke walls, reduced effectiveness of war elephants, etc.)
  • Gunpowder empires created stable economies and administrative states
  • engaged in cultural patronage (cosmopolitan)
Click expand to view map of the Gunpowder Empires (click on image to enlarge):
Islamic Gunpowder Empires
1450s-1480s Russia overthrows Mongol rule in Moscow
1464-1591 Songhai Empire
1469 Sikhism begins
1492 Reconquista of Spain completed
1492 Columbus's 1st voyage to Americas
1498 Vasco da Gama reaches India
1501-1722 Safavid Empire
1534 African slaves trade to Americas starts
1509-1543 Nzinga Mbemba (Afonso I) rules Kongo Empire
1517 Martin Luther's 95 Theses
1519-1521 Magellan voyage around the world
1526-1748 Mughal Empire
  • Babur, warrior chief from Uzbekistan
  • used firearms to conquer upper India
  • expanded under constant warfare as form of government
  • Akbar established imperial structure that lasted until 1720; imposed agriculture tax via which monetized peasant economy
  • fell to Maratha Empire (confederacy of Hindu states)
South Asia India religion
  • use of firearms (guns and cannon)
  • coinage
1534 France claims St. Lawrence riverway (Quebec colony)
1543 Copernicus / heliocentric universe
1545 Potosi mine opened in Bolivia
1550-1700 Scientific Revolution
1552 Russian Empire begins
1556-1605 Akbar the Great of the Mughal Empire
1571 Manila founded by Spanish
1595 Dutch "Fluyt" cargo ship introduced
1600 English East India Company founded

(later renamed "British East India Co.)

England trade colonialization India
  • formed for Indian Ocean trade
  • joint-stock company
  • seized control of the Indian subcontinent
  • had a private army 260,000 soldiers (double size of British army)
  • produced half of the word's trade revenue during the mid-1700s to early 1800s
  • Britain took over in 1858 and assumed direct control of India as a colony
1600-1826 Tokugawa shogunate
1602 Dutch East India Company founded
1607 Britain begins colonizing the Americas with Jamestown
1623-1641 Tokugawa Iemitsu rules Japan
1632 Taj Mahal built
1643-1715 Louis XIV rules France
1652 Boers colonize South Africa
1674-1818 Maratha Empire or Confederacy
  • Hindu reconquest of the subcontinent
South Asia religion India
  • Hindu empire from the Western Deccan plateau
  • sought to establish "self-rule of Hindus" ("hindavi swaajya")
  • ended the Mughal Empire and ruled most of India until falling to the British East India Company
click Expand for maps of European colonization of Africa
Maratha Empire, as of 1760
1687 Newton publishes Principia
1682-1725 Peter the Great
  • westernized Russia on Enlightenment ideals and customs (imposed a "beard tax" to force Russians to shave; instituted the Julian calendar)
  • imposed compulsory education for nobles and built universities
Eurasia Russia cultural diffusion
  • reorganized medieval political structures to modern state, including to abolish the Duma (assembly of local lords) and replacing it with a senate
  • built new capital, St. Petersburg
  • built the Imperial Navy
  • warred with Swedes for control of the Baltic Sea, the Ottomans for control of the Black Sea, and the Safavids (Persian) for control of the Caspian Sea
1688-1911/12 Qing (Manchu) Empire
1689 Glorious Revolution in England
1698 Early steam engine invented
The Enlightenment

Units 5-6, 1750 to 1900[edit | edit source]

Dates Place/Empire Region Place Theme 1 Theme 2 Main Ideas/ Notes Other
1756-1763 Seven Years' War
1757 Battle of Plassey in India
1760-1789 First Industrial Revolution
1765-1783 American Revolution
1776 Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith published
1776 Declaration of Independence
1789-1795 French Revolution
1791-1804 Haitian Revolution
1792 Mary Wollstonecraft' "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman"
1793 Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin
1799-1815 Napoleonic period
1806-1826 Latin American revolutions/ Bolivar
1815 Congress of Vienna
1839-1860 Opium Wars
1839-1876 Ottoman Tanzimat reforms
1845-1849 Irish potato famine
1848 Communist Manifesto published
1848 Seneca Falls Convention
1850-1864 Taiping Rebellion
1854 Commodore Perry opens Japan
1857 Sepoy Rebellion
1859-1869 Suez Canal built globalism colonialism
1861 emancipation of Russian serfs
1863 Emancipation Proclamation in U.S.
1865-1909 King Leopold rule of Congo
1868 Meiji Restoration in Japan
1870-1914 Second Industrial Revolution
1871 Germany unified under Otto von Bismarck
1885 Berlin Conference & the "scramble for Africa Africa Europe colonization globalism
  • called "New Imperialism", 1881-1914
  • the only African countries to avoid colonization during this time were Liberia & Ethiopia
  • by 1870, most European holdings in Africa were coastal (occupying 10% of land)
  • industrialization and transportation advances incentivized European search for raw materials and new markets
  • primary British motive was control of ports for trade with India
click Expand for maps of European colonization of Africa
Areas of Africa controlled by European colonial powers in 1913 (Belgian (yellow), British (red), French (blue), German (turquoise), Italian (green), Portuguese (purple), and Spanish (pink) Empires). Only Liberia and Ethiopia remainded independent (white)
European colonization of Africa, 1880 and 1913 comparison
1890s European spheres of influence in China
1896 Battle of Adowa (Ethiopia)
1898 Spanish-American War
1899 Boer War
1899 United Fruit Company formed
1899-1901 Boxer Rebellion

Units 7-9, 1900 to Present[edit | edit source]

Dates Place/Empire Region Place Theme 1 Theme 2 Main Ideas/ Notes Other
1904 U.S. starts Panama Canal Americas Panama globalism colonialism
  • a French attempt to build a canal across the Isthmus failed
  • US assisted a Panamanian revolt against Columbia by sending a warship to the harbor
  • the new government granted the US rights to build the canal
  • completed in 1914
1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War
1906 Muslim League founded
1910-1920 Mexican Revolution
1914-1918 World War I
1915-1917 Armenian genocide
1917 Russian revolution
1917 Zimmerman telegram & US entry to WWI
1920 League of Nations established
1922 Stalin assumes Soviet leadership
1922 Ottoman empire ends
1923 Turkey established
1927-1936 Chinese Civil War
1929-1939 worldwide economic depressions
  • hyper-inflation in Germany
  • Great Depression, New Deal in US (1933-39)
1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria
1936-1938 Great Purge in USSR
1939-1945 World War II
1941 Pearl Harbor attack
1941-1945 Holocaust
1941-1953 Stalin total rule
1943-1949 Greek civil war
1943-1978 Green Revolution
1945-1950 Chinese Communist Revolution
1945 atomic bombs dropped
1946 Philippine independence
1947 Partition of India
1947 Japanese Empire formally ended
1947 Truman Doctrine
1947-1990 Cold War
1948 Israel founded
1949 NATO established
1950-1953 Korean War
1953-1959 Cuban Revolution
1955 Warsaw Pact founded
1955 Bandung Conference
1955 Polio vaccine introduced
1955-1975 Vietnam War
1956 Khrushchev takes power
1958-1962 Great Leap Forward/ Cultural Revolution
1960 "Year of Africa"
1961 President Eisenhower warns of "military-industrial complex"
1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
1966-1976 Cultural Revolution
1973-1990 Pinochet coup
1977-1989 Deng Xiaoping assumes power
1979 Iranian Revolution
1989 Tiananmen Square protests
1989 fall of the Berlin Wall
1990 collapse of USSR
1990 Apartheid ended
1991 Gulf War
1994 Rwandan genocide
2001 Sept 11 attacks
2003+ War on Terrorism
2011 Arab Spring