AP US History vocabulary list: Difference between revisions

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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:abolitionism|the movement to end slavery; abolition,  
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:abolitionism|the movement to end slavery; abolition,  
abolitionist; see also emancipation}}</ul></li>
abolitionist; see also emancipation}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:aristocratic|of high social status, usually conferred by birth; note "titles of nobility" are banned by US Constitution}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:aristocratic|of high social status, usually conferred by birth; note "titles of nobility" are banned by US Constitution}}<li>authority</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:blue collar v. white collar| blue collar = workers, in reference to the blue "coveralls" laborers may wear (originally clothing made of denim or coarse fabric); white = refernence to the collars of a white dress shirt}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:blue collar v. white collar| blue collar = workers, in reference to the blue "coveralls" laborers may wear (originally clothing made of denim or coarse fabric); white = refernence to the collars of a white dress shirt}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:cession|leaving the Union or a state }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:cession|leaving the Union or a state }}</ul></li>
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:indemnity| in international affairs, money paid as compensation for some loss, especially following a war}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:indemnity| in international affairs, money paid as compensation for some loss, especially following a war}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:infringe / infringement | to violate, or undermine, especially in law}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:infringe / infringement | to violate, or undermine, especially in law}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:intolerance| unwillingness to accept views, beliefs or persons different from oneself; in international affairs; the "Intolerable Acts" was a name given by the American colonists who opposed a series of Acts of Parliament called by England the "Coercive Acts"}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:intolerance| unwillingness to accept views, beliefs or persons different from oneself; in international affairs; the "Intolerable Acts" was a name given by the American colonists who opposed a series of Acts of Parliament called by England the "Coercive Acts"}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:laissez-faire| from French for "to leave alone"; used as reference to government non-intervention in the economy, usually regarding corporations; "laissez-faire" has a negative connotation, whereas supporters of government non-interference in the economy refer to that point of view as "libertarian"}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:laissez-faire| from French for "to leave alone"; used as reference to government non-intervention in the economy, usually regarding corporations; "laissez-faire" has a negative connotation, whereas supporters of government non-interference in the economy refer to that point of view as "libertarian"}}<li>legitimacy</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:mercantilism| colonialist policy of controling or regulating trade so as to require that colonial possessions only purchase from and sell to the mnother country; the philosophy was that economic "stakeholders" were home-country farms, businesses, and land owners}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:mercantilism| colonialist policy of controling or regulating trade so as to require that colonial possessions only purchase from and sell to the mnother country; the philosophy was that economic "stakeholders" were home-country farms, businesses, and land owners}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:nativism| "ethnocentric" belief in the dominant ethnicity and culture of a nation, particularly as regards immigration (called "chauvanisme" in French)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:nativism| "ethnocentric" belief in the dominant ethnicity and culture of a nation, particularly as regards immigration (called "chauvanisme" in French)}}</ul></li>
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== Major wars timeline ==
== Wars timeline ==
* wars are the effect or cause of change
* wars are the effect or cause of change
* knowing wars and their dates and geography provides context and points of comparison
* knowing wars and their dates and geography provides context and points of comparison
<div style="column-count:2">
=== Major Wars ===
* French-Indian War, 1754-1768:
* American Revolution, 1764-1783
* American Revolutionary War, 1775-1781
* War of 1812, 1812-1815
* Mexican-American War, 1846-1848
* Civil War, 1861-1865
* Spanish-American War, 1898
* Philipine Insurgeny, 1899-1902
* World War I (U.S.), 1917-1918
* White Russian War, 1917
* Wolrd War II (U.S.) 1941-1945
* Korean War, 1950-1953
* Vietman War, 1959-1975
* Vietnam, U.S. ground war: 1965-1972
* Gulf War, 1990-1991
* War on Terror, 2001-2021
* Afghanistan War, 2001-2021
* Iraq War, 2003-2011
* Iraqi Insurgency, 2003-2006
=== Colonial Wars ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Anglow-Powhatan Wars (1610-1646)|series of three conflicts, 1610-1614, 1622-1632, 1644-1646, consiting of Indian raids, hostage-taking, and English reprisal attacks, starting at Jamestown, and between the English and the Powhattan tribes and their leadership; the Powhattan goal was to drive the English out of Virginia entirely; the Treaty of 1846 ended hostilities and defined the extent of English possessions from the coast upwards the navigable portions of the York and othe rivers}}</ul></li>
* Beaver Wars, 1609-1701 (French/Dutch)
* Jamestown Massacre, 1622
* Pequot War (1634-1638)
* King Philip's War, 1675-1678 | Metaomb's War
* King William's War, 1689-1897
* Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Yamasee War, 1715-1717|frontier/ land disputes and conflicts between settlers and Native Americans in the Carolinas}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Chickasaw Wars, 1721-1763|Chickasaw tribes suppported by the British v. French & allied tribes along the Mississippi Valley over access to the Mississippi River; the wars ended with conlcusion of the French-Indian Wars}}</ul></il>
* Dummer's War, 1722-25
* Pontiac's War, 1763-1766
* Lord Dunmore's War, 1774
=== American settlers or frontier wars ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Bacon's Rebellion 1676|violent political dispute over colonial protection of frontier settlers and lands; see below}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Regulator Insurrection, 1766-1771|ongoing defiance and rebellion of rural North Carolina colonists who objected to taxation and control from the eastern capital of North Carolina, New Bern; the term "Regulators" was chosen to emphasize that the movement wanted "regular" order of local governance and control}}</ul></li>
* Whiskey Rebellion, 1791-1794
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Fries's Rebellion, 1799-1800|Tax revolt by Pennyslvania Dutch farmers}}</ul></li>
=== US Indian Wars ===
These wars were generally over lands, trade resources, tribal-disputes, or European disputes
* Creek War (Tecumhsah)
* Seminole Wars
* see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Wars
=== Slave Revolts ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:New York Slave Revolt of 1712|New York held the most slaves of all the colonies as of 1712, but for urban not agricultural labor; there were many freed slaves, as well, who lived in proximity to one another, so slave discontent was driven by access to and sharing with freed slaves and people in general; the NY Slave Revolt makes for an interesting comparison v. other, southern, slave revolts in that they were not isolated by agricultural conditions and plantation structures}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stono Rebellion, 1739|South Carolina, largest slave rebellion with 25 English and 35-50 slaves killed; led by an educated slave who knew to take advantage of planters' Sunday worship gatherings when they were unsuspecting and unarmed; this and other southern slave revolts were the product of horrible living conditions but growing slave populations who were able to organize while isolated from free whites; following the Stono Rebellion, SC passed laws requiring more whites per black slaves on plantations and limiting slave access to their own food and economic production}}</ul></li>
* Nat Turner's Rebellion, 1826
=== Minor Wars or US Military actions ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Quasi-War, 1798-1800|series of naval battles of the East coast and in the Caribbean, primarily over trade and other diplomatic tensions betwen England and France, and the U.S. and both}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:First Barbary War, 1801-1805|In response to attacks and hostage-taking of American and other ships since the 1780s by North African "Barbary Pirates", raiders sponsored by by local Ottoman rules, the Jefferson administration sent warships to end the harrassment and cease the practice of paying "tribute" for release of vessels and sailors}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Second Barbary War, 1815|after ongoing harrassment of US ships by North African raiders, US Navy defeated the Algerian fleet and ended the long-standing problem with the 'Barbery Pirates"}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Panama Revolution, 1903|Teddy Roosevelt Administration sent US warships to Panama in support of revolutionaries who were seeking independence from Columbia; Roosevelt did so becuase a prior agreement with Columbia to give the U.S. rights to build a canal across Panama (the "Panama Isthmums") had fallen apart, and by supporting the revolutionaries, Roosevelt secured access to the lands for the canal}}</ul></li>
* Russian White Revolution, Vladistok, 1918
* Berlin Airlift, 1946 << date?
* Greece, 1948
* Iran, 1950s
* Grenada, 1980s
* Panama, 1990 < confirm
* Syria, 2010-12
* Libya, 2012
=== Important non-American Wars ===
* Thirty Years War, 1618-1648
* Anglo-Spanish War, 1625-1630
* English Civil War, 1642-1644
* Anglo-Dutch War, 1652-1654
* Anglo-Spanish Wars, 1654-1660, 1665-1667
* Pueblo Revolt, 1680
* French Revolution, 1789-1795
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804|series of wars of that ended in Haitian independence from France; the impact upon the U.S. was that without control of Haiti, New Orleans became less important to France, which also needed the revenue from the Louisiana Purchase}}</ul></li>
* Napoleonic Wars, 1803-1815
* Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905
* Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920
* Russian Revolution, 1917
* World War I, 1914-1918
* Japanese Invasion of Manchuria, 1931-32:
* World War II, 1939-1945
*Suez Crisis, 1957 <<confirm
</div>
<br>
-------------------
== American Revolution flowcharts ==
==== Origins ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
WE[Colonial Westward Expansion]-->FI
WE[Colonial Westward Expansion]<--British Response = <br>to curtail westward settlement-->RP[Royal Proclamation of 1763]
subgraph " "
  FI[French Indian War, 1754-1763]
end
FI-->RP
}}
==== British & Colonial responses ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
WD[War debt, management<br>of new posseesssions]-->Su[Parliament passes laws<br>to raise revenue]
Su[Sugar Act of 1764]
Su-->St
St[Stamp Act of 1765]
St--Colonial response-->SAC[Stamp Act Congress, New York, 1766]
Su--Colonial boycott-->SAC[Stamp Act Congress, New York, 1766]
}}
==== Cyle of Escalation ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
PL[British Tax or Regulation]--Enforcement-->CP[Colonial Protest]-->ME[More enforcemment]
ME-->CP-->NL[Retraction of tax or regulations]-->RP[Replacement by new tax or regulation]
RP-->CP
}}
==== Repeal of Stamp Act to Boston Massacre ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
RS[Repeal of Stamp Act]--replaced by-->DA[Declaratory Act, 1766]


{| class="wikitable"
DA--justifies Parliamentary powers-->IE
|+ Major wars timeline
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| Major Wars
* 1775-81: American Revolution *
* 1789-95: French Revolution **
* 1812-15: War of 1812
* 1846-48: Mexican-American War
* 1861-65: U.S. Civil War
* 1898: Spanish-American War
* 1914-18: WWI (U.S. 1917-1918)
* 1939-45: WWII (U.S. 1941-1945)
* 1959-75: Vietnam War (U.S. ground war: 1965-72)
* 2002-2021: Afghanistan/ War on Terror
* 2003-11: Iraq War (Iraqi Insurgency: 2003-2006)
|| Other wars to know:
* 1803-1815: Napoleonic Wars
* 1904-1905: Russo-Japanese War
* 1910-1920: Mexican Revolution
* 1917: Russian Revolution
* 1931-32: Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
* 1950-53: Korean War
* 1990-91: Gulf War
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|<nowiki>*</nowiki>'''American Revolution timeline:'''
  - 1765-1775: Colonial agitation against British rule & laws
  - 1774: fist Continental Congress & other colonial organization in opposition of British rule
  - 1775-76: Thomas Paine's "Common Sense", Declaration of Indepenndence
  - 1775-1781: War
  - 1783: Treaty of Paris formally ends War
||<nowiki>**</nowiki>'''French Revolution timeline:'''
- 1789-91: Estates General
- 1792-93: Overthrow and execution of King Louis XV
- 1793-94: Jacobin Rule and Reign of Terror
- 1795-1799: The Directory
- 1799: Napoleon seizes power
|-
|}


RS-->CCA[Commissioners of Customs Act 1767<br>created American Board of Customs Commissioners<br>who exercised independent power in collecting taxes]
RS-->TA[Townsend Acts, 1767-1768<br>new taxes, increased enforcement & Admiralty Courts]
CCA-->IE[Increased enforcement]
TA-->IE
}}
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
IE[Increased enforcement]-->Sm[Protest, complaints, corruption<br>and confrontation with smugglers]
Sm-->BOS[Occupation of Boston by British Troops]-->BM[Boston Massacre, 1770]
}}
==== Repeal Townsend Acts to Boston Tea Party ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
CP[Colonial Protest]-->RTA[Partial repeal of Townsend Acts, 1770]
TA[Tea Act, 1773]-->BTP[Boston Tea Party]-->IA[Coercive Acts<br>to punish colonists]
}}
==== Intolerable Acts to Colonial Organization ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
CO[Colonial Organization]--Sons of Liberty<br>Committee on Correspondence-->CP[Colonial Protests]
CO-->CB[Colonial Boycotts]
IA[Intolerable Acts, or Coersive Acts, 1774]-->CP
CP-->BR[British retaliation]-->CP
}}
==== War ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
CO[Colonial Organization]-->CC1[1774: First Continential Congress]
CP[Colonial Protests]--anti-Parliament-->TP[1775: Paine's Comon Sense]--anti-King-->DI[1776: Declaration of Independence]
}}
= Vocabulary, Terms, and Periods =


== Colonial Periods ==
=== Pre-Columbian ===
=== Pre-Columbian ===
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:indigenous|native to a place; original inhabitants}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:indigenous|native to a place; original inhabitants}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Iroquois|North American tribes and linguistic group who originally occupied lands surrounding the St. Lawrence River and Lakes Ontario and Erie, as well as parts of upstate New York and Virginia; the Iroquois Confederacy arose after European contact, as tribes expanded and combined into the "Five Nations" who controlled central New York, Pennyslvannia and the western slopes of the Appalachian Mountains}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Iroquois|North American tribes and linguistic group who originally occupied lands surrounding the St. Lawrence River and Lakes Ontario and Erie, as well as parts of upstate New York and Virginia; the Iroquois Confederacy arose after European contact, as tribes expanded and combined into the "Five Nations" who controlled central New York, Pennyslvannia and the western slopes of the Appalachian Mountains}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Iroquois Confederacy|starting in the mid-15th century, Iroquois tribes started a loose "confedercy," or federation, of independent, usually linguistically related tribes who joineed politically for comon defense, land organization, etc. versus enemy tribes; into the European colonial period, the Iroquois Confederacy strenthened through trade and tehnological acquisition; the Iroqois Confedercay, or "Five Tribes" consisted of the e Oneida, Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca; each tribe was governed by groups of "sachems," or local chiefs}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Mississippian period/ culture|800-1600 AD, period of extensive maize production and mound building across the Mississippi valley, including moderate urbanization and centralized rule}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Mississippian period/ culture|800-1600 AD, period of extensive maize production and mound building across the Mississippi valley, including moderate urbanization and centralized rule}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Mound Builders|starting 500 BC with early Woodland cultures that exercised social and political cohesion to the extent of building massive earthwork "mounds" that served relgious or ceremonial purposes; latter Woodland period mounds could be massive}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:reciprocal relations|Native American cultural and economic structures were largely based on reciprocal relations that shared territory, land use and labor; however, those relations were largely tied to linguistic and ethnic alliances that otherwise competed and warred with one another when in contact or conflict over resources; the reciprocal concept of land use, especially was not shared by European settlers who employed notions of private property and land ownership, which led to mistrust and conflict between indigenous and colonial populations}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:reciprocal relations|Native American cultural and economic structures were largely based on reciprocal relations that shared territory, land use and labor; however, those relations were largely tied to linguistic and ethnic alliances that otherwise competed and warred with one another when in contact or conflict over resources; the reciprocal concept of land use, especially was not shared by European settlers who employed notions of private property and land ownership, which led to mistrust and conflict between indigenous and colonial populations}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Woodland Period|Eastern and central North American indigenous cultures that thrived from 1000 BC to 1000 AD; period marked by trade, cultural exchange, population growth and linguistic variation}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Woodland Period|Eastern and central North American indigenous cultures that thrived from 1000 BC to 1000 AD; period marked by trade, cultural exchange, population growth and linguistic variation}}</ul></li>
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<br>
<br>
-------------------
-------------------
== Colonial Periods ==
=== Age of Exploration ===
=== Age of Exploration ===
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:asiento|""asiento" means "contract; the "Asiento de Negros" was a trade agreement between Britain and Spain over rights to slave trade passages controlled by Spain}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:asiento|""asiento" means "contract; the "Asiento de Negros" was a trade agreement between Britain and Spain over rights to slave trade passages controlled by Spain}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:De Las Casas|Spanish priest Bartolomé de las Casas wrote in 1542 "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies" documenting Spanish abuse of Native Americans}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:De Las Casas|Spanish priest Bartolomé de las Casas wrote in 1542 "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies" documenting Spanish abuse of Native Americans}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:encomienda|from ''encomendar'' for to "entrust", a land and labor grant as reward to ''conquistadores'' for conquests on behalf of Spain; the ''encomenderos'' thus claimed large lands and plantations using enslaved native labor; the ''encomienda'' system incentivized Spanish conquest and expansion across the world; the system was outlawed in 1542 when Natives were granted limited Spanish citizenship (i.e., "subjects" of the Spanish king); it was replaced by the ''repartiamento'' system}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:encomienda|from ''encomendar'' for to "entrust", a land and labor grant as reward to ''conquistadores'' for conquests on behalf of Spain; the ''encomenderos'' thus claimed large lands and plantations using enslaved native labor; the ''encomienda'' system incentivized Spanish conquest and expansion across the world; the system was outlawed in 1542 when Natives were granted limited Spanish citizenship (i.e., "subjects" of the Spanish king); it was replaced by the ''repartiamento'' system}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Florida (or Spanish Florida)|After the French-Indian War (1763), Spain traded Florida for Louisiana Territories west of the Mississippi (Britain returned Havana Cuba and Manilla, Philippines, which it had seized during the Seven Years War); Britain ceded Florida back to Spain after the American Revolution; significant numbers of Americans moved into the western Florida panhandle, which the U.S. annexed in 1910 following declaration by those settlers of the "Free and Independent Republic of West Florida. After the 1817/18 First Seminole War (led by Andrew Jackson), the US took control of most of Florida, and Spain ceded the entire territory in the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty in exchange for an indemnity of $5 milllion in American claims against Spain. Upon independence, Mexico refused to recognize the Treaty, but it was mostly upheld in the 1828 "Treaty of Limits" between the US and Mexico}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Florida (or Spanish Florida)|After the French-Indian War (1763), Spain traded Florida for Louisiana Territories west of the Mississippi (Britain returned Havana Cuba and Manilla, Philippines, which it had seized during the Seven Years War); Britain ceded Florida back to Spain after the American Revolution; significant numbers of Americans moved into the western Florida panhandle, which the U.S. annexed in 1910 following declaration by those settlers of the "Free and Independent Republic of West Florida. After the 1817/18 First Seminole War (led by Andrew Jackson), the US took control of most of Florida, and Spain ceded the entire territory in the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty in exchange for an indemnity of $5 milllion in American claims against Spain. Upon independence, Mexico refused to recognize the Treaty, but it was mostly upheld in the 1828 "Treaty of Limits" between the US and Mexico}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:hacienda|from the verb ''hacer'' for "to make or do", Spanish landholding system of large agricultural or other commercial operations, imported to the colonies as plantations or mines using Native American labor}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Mit'a (Inca)|pre-colonial Inca system of forced labor and tribute of conquered peoples; Mit'a labor built roads, fortifications, military service, worked farms, esp. for terrace building; was source of Incan revenue and political control}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:New Laws of 1542|replaced the Laws of Burgos of 1512 that were supposed to protect the rights of the native peoples; the New Laws ended the ''encomienda'' system by outlawing hereditary control; the New Laws met great and at times violent protest by the ''encomederos''; the New Laws marked more direct control of the colonies by Spanish King Charles I (who was also Holy Roman Emperor Charles V); the intervention by Charles may be usefully compared to that of various English monarchs}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:New Laws of 1542|replaced the Laws of Burgos of 1512 that were supposed to protect the rights of the native peoples; the New Laws ended the ''encomienda'' system by outlawing hereditary control; the New Laws met great and at times violent protest by the ''encomederos''; the New Laws marked more direct control of the colonies by Spanish King Charles I (who was also Holy Roman Emperor Charles V); the intervention by Charles may be usefully compared to that of various English monarchs}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Pueblo Revolt|1680 rebellion by the Pueblo (in modern New Mexico/ AZ), and led by Papé, for maltreatment by the Spanish, who had outlawed their religious practices, forced labor, resource extraction (maize and textiles);  }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Pueblo Revolt|1680 rebellion by the Pueblo (in modern New Mexico/ AZ), and led by Papé, for maltreatment by the Spanish, who had outlawed their religious practices, forced labor, resource extraction (maize and textiles);  }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:repartimiento|from ''reparto'' for "distribution", the Spanish system implemented in 1542 of regulated and forced labor that replaced direct slavery of Native Americans}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:repartimiento|from ''reparto'' for "distribution", the Spanish system implemented in 1542 of regulated and forced labor that replaced direct slavery of Native Americans}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Saint Augustine|started 1565, Spanish colonial settlement along the northeastern coast of Florida; in 1693 Spanish King Charles II issued a Royal Decree providing freedom for runaway slaves who converted to Catholicism, and the region served as a sanctuary for escaped slaves from the Carolinas}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Saint Augustine|started 1565, Spanish colonial settlement along the northeastern coast of Florida; in 1693 Spanish King Charles II issued a Royal Decree providing freedom for runaway slaves who converted to Catholicism, and the region served as a sanctuary for escaped slaves from the Carolinas}}</ul></li>
{{#tip-text:Sepúlveda|Spanish philosopher Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda who in 1550/51 debated in writing De las Casas over legitimacy of Spanish colonization and treatment of Native Americans; Sepúlveda argued the superior Spanish culture justified the conquest of "savage" natives and forced conversion to Christianity; his views were shared by later Americans who justified westward expansion and maltreatment of Native tribes)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sepúlveda|Spanish philosopher Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda who in 1550/51 debated in writing De las Casas over legitimacy of Spanish colonization and treatment of Native Americans; Sepúlveda argued the superior Spanish culture justified the conquest of "savage" natives and forced conversion to Christianity; his views were shared by later Americans who justified westward expansion and maltreatment of Native tribes)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Spanish social heirarchies (terms)|''peninsulares'' = born in Spain; ''criolles'' = born in New World of Spanish descent; ''mestizos'' = mixed Spanish and Native American parentage; mulattos = African parentage mixed with other races/ethnicities}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Spanish social heirarchies (terms)|''peninsulares'' = born in Spain; ''criolles'' = born in New World of Spanish descent; ''mestizos'' = mixed Spanish and Native American parentage; mulattos = African parentage mixed with other races/ethnicities}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Treaty of Tordesillas|1494 agreement negotationed by Pope AlexanderVI that divided New World holdings between Spain and Portugal bsed on a "line of demarcation," a north-south longitude line that divided South America between Spanish and Portuguese holings (estabslishing Portugues Brasil)}}</ul></li>


=== Dutch and French colonialism ===
=== Dutch and French colonialism ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Beaver War| 1600s conflicts between the French and their Algonquin allies and the Iroquois League that opposed them}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Beaver War| 1600s conflicts between the French and their Algonquin allies and the Iroquois League that opposed them}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:''couriers de bois''|French "runners" sent to explore and live with local inhabitants across the Great Lakes region}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:''couriers de bois''|French "runners" sent to explore and live with local inhabitants across the Great Lakes region}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:fur trade|the principal object of exploration and trade for Dutch and French, and also some English, colonial entreprises; beaver and otter fur was most desirable for European markets, which brought significan revenue to the colonies; the fur trade was a lucrative source of goods and tribal power among Native Americans, bringing guns, knives, rum, household items along with the instability of new economic and social pressures of the trade relations}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:New Amsterdam|now Manhattan, a Dutch city established in 1626 at head of the Hudson River and which served as an important port for Dutch fur trade and trade and piracy across the Atlantic Coast and Caribbean; Dutch holdings, called New Netherlands, included lower New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey and Delaware, all of which were ceded to Britain in 1664 (briefly retaken by the Dutch in 1673/4}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:New Amsterdam|now Manhattan, a Dutch city established in 1626 at head of the Hudson River and which served as an important port for Dutch fur trade and trade and piracy across the Atlantic Coast and Caribbean; Dutch holdings, called New Netherlands, included lower New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey and Delaware, all of which were ceded to Britain in 1664 (briefly retaken by the Dutch in 1673/4}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:New France|French colonial possessions in North America, from the St. Lawrence waterway to the Great Lakes and along the Mississippi River to New Orleans; northern New France was primarily focused on fur trade, although cities were established with French migrants; the French explored the Great Lakes, which is why Champlain, Detroit, LaSalle, St. Croix, Duluth, etc.}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:New France|French colonial possessions in North America, from the St. Lawrence waterway to the Great Lakes and along the Mississippi River to New Orleans; northern New France was primarily focused on fur trade, although cities were established with French migrants; the French explored the Great Lakes, which is why Champlain, Detroit, LaSalle, St. Croix, Duluth, etc.}}</ul></li>


=== African Slave trade ===
=== African slave trade ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Middle Passage|refers to "passage" or transoceanic shipment of slaves across the Atlantic; mortality rate of slaves on the Middle Passage was 12.5%; a total of 15.3 million Africans were sent across it to the Americas, most of whom were sent to the Caribbean and Brazil}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Middle Passage|refers to "passage" or transoceanic shipment of slaves across the Atlantic; mortality rate of slaves on the Middle Passage was 12.5%; a total of 15.3 million Africans were sent across it to the Americas, most of whom were sent to the Caribbean and Brazil}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Olaudah Equiano| former slave who in 1789 wrote a memoir of hs experiences as a slave, includng his childhood in Africa, the Atlantic crossing and life as a slave, which deeply impacted British views on the cruelty of slavery; Equiano was purchased by a British Naval officer and ended up under a Philadelphia merchant who allowed him to purchase his freedom; Equiano became a sucessful merchant and adventurer}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Olaudah Equiano| former slave who in 1789 wrote a memoir of hs experiences as a slave, includng his childhood in Africa, the Atlantic crossing and life as a slave, which deeply impacted British views on the cruelty of slavery; Equiano was purchased by a British Naval officer and ended up under a Philadelphia merchant who allowed him to purchase his freedom; Equiano became a sucessful merchant and adventurer}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:seasoning camps|centralized destinations in the Caribbean for new African slave arrivals to "season", or prepare, them for new conditions; about 1/3rd of slaves who arrived to these camps died their first year there, mostly of dysentery due to the horrible conditions}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:seasoning camps|centralized destinations in the Caribbean for new African slave arrivals to "season", or prepare, them for new conditions; about 1/3rd of slaves who arrived to these camps died their first year there, mostly of dysentery due to the horrible conditions}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:triangle trade|the geographic pattern of slave-trade exchange between Europe (selling manufactured goods, especiall arms, which African states used to acquire more slaves), African coastal states (selling slaves) and the Americas (sellng slave-produced products, especially sugar, molasses or rum}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:triangle trade|the geographic pattern of slave-trade exchange between Europe (selling manufactured goods, especiall arms, which African states used to acquire more slaves), African coastal states (selling slaves) and the Americas (sellng slave-produced products, especially sugar, molasses or rum}}</ul>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<br>
-------------------
-------------------


=== English colonial period ===
=== English colonial periods ===
Note that Britain held colonial possessions in the Caribbean region, as well as the thirteen colonies; following small wars and the worldwide French-Indian War (Seven Years War), Britain sequentially took France's Canadian possessions as well as its landholdings between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. Levels of British control of the colonies rose and fell according to domestic British politics and its international priorities. The American Revolution was largely the result of the excercise of direct control of colonial affairs that followed the French-Indian War.  
Note:
<br>
* Britain held colonial possessions in the Caribbean region, as well as the thirteen colonies
-------------
* following smaller wars and the worldwide French-Indian War (Seven Years War), Britain sequentially took France's Canadian possessions as well as its landholdings between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.  
* Levels of British control of the colonies rose and fell according to domestic British politics and its international priorities.  
* The American Revolution was largely the result of the excercise of direct control of colonial affairs that followed the French-Indian War.  
 
------------------<div style="column-count:2">
=== Colonial political, economic and social ===
 
==== Types of Colonies ====
* Corporate Charter
* Proprietary Colony
* Royal Colony


<div style="column-count:2">
==== Colony Characteristics ====
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Appalachian Mountains|running nort-south along the eastern coast of the 13 colonies, the Appalachians isolated the east coast and formed a natural barrier to western expansion; the Proclamation of 1863 unsuccessfully barred colonial settlement west of the Appalachians}}</ul></li>
* Maryland
* Massachussets Bay Colony
* Pennsylvania
* Virginia


==== British colonial period terms & events ====


<ul></li>{{#tip-text:Appalachian Mountains|running nort-south along the eastern coast of the 13 colonies, the Appalachians isolated the east coast and formed a natural barrier to western expansion; the Proclamation of 1863 unsuccessfully barred colonial settlement west of the Appalachians}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Bacon’s Rebellion|1676 Virginia rebellion that breifly occupied the colonial at Jamestown over a dispute over protection of settlers who had moved into indian lands; Bacon, a wealthy landowner, had let a militia to protect frontier settlers from indian raids, which the governor opposed. Legislators passed "Bacon's Laws" to authorize colonial militia to protect settlers (who were moving into lands east of the Appalachians; Bacon's rebellion marks one of many disputes across US history between urban political and commercial elites and settlers and rural inhabitants)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Bacon’s Rebellion|1676 Virginia rebellion that breifly occupied the colonial at Jamestown over a dispute over protection of settlers who had moved into indian lands; Bacon, a wealthy landowner, had let a militia to protect frontier settlers from indian raids, which the governor opposed. Legislators passed "Bacon's Laws" to authorize colonial militia to protect settlers (who were moving into lands east of the Appalachians; Bacon's rebellion marks one of many disputes across US history between urban political and commercial elites and settlers and rural inhabitants)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>the Great Awakening</ul></li>
<ul><li>headright system</ul></li>
<ul><li>House of Burgesses</ul></li>
<ul><li>indentured servitude</ul></li>
<ul><li>Jamestown</ul></li>
<ul><li>John Rolfe</ul></li>
<ul><li>John Smith</ul></li>
<ul><li>Joint Stock Compnany</ul></li>
<ul><li>Jonathan Edwards</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:King Philip’s War, 1675-1678|"King Philip" was the adopted English name of Wampanoag chief Metacom, who reversed his father's policy of accommodating English presence in New England; he led raids on settlements, to which the English retaliated; the war was conducted by colonial forces only, and thus gave them a sense of self-sufficiency outside of British protection}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Lord Baltimore|George Calvert, 1st Baron of Baltimore, a Catholic British politician was given a charter by King Charles I for the proprietary colony of Maryland (and earlier in southern Newfoundland; Calvert's Catholicism and the borders led to disuptes with Virginia, with actual fighting over Maryland's Kent Island}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Lord Baltimore|George Calvert, 1st Baron of Baltimore, a Catholic British politician was given a charter by King Charles I for the proprietary colony of Maryland (and earlier in southern Newfoundland; Calvert's Catholicism and the borders led to disuptes with Virginia, with actual fighting over Maryland's Kent Island}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>"Lost Colony"</ul></li>
<ul><li>Massachusetts Bay Colony</ul></li>
<ul><li>migration push/ pull factors</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Native American & English relations|students should explore cultural differnces and differences of perception between Native Americans and English settlers; as well as impact of those relations, including disease, economic, tribal organization, land use, etc.}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>Navigation Acts, 1663, 1673, 1696</ul></li>
<ul><li>New England town meetings</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Pequot War, 1636-37|Massachusets: the Pequot fought and lost to English settlers and their allies, Narragansett and Mohegan tribes; ended Pequot resistance to English settlement expansion}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>Puritan</ul></li>
<ul><li>Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713</ul></li>
<ul><li>salutary neglect</ul></li>
<ul><li>slave codes</ul></li>
<ul><li>William Penn</ul></li>
<ul><li>yoeman</ul></li>


<ul><li>{{#tip-text:term|explanation}}</ul></li>
</div><br>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:term|explanation}}</ul></li>
-------------------
*
 
=== French Indian War ===
Notes:
* 1754-1763
* the immediate cause of the war was the growing presence of English colonials across the Appalachian Mountains and into the Ohio Valley
** the French and their indian allies opposed these settlements
** a site of considerable contention was Fort Duquesne at present-day Pittsburg, as the location was at the confluuence of two major rivers leading into the Ohio River
* sparked by an unsuccessful British and colonial attacks on French forts in Pennsylvania
* in 1753, George Washington 1753 delivered a message to the French at another Fort in Pennsylvania demanding French evacuation from the region
* on July 3, 1754, as a colonel in the Virginia Militia, Washington led an attack upon the French Ford Necessity; he lost and had to surrender
* British regular Army, along with colonial militias (and including Washington), reorganized and attacked another French fort, Fort Duquesne on Sept. 14, 1758, and also lost
** there were 500 French and Indian soldiers
** and 400 British regulars and 350 colonial militia
* the British eventually took Ft. Dusquesne in 1758 (renaming it Ft. Pitt), and the focus of the war moved toward Canada and the St. Lawrence River waterways, particularly the French city Quebec.
<br>
-------------------
<br>
=== French-Indian War vocabulary ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Albany Conference, 1754|or Albany Congress; at the start of the French-Indian War, a gathering of representatives of seven, northeastern colonial legislatures in Albany , New York, with the purpose to manage relations with Indian tribes and create collective defense against the French; Albany was at the time an important city but "western" in that it was not coastal; although called for by Great Britain with the specific goal of mending relations with the Iroquois Confederacy in order to fend against the French and their indian allies, the Conference was the first convention of colonial legislatures; the Congress adopted Benjamin Franklin's "Albany Plan", but it was rejected by the British and colonial governments}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Albany Plan|proposed by Benjamin Franklin at the 1854 Albany Congress to create a central colonial government that would have powers of treaty-making, taxation, and self-defense; the Albany Plan is considered a precursor to the Articles of Confederation}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Fort Duquesne|French fort at modern Pittsburg where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers join as they joint and become the Ohio River; the location provided control of trade and movement in the region that was contested by English and French colonial claims}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Treaty of Paris of 1783|}}</ul></li>
<br>
--------------------
 
== American Revolution ==
<div style="column-count:2">
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:ABC Boards|American Board of Customss, "commissioners" created by the Commissioners of Customs Act 1767 and appointed by the powerful London Board of Trade, who enforced customs and other tax collections; notoriously corrupt, customs officials were targets of American ire and at times violence; the British government struggled to control colonial trade, especially stopping smugglng, which is simply trade of goods wihout paying duties; whenever trade rules were enforced, it outraged colonists; from the British point of view, the taxes were for the benefit of the colonists, as they funded colonial operations}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Admiralty Court|Naval judicial courts that acted independently of colonial authority; Admiralty or Vice Admiralty courts were used to enforce taxes, and were hated by the colonists who felt that they were unust and did not allow for "judgment of peers", which is the basis of the jury system}}</ul></li>


<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Boston Massacre|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Boston Tea Party|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Circulatory Letter|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Committees of Correspondence|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Common Sense|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Declaration of Independence|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Enlightenment philosophers|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:First Continental Congress|}}</ul></li>


*
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:''Gaspee'' affair|1772, colonials burned the British ''HMS Gaspee'', which was enforcing Navigation Acts off of Rhode Island; the ''Gaspee'' had been aggressively boarding and inspecting colonial vessels and seizing cargo, and while chasing a colonial boat got stuck aground; a group of colonials took advantage of the boat's helplessness and attacked}}</ul></li>
=== Colonial political, economic and social characteristics ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Locke|}}</ul></li>
Maryland| proprietary colony
Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer|by John Dickinson}}</ul></li>
Massachussets Bay Colony
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Lexington/Concord|}}</ul></li>
Pennsylvania
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Loyalist|}}</ul></li>
Virginia colonies
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Montesquieu|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:natural rights|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Patriot|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Revolutionary flags|flags symbolically represent a place or people; the |}}</ul></li>


<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Battle of Saratoga|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:social contract theory|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sons of Liberty|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stamp Act Congress|}}</ul></li>


* headright system
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Thomas Paine|}}</ul></li>
* House of Burgesses
* indentured servitude
* Jamestown
* John Rolfe
* John Smith
* Jonathan Edwards
* King Philip’s War
* Massachusetts Bay Colony
* miration push/ pull factors
* Native American-European interactions, including disease, treatment of
* Navigation Acts
* New England town meetings
* Pequot War
* Puritan
* Queen Anne's War


* salutary neglect
* the Great Awakening
* types of colonies: proprietary, royal, corporate


* William Penn
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Valley Forge|}}</ul></li>
</div><br>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Yorktown|}}</ul></li>
-------------------
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Continental Congresses|}}</ul></li>
Writs of Assistance|}}</ul></li>


=== American Revolution ===
=== British Laws & Regulations ===
<div style="column-count:2">
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Coercive Acts|}}</ul></li>
* ABC Boards
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Intolerable Acts|}}</ul></li>
* Admiralty Court
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Navigation Acts|}}</ul></li>
* Albany Conference
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Olive Branch Petition|}}</ul></li>
* Boston Massacre
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Proclamation of 1763
* Boston Tea Party
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Quartering Act|}}</ul></li>
* Common Sense
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stamp Act|}}</ul></li>
* Declaration of Independence
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sugar Act|}}</ul></li>
* Enlightenment philosophers
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Townsend Acts|}}</ul></li>
* First Continental Congress
* Fort Duquesne
* Gadsden flag
* French and Indian War
* John Locke
* Lexington/Concord
* Loyalist
* Montesquieu
* natural rights
* Navigation Acts
* Patrior
* Proclamation of 1763
* Saratoga
* social contract theory
* Sons of Liberty
* Stamp Act
* Stamp Act Congress
* Sugar Act
* Thomas Paine
* Townsend Acts
* Treaty of Paris of 1783
* Valley Forge
* Yorktown
* Continental Congress/es
</div><br>
</div><br>
-------------------
-------------------
Line 462: Line 635:


=== Labor ===
=== Labor ===
* American Federation of Labor (AFL)
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:craft union|organization of skilled workers in a common trade, such as carpenters or railroad workers; craft unions represent those workers across industries, but limited to that particular trade or craft}}</ul></li>
* Samuel Gompers
 
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:American Federation of Labor (AFL)|started 1886 as alliance of craftsmen and craft unions; the first president of the AFL was Samuel Gompers; the AFL focused its unionization efforts as "business unionism" which meant it focused on "collectivism" and representation on behalf of its members but not necessarily as anti-business; as a "craft union" the AFL was mostly concerned with wages and work conditions in protection of particular job categories; the AFL did sponsor strikes, but usually more targeted than those of industrial unions}}</ul></li>
 
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Eugene Debs (155-1926)|labor union organizer and socialist who was a founding member of the IWW and candidate for president in 1912 and 1920 of the Socialist Party of America; Debs started in local Indiana railroad unions, thn helped organize one of the first national industrial unions, the American Railway Union. Debs was convicted of "sedition" (a form of treason) in violation of the Espionage Act of 1917 for speaking in public to urge resistance to the military draft during WWI; he ran from president from jail and received 3.4 percent of the vote; Warren Harding commuted his sentence in 1921 (ended the sentence but did not pardon him)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:industrial union|labor union organized around workers in a common industry, or even a company but not along lines of skills or "crafts"; i.e. all auto workers, as opposed to mechanics}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:industrial union|an organization of workers in a common industry and across employers; industrial unions, especially the IWW, tended to be more explicitly socialist than craft unions}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)|industrial union founded 1905 that sought "solidarity" of all workers and working classes; the IWW was explicitly socialist and sought for control of industry by workers; important IWWW leaders included William "Big Bill" Haywood (miners unionizer), Daneil de Leon (socialist) and, for a time, Eugene Debs; the IWW opposed WWI and its leaders prosecuted for violation of the Espionage Act; the union declined into the 1920s}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Samuel Gompers (1850-1924)|founder of the AFL, and so focused his activities on the interests of craftsmen; Gompers supported the government efforts in WWI, especially in contrast ot the IWW}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:term|explanation}}</ul></li>
 
 
 
</div>
</div>
<br>
<br>
Line 508: Line 692:


=== WWI ===
=== WWI ===
* Bolsheviks
Notes:
* Espionage and Sedition Acts (1917)
 
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Bolsheviks|Russian marxists led by Vladimir Lenin who seized power in the October Revolution of 1917 and renamed themselves the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; in 1903 the Bolsheviks had split with the more moderate Mensheviks who had argued for a broader socialist movement, whereas the Bolsheviks wanted a smaller party of more dedicated revolutionaries; like the later Nazis in Germany, n the Bolsheviks came to power taking a minority share of a popular vote for a government by seizing control of the majority alliance, in Russia, being the Left Socialist Revolutionaries and assorted marxist groups such as the remnants of the Menshevik party}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Espionage (1917) and Sedition (1918) Acts|the 1917 Espionage Act criminalized interference with military operations or recruitment (the draft), and is still in effect, with amendments; the 1918 Sedition Act was amended the Espionage Act to add speech offenses including "disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive langage" against the United States Government, including if such language was delivered by mail; the Sedition Act was unpopular and repealed in Dec., 1920. Up to that time, about 1,500 prosecutions were carried out}}</ul></li>
* "He kept us out of the war" (1916)
* "He kept us out of the war" (1916)
* Jones Act (1916)
* Jones Act (1916)
Line 518: Line 704:
* Sussex Pledge (1916)
* Sussex Pledge (1916)
* U-Boats
* U-Boats
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 (TWEA)|following the US declaration of War, Congress passed this law to prohibit trade with an enemy; the law was never rescinded and exists today; in 1933, FDR used the TWEA as the legal basis for delcaring a national bank holiday, even though there was no war or actual enemy; Congress quickly passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act to add "period of national emergency" to the presidential authority under TWEA, and FDR again used the TWEA to limit gold ownership}}</ul></li>
* War bonds
* War bonds
* War Industries Board
* War Industries Board
Line 548: Line 735:
* National Origins Act
* National Origins Act
* New Deal
* New Deal
* Palmer Raids
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Palmer Raids|named for Wilson Administration Attorney General, Palmer, who oversaw "raids" (searches, arrests) of radical organizations, mostly socialists and anarchists; the impetus for the raids were a series of bombs mailed by anarchists in April 1919}}</ul></li>
* Proclamation of Neutrality
* Proclamation of Neutrality
* prohibition
* prohibition
* pump-priming
* pump-priming
* Red Scare
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Red Scare|"First Red Scare" 1919, caused by anarchist and socialist protests and terrorism (mailing bombs); the success of the Russian communist revolution heightened these fears, as did teh 1920 "Wall Street Bombing" which kille d40 people}}</ul></li>
* Return to ‘normalcy’
* Return to ‘normalcy’
* Roarding Twenties
* Roarding Twenties
Line 593: Line 780:
* 20th Amendment
* 20th Amendment
* 21st Amendment
* 21st Amendment
* Brain Trust
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO, started 1938)|a combination started in 1935 as paft of the AFL and United Mine Workers, but which broke away to focus on unksilled industrial workers; the CIO was a strong ally of the FDR administration; the CIO re-merged with the AFL in 1955}}</ul></li>
* fireside chats
* fireside chats
* Harry Hopkins
* NRA
* NRA
* "New Deal"
* "New Deal"
 
* Francis Perkins
* Social Security
* Social Security
* Supreme Court
* Supreme Court


=== Roosevelt Administration/s ===
* Brain Trust
* Francis Perkins
* Harry Hopkins
*
</div>
</div>
<br>
<br>
Line 660: Line 844:
* Yalta Conference
* Yalta Conference


=== Post-WWII ===
=== End of WWII ===


* 22nd amendment
* 22nd amendment
* Nuremburg Trials
* Nuremburg Trials
* United Nations</div>
* United Nations
 
</div>
<br>
<br>
-------------------
-------------------


== Latter-half 20th Century ==
== Latter-half 20th Century ==
Notes:
* WWII was the last conflict entered by official Declaration of War by Congress
** all other post-WWII "wars" have been without actual declaration of war
** the U.S. has entered most of these wars through a combination of Executive Action and Congressional approval, either for a military action or funding thereof
* a key component of post-WWII US History for students to grapple with is the dramatic change to worldwide involvement and/or adventurism and the various justifications for them
** students should understand American "hegemony" and reaons for American worlwdide dominance and the extent to which it may be considered economic, political cultural imperialism


=== Early Cold War Foreign Affairs ===
=== Early Cold War Foreign Affairs ===
Line 705: Line 897:
* bombers
* bombers
* A-bomb
* A-bomb
* Chinese bomb (Taiwan incident)
* German scientists
* German scientists
* H-bomb
* H-bomb
Line 734: Line 927:


=== Eisenhower period ===  
=== Eisenhower period ===  
* CIA
* containment
* containment
* containment in Asia
* containment in Asia
Line 747: Line 941:
* Marshall Plan
* Marshall Plan
* McCarthyism
* McCarthyism
* "military industrial complex"
* "military industrial complex" (1958/9?)
* Suez crisis
* Suez crisis
</div>
</div>
Line 768: Line 962:
* Bay of Pigs Invasion
* Bay of Pigs Invasion
* Berlin Wall
* Berlin Wall
* CIA
* CIA activity under Kennedy
* Cuban Missile Crisis
* Cuban Missile Crisis
* Domino Theory
* Domino Theory
Line 783: Line 977:


<div style="column-count:2">
<div style="column-count:2">
== Vietnam War ==
== Vietnam War ==
* French involvement, 1954-1955
* French involvement, 1954-1955
Line 800: Line 995:


=== Johnson period of Vietnam War ===
=== Johnson period of Vietnam War ===
* Gulf of Tonkin Incident  
* bombing campaigns
* Tet Offensive
* escalation
* Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964)
* Tet Offensive (1968)
* Walter Cronkite
* Walter Cronkite
* U.S. Public support of the War
* U.S. public opinion
* Vietnamization
* Vietnamization
* War Powers Acts
* War Powers Acts
Line 814: Line 1,011:


=== Nixon period of Vietnam War ===
=== Nixon period of Vietnam War ===
* China
* Operation Linebacker II
* Operation Linebacker II
* Christmas bombings
* Christmas bombings
Line 828: Line 1,026:
* draft, the
* draft, the
* hippies
* hippies
* protests
* Kent State  
* Kent State  
* Jackson State
* Jackson State
Line 834: Line 1,033:
* Fall of Saigon
* Fall of Saigon
* Cambodian genocide
* Cambodian genocide
* Pol Pot


</div>
</div>

Revision as of 21:14, 4 May 2024

US History and AP US History Running Vocabulary List: Terms, Concepts, Names and Events

Note: see Talk page for to do list and suggestions

General terms to know for US History[edit | edit source]

  • abolitionism
  • aristocratic
  • authority
  • blue collar v. white collar
  • cession
  • chain migration
  • class warfare
  • ''de facto'' v. ''de jure''
  • delegate (as noun and verb)
  • direct tax
  • disenfranchised
  • dissent
  • domestic
  • duties
  • emancipation
  • embargo
  • equity
  • excise tax
  • federal
  • franchise
  • hegemony/hegomonic
  • imperialism
  • indemnity
  • infringe / infringement
  • intolerance
  • laissez-faire
  • legitimacy
  • mercantilism
  • nativism
  • nullify / nullification
  • Old World v. New World
  • political
  • political expediency
  • popular sovereignty
  • precedent
  • prohibition
  • "Republican motherhood"
  • state
  • states rights
  • segregation
  • socialism
  • sovereignty
  • suffrage
  • tariff
  • temperance movement
  • unalienable
  • unintended consequence
  • United States
  • western expansion

Wars timeline[edit | edit source]

  • wars are the effect or cause of change
  • knowing wars and their dates and geography provides context and points of comparison

Major Wars[edit | edit source]

  • French-Indian War, 1754-1768:
  • American Revolution, 1764-1783
  • American Revolutionary War, 1775-1781
  • War of 1812, 1812-1815
  • Mexican-American War, 1846-1848
  • Civil War, 1861-1865
  • Spanish-American War, 1898
  • Philipine Insurgeny, 1899-1902
  • World War I (U.S.), 1917-1918
  • White Russian War, 1917
  • Wolrd War II (U.S.) 1941-1945
  • Korean War, 1950-1953
  • Vietman War, 1959-1975
  • Vietnam, U.S. ground war: 1965-1972
  • Gulf War, 1990-1991
  • War on Terror, 2001-2021
  • Afghanistan War, 2001-2021
  • Iraq War, 2003-2011
  • Iraqi Insurgency, 2003-2006

Colonial Wars[edit | edit source]

  • Anglow-Powhatan Wars (1610-1646)
  • Beaver Wars, 1609-1701 (French/Dutch)
  • Jamestown Massacre, 1622
  • Pequot War (1634-1638)
  • King Philip's War, 1675-1678 | Metaomb's War
  • King William's War, 1689-1897
  • Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713
  • Yamasee War, 1715-1717
  • Chickasaw Wars, 1721-1763
</il>
  • Dummer's War, 1722-25
  • Pontiac's War, 1763-1766
  • Lord Dunmore's War, 1774

American settlers or frontier wars[edit | edit source]

  • Bacon's Rebellion 1676
  • Regulator Insurrection, 1766-1771
  • Whiskey Rebellion, 1791-1794
  • Fries's Rebellion, 1799-1800

US Indian Wars[edit | edit source]

These wars were generally over lands, trade resources, tribal-disputes, or European disputes

Slave Revolts[edit | edit source]

  • New York Slave Revolt of 1712
  • Stono Rebellion, 1739
  • Nat Turner's Rebellion, 1826

Minor Wars or US Military actions[edit | edit source]

  • Quasi-War, 1798-1800
  • First Barbary War, 1801-1805
  • Second Barbary War, 1815
  • Panama Revolution, 1903
  • Russian White Revolution, Vladistok, 1918
  • Berlin Airlift, 1946 << date?
  • Greece, 1948
  • Iran, 1950s
  • Grenada, 1980s
  • Panama, 1990 < confirm
  • Syria, 2010-12
  • Libya, 2012

Important non-American Wars[edit | edit source]

  • Thirty Years War, 1618-1648
  • Anglo-Spanish War, 1625-1630
  • English Civil War, 1642-1644
  • Anglo-Dutch War, 1652-1654
  • Anglo-Spanish Wars, 1654-1660, 1665-1667
  • Pueblo Revolt, 1680
  • French Revolution, 1789-1795
  • Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804
  • Napoleonic Wars, 1803-1815
  • Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905
  • Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920
  • Russian Revolution, 1917
  • World War I, 1914-1918
  • Japanese Invasion of Manchuria, 1931-32:
  • World War II, 1939-1945
  • Suez Crisis, 1957 <<confirm


American Revolution flowcharts[edit | edit source]

Origins[edit | edit source]

British & Colonial responses[edit | edit source]

Cyle of Escalation[edit | edit source]

Repeal of Stamp Act to Boston Massacre[edit | edit source]

Repeal Townsend Acts to Boston Tea Party[edit | edit source]

Intolerable Acts to Colonial Organization[edit | edit source]

War[edit | edit source]

Vocabulary, Terms, and Periods[edit | edit source]

Pre-Columbian[edit | edit source]

  • Algonquian
  • Hopewell tradition
  • indigenous
  • Iroquois
  • Iroquois Confederacy
  • Mississippian period/ culture
  • Mound Builders
  • reciprocal relations
  • Woodland Period


Colonial Periods[edit | edit source]

Age of Exploration[edit | edit source]

  • caravel
  • Henry Hudson
  • conquistador
  • St. Lawrence River

Spanish colonialism[edit | edit source]

  • asiento
  • De Las Casas
  • encomienda
  • Florida (or Spanish Florida)
  • hacienda
  • Mit'a (Inca)
  • New Laws of 1542
  • Pueblo Revolt
  • repartimiento
  • Saint Augustine
  • Sepúlveda
  • Spanish social heirarchies (terms)
  • Treaty of Tordesillas

Dutch and French colonialism[edit | edit source]

  • Beaver War
  • ''couriers de bois''
  • fur trade
  • New Amsterdam
  • New France

African slave trade[edit | edit source]

  • Middle Passage
  • Olaudah Equiano
  • seasoning camps
  • triangle trade


English colonial periods[edit | edit source]

Note:

  • Britain held colonial possessions in the Caribbean region, as well as the thirteen colonies
  • following smaller wars and the worldwide French-Indian War (Seven Years War), Britain sequentially took France's Canadian possessions as well as its landholdings between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.
  • Levels of British control of the colonies rose and fell according to domestic British politics and its international priorities.
  • The American Revolution was largely the result of the excercise of direct control of colonial affairs that followed the French-Indian War.

Colonial political, economic and social[edit | edit source]

Types of Colonies[edit | edit source]

  • Corporate Charter
  • Proprietary Colony
  • Royal Colony

Colony Characteristics[edit | edit source]

  • Maryland
  • Massachussets Bay Colony
  • Pennsylvania
  • Virginia

British colonial period terms & events[edit | edit source]

    Appalachian Mountains
  • Bacon’s Rebellion
  • the Great Awakening
  • headright system
  • House of Burgesses
  • indentured servitude
  • Jamestown
  • John Rolfe
  • John Smith
  • Joint Stock Compnany
  • Jonathan Edwards
  • King Philip’s War, 1675-1678
  • Lord Baltimore
  • "Lost Colony"
  • Massachusetts Bay Colony
  • migration push/ pull factors
  • Native American & English relations
  • Navigation Acts, 1663, 1673, 1696
  • New England town meetings
  • Pequot War, 1636-37
  • Puritan
  • Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713
  • salutary neglect
  • slave codes
  • William Penn
  • yoeman


French Indian War[edit | edit source]

Notes:

  • 1754-1763
  • the immediate cause of the war was the growing presence of English colonials across the Appalachian Mountains and into the Ohio Valley
    • the French and their indian allies opposed these settlements
    • a site of considerable contention was Fort Duquesne at present-day Pittsburg, as the location was at the confluuence of two major rivers leading into the Ohio River
  • sparked by an unsuccessful British and colonial attacks on French forts in Pennsylvania
  • in 1753, George Washington 1753 delivered a message to the French at another Fort in Pennsylvania demanding French evacuation from the region
  • on July 3, 1754, as a colonel in the Virginia Militia, Washington led an attack upon the French Ford Necessity; he lost and had to surrender
  • British regular Army, along with colonial militias (and including Washington), reorganized and attacked another French fort, Fort Duquesne on Sept. 14, 1758, and also lost
    • there were 500 French and Indian soldiers
    • and 400 British regulars and 350 colonial militia
  • the British eventually took Ft. Dusquesne in 1758 (renaming it Ft. Pitt), and the focus of the war moved toward Canada and the St. Lawrence River waterways, particularly the French city Quebec.



French-Indian War vocabulary[edit | edit source]

  • Albany Conference, 1754
  • Albany Plan
  • Fort Duquesne
  • Treaty of Paris of 1783


American Revolution[edit | edit source]

  • ABC Boards
  • Admiralty Court
  • Boston Massacre
  • Boston Tea Party
  • Circulatory Letter
  • Committees of Correspondence
  • Common Sense
  • Declaration of Independence
  • Enlightenment philosophers
  • First Continental Congress
  • ''Gaspee'' affair
  • John Locke
Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer|by John Dickinson}}
  • Lexington/Concord
  • Loyalist
  • Montesquieu
  • natural rights
  • Patriot
  • Revolutionary flags
  • Battle of Saratoga
  • social contract theory
  • Sons of Liberty
  • Stamp Act Congress
  • Thomas Paine


  • Valley Forge
  • Yorktown
  • Continental Congresses
Writs of Assistance|}}

British Laws & Regulations[edit | edit source]

  • Coercive Acts
  • Intolerable Acts
  • Navigation Acts
  • Olive Branch Petition
  • {{#tip-text:Proclamation of 1763
    • Quartering Act
    • Stamp Act
    • Sugar Act
    • Townsend Acts


Early Republic[edit | edit source]

Articles of Confederation Period[edit | edit source]

  • Articles of Confederation
  • Shay’s Rebellion
  • confederation
  • sovereignty
  • supermajority
  • unicameral

U.S. Constitution[edit | edit source]

  • 3/5ths Compromise
  • amendment process
  • anti-Federalists
  • bicameral
  • Bill of Rights
  • checks and balances
  • Connecticut Compromise
  • Constitution
  • elastic clause
  • electoral college
  • Federalists
  • Federalism
  • Federalist no. 10
  • Federalist no. 51
  • Federalist Papers
  • Federalists
  • George Washington
  • Great Compromise
  • impeachment
  • James Madison
  • New Jersey Plan
  • Northwest Ordinance
  • preamble
  • preamble to the Constitution
  • ratification
  • separation of powers
  • strict vs. loose interpretation
  • unwritten Constitution
  • Virginia Plan


Early Republic[edit | edit source]

  • 12th Amendment
  • American System
  • Cabinet
  • Democratic-Republicans
  • election of 1800
  • Era of Good Feelings
  • Federalists
  • George Washington
  • Hamilton
  • impressment
  • Jefferson
  • John Marshall
  • Louisiana Purchase
  • Marbury v. Madison
  • McColluch v. Maryland
  • Monroe Doctrine
  • Mossouri Compromise
  • National Bank
  • nullification
  • political parties
  • Republican motherhood
  • Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
  • War of 1812
  • Whiskey Rebellion


Antebellum period[edit | edit source]

Jacksonian period[edit | edit source]

  • John Quincy Adams
  • Bank War
  • Corrupt Bargain
  • Force Bill
  • Henry Clay
  • Jacksonian democracy
  • Indian Removal Act
  • Nullification Crisis
  • Petticoat affair
  • Postal Service
  • Panic of 1837
  • Second Party System
  • spoils system
  • Tariff of 1833
  • Trail of Tears
  • Daniel Webster
  • Worcester v. Georgia



Antebellum[edit | edit source]

Social reform[edit | edit source]

  • cult of domesticity
  • Declaration of Sentiments
  • emancipation
  • Ralph Waldo Emerson
  • Second Great Awakening
  • Seneca Falls Convention
  • suffrage
  • transcendentalism
  • Uncle Tom’s Cabin


Antebellum[edit | edit source]

  • Compromise of 1850
  • Dred Scott decision
  • Gadsden Purchase
  • Gold Rush of 1849
  • Kansas-Nebraska Act
  • manifest destiny
  • Mexican American War
  • popular sovereignty
  • sectionalism
  • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo


Latter 19th Century[edit | edit source]

Civil War[edit | edit source]

  • 1860 Election
  • Anaconda Plan
  • Appomattox
  • Emancipation Proclamation
  • Ft. Sumter
  • Gettysburg
  • Gettysburg Address
  • Lincoln’s pre-war stance on slavery
  • Sherman’s March
  • U.S. Grant


Reconstruction[edit | edit source]

  • 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
  • black codes
  • Compromise of 1877
  • 40 acres and a mule
  • Freedman’s Bureau
  • grandfather clause
  • homestead
  • Jim Crow laws
  • land grant
  • literacy tests
  • Morill Land-Grant Act (1862)
  • Plessy v. Ferguson
  • poll taxes
  • Radical Republicans
  • Reconstruction Act of 1867
  • Reconstruction programs:
    • Lincoln's plan
    • Johnson's program
    • Congressional program


Post-Reconstruction[edit | edit source]

Economic & Political[edit | edit source]

  • Andrew Carnegie
  • Battle of Wounded Knee
  • bimetallism
  • Chinese Exclusion Act
  • Dawes Act /assimilation
  • Gentlemen’s Agreement
  • Great Migration
  • Homestead Act of 1862
  • laissez-faire capitalism
  • melting pot
  • monopoly
  • nativism
  • Nelson Rockefeller
  • political bosses
  • political machine
  • Populist Party
  • robber barons
  • Sand Creek Massacre
  • Sherman Anti-trust Act
  • social Darwinism
  • Standard Oil
  • transcontinental railroad
  • U.S. Steel


Imperialism[edit | edit source]

  • Battle of Manila
  • “Big Stick Policy”
  • Cuba
  • de Lôme Letter,
  • imperialism
  • William McKinley
  • Open Door Policy
  • Panama Canal
  • Roosevelt Corollary
  • Spanish-American War
  • yellow journalism
  • USS Maine


First half 20th Century[edit | edit source]

Labor[edit | edit source]

  • craft union
  • American Federation of Labor (AFL)
  • Eugene Debs (155-1926)
  • industrial union
  • industrial union
  • Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
  • Samuel Gompers (1850-1924)
  • term



Progressive Era[edit | edit source]

  • "Square Deal”
  • 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th Amendments
  • Bull Moose Party
  • Elkins Act (1903)
  • Eugene V. Debs
  • Direct democracy
  • Federal Reserve Act (1913)
  • Gifford Pinchot
  • Hepburn Act
  • initiative
  • Jacob Riis
  • Jane Addams
  • Meat Inspection Act
  • muckrakers
  • New Freedom
  • New Nationalism
  • Newlands Act of 1902
  • Progressive Party
  • Progressives / progressivism
  • Pure Food and Drug Act
  • recall
  • referendum
  • Rule of Reason
  • Settlement houses
  • socialism
  • Square Deal
  • Upton Sinclair
  • Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt
  • "Three Cs": Conservation, Corporate law, Consumer protections
  • William Howard Taft


World War I era[edit | edit source]

WWI[edit | edit source]

Notes:

  • Bolsheviks
  • Espionage (1917) and Sedition (1918) Acts
  • "He kept us out of the war" (1916)
  • Jones Act (1916)
  • Liberty Loans
  • Lusitania sinking (1915)
  • Pancho Villa (1914)
  • Russian Revolution
  • Sussex Pledge (1916)
  • U-Boats
  • Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 (TWEA)
  • War bonds
  • War Industries Board
  • Zimmerman Note


WWI aftermath[edit | edit source]

  • Collective Security
  • Depression of 1920-1921
  • Fourteen Points
  • League of Nations
  • Senate Foreign Relations Committee
  • Treaty of Versailles

post-WWI & 1920s[edit | edit source]

  • "America First"
  • Black Tuesday
  • Court-packing scheme
  • deficit spending
  • Dust Bowl
  • Harlem Renaissance
  • Hoover
  • Immigration Act of 1924
  • League of Nations
  • Lusitania/Zimmerman Note
  • National Origins Act
  • New Deal
  • Palmer Raids
  • Proclamation of Neutrality
  • prohibition
  • pump-priming
  • Red Scare
  • Return to ‘normalcy’
  • Roarding Twenties
  • Sacco and Vanzetti
  • Scopes Trial
  • Teapot Dome Scandal
  • Wilsonianism


1920s[edit | edit source]

  • automobiles
  • consumerism
  • credit
  • Bathtub gin
  • Harlem Renaissance
  • Jazz Age
  • Klu Klux Klan
  • Margin buying
  • radio
  • refrigerators
  • Scopes "Monkey" Trial


Great Depression & FDR[edit | edit source]

  • Black Monday
  • Black Thursday
  • Hawley-Smoot Tariff
  • Hoovervilles

FDR & New Deal[edit | edit source]

  • 100 Days
  • 20th Amendment
  • 21st Amendment
  • Brain Trust
  • Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO, started 1938)
  • fireside chats
  • Harry Hopkins
  • NRA
  • "New Deal"
  • Francis Perkins
  • Social Security
  • Supreme Court


World War II[edit | edit source]

pre-WWII[edit | edit source]

  • A Philip Randolph
  • America First Committee
  • appeasement
  • Battle of Britain
  • “cash and carry”
  • election of 1940
  • isolationism
  • Lend-Lease Act
  • Lindburgh
  • Maginot Line
  • Munich Agreement
  • "Peace for our time"
  • Poland invasion
  • Sudetenland
  • U.S. Neutrality Acts
  • "war footing"
  • war preparations


WWII[edit | edit source]

  • "arsenal of democracy"
  • D-Day
  • Eastern Front
  • Hiroshima, Nagasaki
  • Homefront
  • Island Hopping
  • Japanese Internment Camps
  • Korematsu v. U.S.
  • Manhattan Project
  • mechanized warfare
  • propaganda
  • rationing
  • recycling
  • Rosie the Riviter
  • Truman’s decision
  • "Victory Gardens"
  • war bonds

Post-War plans/ conferences

  • Potsdam Conference
  • Tehran Conference
  • Yalta Conference

End of WWII[edit | edit source]

  • 22nd amendment
  • Nuremburg Trials
  • United Nations


Latter-half 20th Century[edit | edit source]

Notes:

  • WWII was the last conflict entered by official Declaration of War by Congress
    • all other post-WWII "wars" have been without actual declaration of war
    • the U.S. has entered most of these wars through a combination of Executive Action and Congressional approval, either for a military action or funding thereof
  • a key component of post-WWII US History for students to grapple with is the dramatic change to worldwide involvement and/or adventurism and the various justifications for them
    • students should understand American "hegemony" and reaons for American worlwdide dominance and the extent to which it may be considered economic, political cultural imperialism

Early Cold War Foreign Affairs[edit | edit source]

  • Berlin crisis / Berlin airlift
  • Bretton Woods Conference
  • capitalism
  • Chiang Kai-shek
  • China, loss of
  • communism
  • containment policy
  • George F. Kennan
  • Greek Civil War
  • ideology/ ideological
  • Iron Curtain / Iron Curtain speech
  • Israel/ Palestine
  • Long Telegram / Article “X”
  • Mao Zedong
  • Marshall Plan
  • NATO
  • NATO/Warsaw Pact
  • NSC-68
  • proxy war
  • SEATO
  • sphere/s of influence
  • Suez Canal Crisis
  • Truman Doctrine
  • Turkey
  • United Nations
  • UK sterling crisis
  • Warsaw Pact

Atomic age[edit | edit source]

  • atmospheric testing
  • atomic testing
  • bombers
  • A-bomb
  • Chinese bomb (Taiwan incident)
  • German scientists
  • H-bomb
  • brinkmanship
  • ICBM
  • Nike missile system
  • MAD/ mutually-assured destruction
  • anti-ballistic missile
  • nuclear shield

Korean War[edit | edit source]

  • Truman v. Gen. MacArthur
  • Chinese Revolution


Cold War diplomacy[edit | edit source]

  • East, the
  • hegemony / hegemonic power
  • nation-building
  • Palestine partition
  • Security Council
  • Third World
  • unaligned nations
  • United Nations
  • West, The

Eisenhower period[edit | edit source]

  • CIA
  • containment
  • containment in Asia
  • containment in Europe
  • containment in Latin America
  • containment in the Middle East
  • Cuba
  • Domino Theory
  • Dwight Eisenhower
  • Eisenhower Doctrine
  • HUAC Committee
  • Joseph McCarthy
  • Marshall Plan
  • McCarthyism
  • "military industrial complex" (1958/9?)
  • Suez crisis


Domestic US Cold War[edit | edit source]

  • Executive Order 9835
  • Second Red Scare
  • McCarthyism
  • HUAC
  • Hollywood 10
  • McCarren Act
  • Rosenbergs
  • Alger Hiss
  • Space Race

Kennedy[edit | edit source]

  • Bay of Pigs Invasion
  • Berlin Wall
  • CIA activity under Kennedy
  • Cuban Missile Crisis
  • Domino Theory
  • Bay of Pigs
  • Hot-Line
  • Robert F. Kennedy
  • Limited Test Ban Treaty
  • quarantine v. blockade
  • Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
  • Peace Corps


Vietnam War[edit | edit source]

  • French involvement, 1954-1955
  • US involvement, 1959-1973

Eisenhower period of Vietnam War[edit | edit source]

  • Dien Bien Phu

Kennedy period of Vietnam War[edit | edit source]

  • JFK
  • Robert McNamara
  • "Whiz Kids"
  • “flexible response”
  • advisors
  • Camelot
  • assassination

Johnson period of Vietnam War[edit | edit source]

  • bombing campaigns
  • escalation
  • Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964)
  • Tet Offensive (1968)
  • Walter Cronkite
  • U.S. public opinion
  • Vietnamization
  • War Powers Acts
  • Gulf of Tonkin
  • Attrition
  • Hearts and Minds
  • Rolling Thunder
  • My Lai Massacre
  • Escalation

Nixon period of Vietnam War[edit | edit source]

  • China
  • Operation Linebacker II
  • Christmas bombings
  • "silent majority”
  • Paris Peace Accords
  • Bombing of Laos and Cambodia
  • Paris Peace Accords
  • opening of China
  • Kissinger
  • Pentagon Papers
  • White House protests

Vietnam War protest movements[edit | edit source]

  • draft, the
  • hippies
  • protests
  • Kent State
  • Jackson State

post-Nixon[edit | edit source]

  • Fall of Saigon
  • Cambodian genocide
  • Pol Pot


post-WWII Domestic U.S[edit | edit source]

1950s culture[edit | edit source]

  • baby boom
  • "Fair Deal" (1945-49)
  • suburbia
  • rock'n'roll
  • conformity
  • Interstate Highway Act

Civil Rights[edit | edit source]

  • “Little Rock Nine”
  • Brown v. Board of Education
  • civil disobedience
  • Civil Rights Act of 1964
  • Executive Order 9981
  • Jackie Robinson
  • Malcolm X
  • March on Washington
  • Martin Luther King, Jr.
  • Montgomery bus boycott
  • nonviolence
  • Voting Rights Act of 1965

Other Civil Rights and Political Movements[edit | edit source]

  • Silent Spring
  • Michael Harrington
  • Roe v. Wade
  • women’s liberation movement (NOW)
  • Cesar Chavez
  • Grapes Boycott
  • Chicano Movement
  • American Indian Movement (AIM)
  • Wounded Knee Incident


Johnson[edit | edit source]

  • Great Society
  • War on Poverty


1970s: Nixon, Ford & Carter[edit | edit source]

  • Watergate
  • pardoning of Nixon
  • stagflation
  • Afghanistan
  • Olympic boycott
  • Iranian hostage crisis
  • OPEC
  • oil embargo
  • Camp David Accords

Reagan era[edit | edit source]

  • Iran-Contra Affair
  • John Stockton
  • Landslide
  • Star Wars
  • "Reagan Revolution”
  • Reaganomics
  • Supply-side economics


End of the Cold War[edit | edit source]

  • George HW Bush
  • Military spending cuts
  • Gulf War
  • Bill Clinton
  • Peace Dividend
  • NAFTA
  • service sector economy
  • New Immigration
  • Haiti
  • Yugoslavia and Bosnia
  • Rwanda


21st Century[edit | edit source]

War on Terror[edit | edit source]

  • September 11th
  • Al Queda
  • Afghanistan War
  • Iraq
  • Patriot Act

Obama Administration[edit | edit source]

  • Great Recession
  • ISIS
  • Affordable Care Act
  • Obama Care
  • DREAM Act


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