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'''US History and AP US History Running Vocabulary List: Terms, Concepts, Names and Events'''
'''US History and AP US History Running Vocabulary List: Terms, Concepts, Names and Events'''


File to do:
Note: see Talk page for to do list and suggestions


* create general terms list; meanwhile see [[SAT Reading section historical timeline & themes]] (includes wars timeline)
For MCQ section, students are to
** to add: political expediency
 
** Wars timeline
* identify document source, date, historical context
* contextuals document and not confuse it for wrong period or context in wrong possible answer
* idenify other errors in wrong possible answers
 
For Free Response questins (FRQ, DBQ), students are to
 
* demonstrate historical factual knowledge
** provide examples, describe and explain
** write to an uninformed audience
*** as in math, "show your work" -- i.e., explain everything
* contextualize through cause and effect
* compare/contrast to other periods
* conceptualize facts into large ideas
 
== US History: BIG IDEAS for American self-conception and historical choices ==
Students may address historican themes, events, and periods using the various notions of self-conception of Americans across history. Note that these concepts change over time.  A short list of topics/ core ideas includes:
<div style="column-count:2">
the American Dream
 
American exceptionalism
 
Americanism (and ''What is it to be an American?'')
 
Civil liberties
 
Civil Rights
 
"City on a Hill"
 
Debate
 
Dissent
 
Due process
 
Duty
 
''e pluribus unam''
 
Equality
 
Expansionism (including westerd expansion, overseas expansion; also economic)
 
Foreign non-Intervention / Intervention
 
Freedom/ Freedoms, esp. movement, protest, religion, speech
 
Freedom of conscience
 
Idealism
 
Intellectual property
 
Innovation
 
Issues focus
 
Justice
 
Limited government
 
Patriotism
 
Personal autonomy
 
Personal / public safety
 
Politics
 
Practicality / Self-interest
 
Regionalism
 
Self-reliance
 
Self-rule/ Self-governance
 
Technology
 
War
</div>
----
 
=== Implications of a Democracy ===
In 1835, the French aristocrat, Alexis de Tocqueville published the first of two volumes, "Democracy in America". Tocqueville was intrigued by the social, cultural and political implications of a democratic society -- by which he meant, generally,
 
* absence of social classes or heirarchies among citizens
* members of that dominant social class consider themselves one another's equal
 
Tocqueville's analysis yields enormous insight into the American character of the 1830s as well as today:
 
* notion of equality
* individualism
* emphasis on local governance
* civic activity and associations
* spirit of religion
 
These characteristics of a democracy can be applied to historical analysis on the AP exam and for understanding US History generally.<br>
------
 
=== American Slogans or Famous Utterances ===
<div style="column-count:2">
''A day that will live in infamy''
 
''A republic, if you can keep it!''
 
''The American way''
 
''Equal justice under law''
 
''Getting the government you deserve''
 
''Give me liberty or give me death!''
 
''Go west, young man!''
 
''I am a Berliner / Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!''
 
''In God we trust''
 
''Life, liberty and the pursuit of happines''
 
''Live free or die''
 
''Nothing to fear but fear itself''
 
''Of the people, by the people, for the people''
 
''Outdoing the Joneses''
 
''Remember the Alamo!''
 
''Taxation without representation''
 
''United we stand, divided we fall''
 
''We shall overcome''
 
''We the people''
</div><br>
------
 
== Historical textual analysis: approaches and strategies ==
 
==== When reviewing an historical document, consider: ====
 
* date
* author
* publisher
* audience
 
==== Review fine print, sources, in cartoons anything written, and apply your PRIOR KNOWLEDGE ====
 
* what do you know about the period
* what came before it?
* what followed?
* what events, periods, persons may be compared or contrasted to it?
 
==== Analytical tools ====
'''HAPPy''' or '''HIPP'''
{| class="wikitable"
| '''H'''istorical context
| ('''I'''ntended) '''A'''udience
| '''P'''urpose
| '''P'''oint of View
| y
|}
 
'''OPVL'''
{| class="wikitable"
| '''O'''rigin
| '''P'''erspective
| '''V'''alue
| '''L'''imitations
|}
'''SPRITE'''
{| class="wikitable"
| '''S'''ocial
| '''P'''olitical
| '''R'''eligious
| '''I'''ntellectual
| '''T'''echnological
| '''E'''conomics
|}
 
== General terms to know for US History ==
<div style="column-count:2">
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:abolitionism|the movement to end slavery; abolition,
abolitionist; see also emancipation}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:aristocratic|of high social status, usually conferred by birth; note "titles of nobility" are banned by US Constitution}}<li>authority</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:blue collar v. white collar| blue collar = workers, in reference to the blue "coveralls" laborers may wear (originally clothing made of denim or coarse fabric); white = refernence to the collars of a white dress shirt}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:cession|leaving the Union or a state }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:chain migration|migration that follows existing personal, usually family, or other connections, such as a job skill or labor organization, thus a "chain" }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:class warfare|political posturing by emphasizing differences between social and economic classes; historically, a Democratic political strategy}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:''de facto'' v. ''de jure''|"in fact" v. "in law"; ''de facto'' means something that exists in practice; whereas ''de jure'' means a practice according to law; examples of ''de facto'' v. ''de jure'' conditions include continued discrimination after bans on legal racial segregation, continued use of alcohol despite its legal ban under the 19th amendment, etc.}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:delegate (as noun and verb)|n: a representative to a political body; v. to assign or pass along a task, power, or sovereignty}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:direct tax|a tax that is applied "directly" to persons as opposed to an activity or material; the income tax is a "direct" tax, which required Constitutional amendment to allow under the law}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:disenfranchised|not allowd to vote; can be ''de jure'' (legal voting restrictions) or ''de facto'' (forcible, if illegal, voting restrictions}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:dissent|to disagree or protest, usually in terms of a standing law or political opinion; in the Supreme Courts, a "dissenting" judge disagrees with the marjoity opinion}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:domestic|related to national as opposed to overseas or international affairs}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:duties| taxes on importation or sale of goods; "duties" usually refers to taxes on imported goods; note that "duties" constituted the largest source of revenue for the federal government up until the mid-20th century, when the personal and corporate income taxes were imposed at higher rates than when first introduced in 1914; after the Civil War up until that time, import duties constituted about half of federal revenues, with excise taxes (taxes on sale of certain goods) were about 40% of federal revenue; prior to the Civil War, import duties were the source of up to 90% of federal income; note the federal government also received significant revenue from land sales, mineral rights, etc.) }}<li>Electoral College</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:emancipation|the act or process of freeing slaves (abolition)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:embargo| to block or restrict access to something (Embargo Act of 1807, which restricted trade with Britain and France); embargo is usually in reference to a practical or legal exclusion of trade, or of a physical "naval blockade", such as the US embargo of Cuba in 1926; a naval blockade may be considered an act of war}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:equity| the notion that the laws must be applied equally; also a reference to capital ownership of a company (stock ownership = "equity"}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:excise tax|a tax upon a certain good, product or transaction}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:federal|in reference to the central, or "federal" government, and as opposed to state or local governments}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:franchise| = "the vote"; thus "disenfranchised" means to not have the right to vote}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:hegemony/hegomonic|control or rule of another country without direct military occupation; also used to describe the power of one body or person over another without directly managing that body or person ("hegemonic power"}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:imperialism| acts by a country of overseas conquest, possession or imposition; US imperialism started with the Spanish-American War (1896); U.S. foreign policy after WWII hgas been seen as "imperialistic" in the sense that it imposes U.S. policies or desires upon other nations; see "hegemony" }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:indemnity| in international affairs, money paid as compensation for some loss, especially following a war}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:infringe / infringement | to violate, or undermine, especially in law}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:intolerance| unwillingness to accept views, beliefs or persons different from oneself; in international affairs; the "Intolerable Acts" was a name given by the American colonists who opposed a series of Acts of Parliament called by England the "Coercive Acts"}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:laissez-faire| from French for "to leave alone"; used as reference to government non-intervention in the economy, usually regarding corporations; "laissez-faire" has a negative connotation, whereas supporters of government non-interference in the economy refer to that point of view as "libertarian"}}<li>landmark court case<li>legitimacy</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:mercantilism| colonialist policy of controling or regulating trade so as to require that colonial possessions only purchase from and sell to the mnother country; the philosophy was that economic "stakeholders" were home-country farms, businesses, and land owners}}<li>{{#tip-text:nativism| "ethnocentric" belief in the dominant ethnicity and culture of a nation, particularly as regards immigration (called "chauvanisme" in French)}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:nullify / nullification| the theory that since the Constitution is a "compact" (agreement) of the states, the authority to withhold that agreement or parts of it remains with the states;
as in the "Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions" and the Nullification Crisis of 1830s)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Old World v. New World| "Old" = Europe; "New" = Americas}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:political|from Greek ''polis'' for "city"; governance or organization of a group of people; operates at all levels, as in local, state or national "politics" }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:political expediency|expedience = cutting corners, compromising principles to achieve a short term outcomes; political expediency comes of politicians / leaders who act against their stated beliefs in order to achieve a cerain outcome; may be seen as hypocrisy, but all politicians must engage in expedients at some point, and students may identify these in analysis of causes and effects}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:popular sovereignty|1850s political stance that held that territories and states should accept or not accept the practice of slavery based upon a vote of the people (i.e., "popular"; sovereignty = rule}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:precedent| the judicial practice of adhereing to prior or "preceding" decisions; decisions that change "precedent" are considered "landmark"}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:prohibition| >>definition here }}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"Republican motherhood"| the Early Republic belief that the role of a patriotic mother was to raise their sons as good "republicans," i.e. members of a self-governed society (not the political party)>>definition here }}<li>republican principles</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:state|a sovereign political unit; in the "United States" the states are independent political entities that have yielded certain powers or sovereignties to the central government; internationally, a "state" is a country or nation (thus the "State Department" as the executive department that represents the country)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:states rights| sovereignty and powers of states; generally, the belief that the federal government should not "infringe" }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:segregation| racial separation, either ''de facto'' or ''de jure''; Plessy v. Furgusen affirmed in law ''de facto'' segregation; ''Brown v Board of Education'' prohibited legal segregation in schools, but did not end its ''de facto'' practice in policy and implementation across the states}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:socialism| an economic and political theory that the state (the government) should own the "means of production" (farming, industry, etc.); "socialists" across time have varied in the degree to which they call for state-control of different segments of the economy and society }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:sovereignty|rule or "rule over"; government authority or rule is called its "soveriegnty", thus a monarch is also called a "soveriegn"|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:suffrage| the right to vote; "suffragettes" were women activitists who promoted the right for women to vote}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:tariff| taxes on imports; also called "duties" }}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:temperance movement| social and political movement to ban production and use of alcohol}}<li>two-party system</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:unalienable| not divisible, cannot be taken away; thus in the Declaration, "unalienable rights" are those that people are born with and cannot be taken away; unalienable rights can be violated, but under the theory of "natural law" any violation of those rights is illegitimate; note: "unalienable" = same as "inalienable" }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:unintended consequence|effects of a policy, decision or action that are unexpected or unanticipated}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:United States|so-called because of the "union" of independent states that joined to form a single country; it is useful to note that prior to the Civil War the nation was referred to as "these United States", in the plural, whereas after the Civil War it changed to "the United States", in the singular, reflecting a dramatic change in the self-conception of the nation and union}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:western expansion|we can look upon the American historical experience as one of ongoing westward, or western, expansion: 1st spreading westward from the Atlantic coastal plains, then over the Appalachians into the Ohio Valley, then into the Mississippi Valley and across the Mississippi River, then across the Great Plains, up to the Rocky Mountains, then expansion to Califoria, especially following the 1849 Gold Rush; then connecting the nation through netwards of railroads and telegraph; then overseas expansion (Spanish-American War) and intervention (WW's I and II) and spread of American political, cultural and economic activity and influence across the world into the modern world of instantaneous connectivity}}
</div>
 
== Wars timeline ==
* wars are the effect or cause of change
* knowing wars and their dates and geography provides context and points of comparison
<div style="column-count:2">
=== Major Wars ===
* French-Indian War, 1754-1768:
* American Revolution, 1764-1783
* American Revolutionary War, 1775-1781
* War of 1812, 1812-1815
* Mexican-American War, 1846-1848
* Civil War, 1861-1865
* Spanish-American War, 1898
* Philipine Insurgeny, 1899-1902
* World War I (U.S.), 1917-1918
* White Russian War, 1917
* Wolrd War II (U.S.) 1941-1945
* Korean War, 1950-1953
* Vietman War, 1959-1975
* Vietnam, U.S. ground war: 1965-1972
* Gulf War, 1990-1991
* War on Terror, 2001-2021
* Afghanistan War, 2001-2021
* Iraq War, 2003-2011
* Iraqi Insurgency, 2003-2006
 
=== Colonial Wars ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Anglow-Powhatan Wars (1610-1646)|series of three conflicts, 1610-1614, 1622-1632, 1644-1646, consiting of Indian raids, hostage-taking, and English reprisal attacks, starting at Jamestown, and between the English and the Powhattan tribes and their leadership; the Powhattan goal was to drive the English out of Virginia entirely; the Treaty of 1846 ended hostilities and defined the extent of English possessions from the coast upwards the navigable portions of the York and othe rivers}}</ul></li>
* Beaver Wars, 1609-1701 (French/Dutch)
* Jamestown Massacre, 1622
* Pequot War (1634-1638)
* King Philip's War, 1675-1678 | Metaomb's War
* King William's War, 1689-1897
* Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Yamasee War, 1715-1717|frontier/ land disputes and conflicts between settlers and Native Americans in the Carolinas}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Chickasaw Wars, 1721-1763|Chickasaw tribes suppported by the British v. French & allied tribes along the Mississippi Valley over access to the Mississippi River; the wars ended with conlcusion of the French-Indian Wars}}</ul>
* Dummer's War, 1722-25
* Pontiac's War, 1763-1766
* Lord Dunmore's War, 1774
 
=== American settlers or frontier wars ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Bacon's Rebellion 1676|violent political dispute over colonial protection of frontier settlers and lands; see below}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Regulator Insurrection, 1766-1771|ongoing defiance and rebellion of rural North Carolina colonists who objected to taxation and control from the eastern capital of North Carolina, New Bern; the term "Regulators" was chosen to emphasize that the movement wanted "regular" order of local governance and control}}</ul></li>
* Whiskey Rebellion, 1791-1794
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Fries's Rebellion, 1799-1800|Tax revolt by Pennyslvania Dutch farmers}}</ul></li>
 
=== US Indian Wars ===
* Creek War (Tecumhsah)
* Seminole Wars
* see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Wars
 
=== Slave Revolts ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:New York Slave Revolt of 1712|New York held the most slaves of all the colonies as of 1712, but for urban not agricultural labor; there were many freed slaves, as well, who lived in proximity to one another, so slave discontent was driven by access to and sharing with freed slaves and people in general; the NY Slave Revolt makes for an interesting comparison v. other, southern, slave revolts in that they were not isolated by agricultural conditions and plantation structures}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stono Rebellion, 1739|South Carolina, largest slave rebellion with 25 English and 35-50 slaves killed; led by an educated slave who knew to take advantage of planters' Sunday worship gatherings when they were unsuspecting and unarmed; this and other southern slave revolts were the product of horrible living conditions but growing slave populations who were able to organize while isolated from free whites; following the Stono Rebellion, SC passed laws requiring more whites per black slaves on plantations and limiting slave access to their own food and economic production}}</ul></li>
* Nat Turner's Rebellion, 1826
 
=== Minor Wars or US Military actions ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Quasi-War, 1798-1800|series of naval battles of the East coast and in the Caribbean, primarily over trade and other diplomatic tensions betwen England and France, and the U.S. and both}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:First Barbary War, 1801-1805|In response to attacks and hostage-taking of American and other ships since the 1780s by North African "Barbary Pirates", raiders sponsored by by local Ottoman rules, the Jefferson administration sent warships to end the harrassment and cease the practice of paying "tribute" for release of vessels and sailors}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Second Barbary War, 1815|after ongoing harrassment of US ships by North African raiders, US Navy defeated the Algerian fleet and ended the long-standing problem with the 'Barbery Pirates"}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Panama Revolution, 1903|Teddy Roosevelt Administration sent US warships to Panama in support of revolutionaries who were seeking independence from Columbia; Roosevelt did so becuase a prior agreement with Columbia to give the U.S. rights to build a canal across Panama (the "Panama Isthmums") had fallen apart, and by supporting the revolutionaries, Roosevelt secured access to the lands for the canal}}</ul></li>
* Russian White Revolution, Vladistok, 1918
* Berlin Airlift, 1946 << date?
* Greece, 1948
* Iran, 1950s
* Grenada, 1980s
* Panama, 1990 < confirm
* Syria, 2010-12
* Libya, 2012
 
=== Important non-American Wars ===
* Thirty Years War, 1618-1648
* Anglo-Spanish War, 1625-1630
* English Civil War, 1642-1644
* Anglo-Dutch War, 1652-1654
* Anglo-Spanish Wars, 1654-1660, 1665-1667
* Pueblo Revolt, 1680
* French Revolution, 1789-1795
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804|series of wars of that ended in Haitian independence from France; the impact upon the U.S. was that without control of Haiti, New Orleans became less important to France, which also needed the revenue from the Louisiana Purchase}}</ul></li>
* Napoleonic Wars, 1803-1815
* Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905
* Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920
* Russian Revolution, 1917
* World War I, 1914-1918
* Japanese Invasion of Manchuria, 1931-32:
* World War II, 1939-1945
* Suez Crisis, 1957 <<confirm
 
See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States


== Terms to know ==
<div style="column-count:3">
* abolitionism
* aristocratic
* blue collar v. white collar
* cession
* chain migration
* class warfare
* ''de facto'' v. ''de jure''
* delegate (as noun and verb)
* direct tax
* disenfranchised
* dissent
* domestic
* duties
* emancipation
* embargo
* equity
* excise tax
* franchise
* imperialism
* indemnity
* intolerance
* laissez-faire
* mercantilism
* nativism
* nullify / nullification
* Old World v. New World
* popular sovereignty
* precedent
* prohibition
* "Republican motherhood"
* states rights
* segregation
* socialism
* suffrage
* suffragette
* tariff
* temperance movement
* unalienable
</div>
</div>
<br>
-------------------
== American Revolution flowcharts ==
==== Origins ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
WE[Colonial Westward Expansion]-->FI
WE[Colonial Westward Expansion]<--British Response = <br>to curtail westward settlement-->RP[Royal Proclamation of 1763]
subgraph " "
  FI[French Indian War, 1754-1763]
end
FI-->RP
}}
-------------
==== British & Colonial responses ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
WD[War debt, management<br>of new posseesssions]-->Su[Parliament passes laws<br>to raise revenue]
Su[Sugar Act of 1764]
Su-->St
St[Stamp Act of 1765]
St--Colonial response-->SAC[Stamp Act Congress, New York, 1766]
Su--Colonial boycott-->SAC[Stamp Act Congress, New York, 1766]
}}
-------------
==== Cyle of Escalation ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
PL[British Tax or Regulation]--Enforcement-->CP[Colonial Protest]-->ME[More enforcemment]
ME-->CP-->NL[Retraction of tax or regulations]-->RP[Replacement by new tax or regulation]
RP-->CP
}}
-------------
==== Repeal of Stamp Act to Boston Massacre ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
RS[Repeal of Stamp Act]--replaced by-->DA[Declaratory Act, 1766]
DA--justifies Parliamentary powers-->IE
RS-->CCA[Commissioners of Customs Act 1767<br>created American Board of Customs Commissioners<br>who exercised independent power in collecting taxes]
RS-->TA[Townsend Acts, 1767-1768<br>new taxes, increased enforcement & Admiralty Courts]
CCA-->IE[Increased enforcement]
TA-->IE
}}
-------------
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
IE[Increased enforcement]-->Sm[Protest, complaints, corruption<br>and confrontation with smugglers]
Sm-->BOS[Occupation of Boston by British Troops]-->BM[Boston Massacre, 1770]
}}
-------------
==== Repeal Townsend Acts to Boston Tea Party ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
CP[Colonial Protest]-->RTA[Partial repeal of Townsend Acts, 1770]
TA[Tea Act, 1773]-->BTP[Boston Tea Party]-->IA[Coercive Acts<br>to punish colonists]
}}
-------------
==== Intolerable Acts to Colonial Organization ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
CO[Colonial Organization]--Sons of Liberty<br>Committee on Correspondence-->CP[Colonial Protests]
CO-->CB[Colonial Boycotts]
IA[Intolerable Acts, or Coersive Acts, 1774]-->CP
CP-->BR[British retaliation]-->CP
}}
-------------
==== War ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
CO[Colonial Organization]-->CC1[1774: First Continential Congress]
CP[Colonial Protests]--anti-Parliament-->TP[1775: Paine's Comon Sense]--anti-King-->DI[1776: Declaration of Independence]
}}
-------------


== Colonial Periods ==
= Vocabulary, Terms, and Periods =


=== Pre-Columbian ===
=== Pre-Columbian ===
<div style="column-count:3">
<div style="column-count:2">
* indigenous
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Algonquian|largest language group of North American tribes who occupied the northeastern coast, and central-east Canada; Algonquian tribes traded with the French and aligned with them against English colonists and their Iroquois allies, who were their traditional enemies}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Hopewell tradition|Ohio Valley cultures of the '''Woodland Period''' that were interconnected by trade and shared cultural traits, such as mound building}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:indigenous|native to a place; original inhabitants}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Iroquois|North American tribes and linguistic group who originally occupied lands surrounding the St. Lawrence River and Lakes Ontario and Erie, as well as parts of upstate New York and Virginia; the Iroquois Confederacy arose after European contact, as tribes expanded and combined into the "Five Nations" who controlled central New York, Pennyslvannia and the western slopes of the Appalachian Mountains}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Iroquois Confederacy|starting in the mid-15th century, Iroquois tribes started a loose "confedercy," or federation, of independent, usually linguistically related tribes who joineed politically for comon defense, land organization, etc. versus enemy tribes; into the European colonial period, the Iroquois Confederacy strenthened through trade and tehnological acquisition; the Iroqois Confedercay, or "Five Tribes" consisted of the e Oneida, Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca; each tribe was governed by groups of "sachems," or local chiefs}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Mississippian period/ culture|800-1600 AD, period of extensive maize production and mound building across the Mississippi valley, including moderate urbanization and centralized rule}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Mound Builders|starting 500 BC with early Woodland cultures that exercised social and political cohesion to the extent of building massive earthwork "mounds" that served relgious or ceremonial purposes; latter Woodland period mounds could be massive}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:reciprocal relations|Native American cultural and economic structures were largely based on reciprocal relations that shared territory, land use and labor; however, those relations were largely tied to linguistic and ethnic alliances that otherwise competed and warred with one another when in contact or conflict over resources; the reciprocal concept of land use, especially was not shared by European settlers who employed notions of private property and land ownership, which led to mistrust and conflict between indigenous and colonial populations}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Woodland Period|Eastern and central North American indigenous cultures that thrived from 1000 BC to 1000 AD; period marked by trade, cultural exchange, population growth and linguistic variation}}</ul></li>
</div>
<br>
-------------------
 
== Colonial Periods ==


=== Age of Exploration ===
=== Age of Exploration ===
* Caravel
<div style="column-count:2">
* Conquistador
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:caravel|trans-oceanic sailing ship developed by the Portuguese that allowed for long voyages and the ability to "cut" into the wind for manueverability; since they were small and had a shallow draft (didn't go deep into the water), caravels were especially useful for exploring coastlines, bays and up rivers; into the "triangle trade" period, caravels were replaced by larger the "carrack" and, later, the "galleon"}}</ul></li>
</div>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Henry Hudson|not an important name to know for the AP test, but Hudson exemplifies the initial British and Dutch purposes of exploration: he desperately wanted to find a way to Asia, but kept running into more land; he sailed in 1607 for the Dutch, and claimed modern New York for them; then sailed for the Birith in 1610 and made claims in Canada ("Hudson Bay" which he was convinced was the "northwest passage" to Asia)}}</ul></li>
=== Colonial ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:conquistador|Spanish explorers and adventurers who conquered parts of the Americas, particulary Hernán Cortés (Mexico, 1519-21) and Francisco Pizarro (Peru, 1532)}}</ul></li>
<div style="column-count:3">
<ul><li>{{#tip-text: St. Lawrence River|the St. Lawrence River passageway that was an important pre-colonial trade route that explorer Jacques Cartier in 1532 claimed for France and that was a significant part of French trade and colonial possessions in "New France"; the St. Lawrence River connects to the Great Lakes and thus provided trade access to the Ohio Valley}}</ul></li>
* Bacon’s Rebellion
 
* headright system
=== Spanish colonialism ===
* House of Burgesses
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:asiento|""asiento" means "contract; the "Asiento de Negros" was a trade agreement between Britain and Spain over rights to slave trade passages controlled by Spain}}</ul></li>
* indentured servitude
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:De Las Casas|Spanish priest Bartolomé de las Casas wrote in 1542 "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies" documenting Spanish abuse of Native Americans}}</ul></li>
* Jamestown- general characteristics
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:encomienda|from ''encomendar'' for to "entrust", a land and labor grant as reward to ''conquistadores'' for conquests on behalf of Spain; the ''encomenderos'' thus claimed large lands and plantations using enslaved native labor; the ''encomienda'' system incentivized Spanish conquest and expansion across the world; the system was outlawed in 1542 when Natives were granted limited Spanish citizenship (i.e., "subjects" of the Spanish king); it was replaced by the ''repartiamento'' system}}</ul>
* John Rolfe
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Florida (or Spanish Florida)|After the French-Indian War (1763), Spain traded Florida for Louisiana Territories west of the Mississippi (Britain returned Havana Cuba and Manilla, Philippines, which it had seized during the Seven Years War); Britain ceded Florida back to Spain after the American Revolution; significant numbers of Americans moved into the western Florida panhandle, which the U.S. annexed in 1910 following declaration by those settlers of the "Free and Independent Republic of West Florida. After the 1817/18 First Seminole War (led by Andrew Jackson), the US took control of most of Florida, and Spain ceded the entire territory in the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty in exchange for an indemnity of $5 milllion in American claims against Spain. Upon independence, Mexico refused to recognize the Treaty, but it was mostly upheld in the 1828 "Treaty of Limits" between the US and Mexico}}</ul></li>
* John Smith
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:hacienda|from the verb ''hacer'' for "to make or do", Spanish landholding system of large agricultural or other commercial operations, imported to the colonies as plantations or mines using Native American labor}}</ul></li>
* Jonathan Edwards
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Mit'a (Inca)|pre-colonial Inca system of forced labor and tribute of conquered peoples; Mit'a labor built roads, fortifications, military service, worked farms, esp. for terrace building; was source of Incan revenue and political control}}</ul></li>
* King Philip’s War
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:New Laws of 1542|replaced the Laws of Burgos of 1512 that were supposed to protect the rights of the native peoples; the New Laws ended the ''encomienda'' system by outlawing hereditary control; the New Laws met great and at times violent protest by the ''encomederos''; the New Laws marked more direct control of the colonies by Spanish King Charles I (who was also Holy Roman Emperor Charles V); the intervention by Charles may be usefully compared to that of various English monarchs}}</ul></li>
* Massachusetts Bay – general characteristics
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Pueblo Revolt|1680 rebellion by the Pueblo (in modern New Mexico/ AZ), and led by Papé, for maltreatment by the Spanish, who had outlawed their religious practices, forced labor, resource extraction (maize and textiles);  }}</ul></li>
* Mercantilism
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:repartimiento|from ''reparto'' for "distribution", the Spanish system implemented in 1542 of regulated and forced labor that replaced direct slavery of Native Americans}}</ul></li>
* Native American-European interactions, including disease, treatment of
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Saint Augustine|started 1565, Spanish colonial settlement along the northeastern coast of Florida; in 1693 Spanish King Charles II issued a Royal Decree providing freedom for runaway slaves who converted to Catholicism, and the region served as a sanctuary for escaped slaves from the Carolinas}}</ul></li>
* Navigation Acts
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sepúlveda|Spanish philosopher Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda who in 1550/51 debated in writing De las Casas over legitimacy of Spanish colonization and treatment of Native Americans; Sepúlveda argued the superior Spanish culture justified the conquest of "savage" natives and forced conversion to Christianity; his views were shared by later Americans who justified westward expansion and maltreatment of Native tribes)}}</ul></li>
* New England town meetings
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Spanish social heirarchies (terms)|''peninsulares'' = born in Spain; ''criolles'' = born in New World of Spanish descent; ''mestizos'' = mixed Spanish and Native American parentage; mulattos = African parentage mixed with other races/ethnicities}}</ul></li>
* Pequot War
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Treaty of Tordesillas|1494 agreement negotationed by Pope AlexanderVI that divided New World holdings between Spain and Portugal bsed on a "line of demarcation," a north-south longitude line that divided South America between Spanish and Portuguese holings (estabslishing Portugues Brasil)}}</ul></li>
* Puritan
 
* Queen Anne's War
=== Dutch and French colonialism ===
* Roanoke
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Beaver War| 1600s conflicts between the French and their Algonquin allies and the Iroquois League that opposed them}}</ul></li>
* salutary neglect
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:''couriers de bois''|French "runners" sent to explore and live with local inhabitants across the Great Lakes region}}</ul></li>
* St. Augustine
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:fur trade|the principal object of exploration and trade for Dutch and French, and also some English, colonial entreprises; beaver and otter fur was most desirable for European markets, which brought significan revenue to the colonies; the fur trade was a lucrative source of goods and tribal power among Native Americans, bringing guns, knives, rum, household items along with the instability of new economic and social pressures of the trade relations}}</ul></li>
* the Great Awakening
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:New Amsterdam|now Manhattan, a Dutch city established in 1626 at head of the Hudson River and which served as an important port for Dutch fur trade and trade and piracy across the Atlantic Coast and Caribbean; Dutch holdings, called New Netherlands, included lower New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey and Delaware, all of which were ceded to Britain in 1664 (briefly retaken by the Dutch in 1673/4}}</ul></li>
* "triangle trade"
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:New France|French colonial possessions in North America, from the St. Lawrence waterway to the Great Lakes and along the Mississippi River to New Orleans; northern New France was primarily focused on fur trade, although cities were established with French migrants; the French explored the Great Lakes, which is why Champlain, Detroit, LaSalle, St. Croix, Duluth, etc.}}</ul></li>
* William Penn
 
=== African slave trade ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Middle Passage|refers to "passage" or transoceanic shipment of slaves across the Atlantic; mortality rate of slaves on the Middle Passage was 12.5%; a total of 15.3 million Africans were sent across it to the Americas, most of whom were sent to the Caribbean and Brazil}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Olaudah Equiano| former slave who in 1789 wrote a memoir of hs experiences as a slave, includng his childhood in Africa, the Atlantic crossing and life as a slave, which deeply impacted British views on the cruelty of slavery; Equiano was purchased by a British Naval officer and ended up under a Philadelphia merchant who allowed him to purchase his freedom; Equiano became a sucessful merchant and adventurer}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:seasoning camps|centralized destinations in the Caribbean for new African slave arrivals to "season", or prepare, them for new conditions; about 1/3rd of slaves who arrived to these camps died their first year there, mostly of dysentery due to the horrible conditions}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:triangle trade|the geographic pattern of slave-trade exchange between Europe (selling manufactured goods, especiall arms, which African states used to acquire more slaves), African coastal states (selling slaves) and the Americas (sellng slave-produced products, especially sugar, molasses or rum}}</ul>
</div>
</div>
<br>
-------------------
=== English colonial periods ===
Note:
* Britain held colonial possessions in the Caribbean region, as well as the thirteen colonies
* following smaller wars and the worldwide French-Indian War (Seven Years War), Britain sequentially took France's Canadian possessions as well as its landholdings between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.
* Levels of British control of the colonies rose and fell according to domestic British politics and its international priorities.
* The American Revolution was largely the result of the excercise of direct control of colonial affairs that followed the French-Indian War.
------------------<div style="column-count:2">
=== Colonial political, economic and social ===
==== Types of Colonies ====
* Corporate Charter
* Proprietary Colony
* Royal Colony
==== Colony Characteristics ====
* Maryland
* Massachussets Bay Colony
* Pennsylvania
* Virginia
==== British colonial period terms & events ====
<ul></li>{{#tip-text:Appalachian Mountains|running nort-south along the eastern coast of the 13 colonies, the Appalachians isolated the east coast and formed a natural barrier to western expansion; the Proclamation of 1863 unsuccessfully barred colonial settlement west of the Appalachians}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Bacon’s Rebellion|1676 Virginia rebellion that breifly occupied the colonial at Jamestown over a dispute over protection of settlers who had moved into indian lands; Bacon, a wealthy landowner, had let a militia to protect frontier settlers from indian raids, which the governor opposed. Legislators passed "Bacon's Laws" to authorize colonial militia to protect settlers (who were moving into lands east of the Appalachians; Bacon's rebellion marks one of many disputes across US history between urban political and commercial elites and settlers and rural inhabitants)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>the Great Awakening</ul></li>
<ul><li>headright system</ul></li>
<ul><li>House of Burgesses</ul></li>
<ul><li>indentured servitude</ul></li>
<ul><li>Jamestown</ul></li>
<ul><li>John Rolfe</ul></li>
<ul><li>John Smith</ul></li>
<ul><li>Joint Stock Compnany</ul></li>
<ul><li>Jonathan Edwards</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:King Philip’s War, 1675-1678|"King Philip" was the adopted English name of Wampanoag chief Metacom, who reversed his father's policy of accommodating English presence in New England; he led raids on settlements, to which the English retaliated; the war was conducted by colonial forces only, and thus gave them a sense of self-sufficiency outside of British protection}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Lord Baltimore|George Calvert, 1st Baron of Baltimore, a Catholic British politician was given a charter by King Charles I for the proprietary colony of Maryland (and earlier in southern Newfoundland; Calvert's Catholicism and the borders led to disuptes with Virginia, with actual fighting over Maryland's Kent Island}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>"Lost Colony"</ul></li>
<ul><li>Massachusetts Bay Colony</ul></li>
<ul><li>migration push/ pull factors</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Native American & English relations|students should explore cultural differnces and differences of perception between Native Americans and English settlers; as well as impact of those relations, including disease, economic, tribal organization, land use, etc.}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>Navigation Acts, 1663, 1673, 1696</ul></li>
<ul><li>New England town meetings</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Pequot War, 1636-37|Massachusets: the Pequot fought and lost to English settlers and their allies, Narragansett and Mohegan tribes; ended Pequot resistance to English settlement expansion}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>Puritan</ul></li>
<ul><li>Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713</ul></li>
<ul><li>salutary neglect</ul></li>
<ul><li>slave codes</ul></li>
<ul><li>William Penn</ul></li>
<ul><li>yoeman</ul></li>
</div><br>
-------------------
=== French Indian War ===
Notes:
* 1754-1763
* the immediate cause of the war was the growing presence of English colonials across the Appalachian Mountains and into the Ohio Valley
** the French and their indian allies opposed these settlements
** a site of considerable contention was Fort Duquesne at present-day Pittsburg, as the location was at the confluuence of two major rivers leading into the Ohio River
* sparked by an unsuccessful British and colonial attacks on French forts in Pennsylvania
* in 1753, George Washington 1753 delivered a message to the French at another Fort in Pennsylvania demanding French evacuation from the region
* on July 3, 1754, as a colonel in the Virginia Militia, Washington led an attack upon the French Ford Necessity; he lost and had to surrender
* British regular Army, along with colonial militias (and including Washington), reorganized and attacked another French fort, Fort Duquesne on Sept. 14, 1758, and also lost
** there were 500 French and Indian soldiers
** and 400 British regulars and 350 colonial militia
* the British eventually took Ft. Dusquesne in 1758 (renaming it Ft. Pitt), and the focus of the war moved toward Canada and the St. Lawrence River waterways, particularly the French city Quebec.
<br>
-------------------
<br>
=== French-Indian War terms ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Albany Conference, 1754|or Albany Congress; at the start of the French-Indian War, a gathering of representatives of seven, northeastern colonial legislatures in Albany , New York, with the purpose to manage relations with Indian tribes and create collective defense against the French; Albany was at the time an important city but "western" in that it was not coastal; although called for by Great Britain with the specific goal of mending relations with the Iroquois Confederacy in order to fend against the French and their indian allies, the Conference was the first convention of colonial legislatures; the Congress adopted Benjamin Franklin's "Albany Plan", but it was rejected by the British and colonial governments}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Albany Plan|proposed by Benjamin Franklin at the 1854 Albany Congress to create a central colonial government that would have powers of treaty-making, taxation, and self-defense; the Albany Plan is considered a precursor to the Articles of Confederation}}</ul></li>
Annus Mirabilis of 1759
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Fort Duquesne|French fort at modern Pittsburg where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers join as they joint and become the Ohio River; the location provided control of trade and movement in the region that was contested by English and French colonial claims}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Proclamation of 1763|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Treaty of Paris of 1783|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:William Pitt|British Cabinet minister and leader who led Britain to victory in the Seven Years War; Pitt was Prime Minister, 1766-1768, and, growing old and soon lost power; Pitt defended British powers over the colonies but argued that the Stamp Act was unjust and illegitimately imposed "internal taxes" on the colonies; his opposition to the Act led to its repeal}}</ul></li>
<br>
--------------------
== American Revolution ==
<div style="column-count:2">
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:ABC Boards|American Board of Customss, "commissioners" created by the Commissioners of Customs Act 1767 and appointed by the powerful London Board of Trade, who enforced customs and other tax collections; notoriously corrupt, customs officials were targets of American ire and at times violence; the British government struggled to control colonial trade, especially stopping smugglng, which is simply trade of goods wihout paying duties; whenever trade rules were enforced, it outraged colonists; from the British point of view, the taxes were for the benefit of the colonists, as they funded colonial operations}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Admiralty Court|Naval judicial courts that acted independently of colonial authority; Admiralty or Vice Admiralty courts were used to enforce taxes, and were hated by the colonists who felt that they were unust and did not allow for "judgment of peers", which is the basis of the jury system}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Boston Massacre|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Boston Tea Party|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Circulatory Letter|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Committees of Correspondence|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Common Sense|}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Declaration of Independence|}}<li>direct representation</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Enlightenment philosophers|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:First Continental Congress|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:''Gaspee'' affair|1772, colonials burned the British ''HMS Gaspee'', which was enforcing Navigation Acts off of Rhode Island; the ''Gaspee'' had been aggressively boarding and inspecting colonial vessels and seizing cargo, and while chasing a colonial boat got stuck aground; a group of colonials took advantage of the boat's helplessness and attacked}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Locke|}}</ul>
<nowiki>Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer|by John Dickinson}}</nowiki>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Lexington/Concord|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Loyalist|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Montesquieu|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:natural rights|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Patriot|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Revolutionary flags|flags symbolically represent a place or people; the |}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Battle of Saratoga|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:social contract theory|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sons of Liberty|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stamp Act Congress|}}</ul></li>


=== American Revolution ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Thomas Paine|}}</ul>
<div style="column-count:3">
* ABC Boards
* Boston Massacre
* Boston Tea Party
* Common Sense
* Declaration of Independence
* Enlightenment philosophers
* First Continental Congress
* French and Indian War
* John Locke
* Lexington/Concord
* Loyalist
* Montesquieu
* natural rights
* Navigation Acts
* Patrior
* Proclamation of 1763
* Saratoga
* social contract theory
* Sons of Liberty
* Sugar Act
* Thomas Paine
* Townsend Acts
* Treaty of Paris of 1783
* Valley Forge
* Yorktown
* Continental Congress/es
</div>


<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Valley Forge|}}<li>virtual representation</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Yorktown|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Continental Congresses|}}</ul>
<nowiki>Writs of Assistance|}}</nowiki>


=== British Laws & Regulations ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Coercive Acts|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Intolerable Acts|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Navigation Acts|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Olive Branch Petition|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Quartering Act|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stamp Act|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sugar Act|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Townsend Acts|}}</ul>
</div><br>
-------------------


== Early Republic ==
== Early Republic ==
Line 129: Line 608:


=== U.S. Constitution ===
=== U.S. Constitution ===
<div style="column-count:3">
<div style="column-count:2">
* 3/5ths Compromise
* 3/5ths Compromise
* amendment process
* amendment process
Line 151: Line 630:
* James Madison
* James Madison
* New Jersey Plan
* New Jersey Plan
* Northwest Ordinance
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Northwest Ordinance|1787 law under the Articles of Confederation that included many protections and rights that would be included in the original US Constitution and Bill or Rights, including property rights, freedom of religion, ''habeus corpus'' and trial by jury, as well as a prohibition on slavery; also set conditions for admission of new states to the Union}}</ul></li>
* preamble
* preamble
* preamble to the Constitution
* preamble to the Constitution
Line 160: Line 639:
* Virginia Plan
* Virginia Plan
</div>
</div>
<br>
------------------


=== Early Republic ===
=== Early Republic ===
<div style="column-count:3">
<div style="column-count:2">
* 12th Amendment
* 12th Amendment
* American System
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:American System|based on ideas of Alexander Hamilton, promoted by Henry Clay and JQ Adams, general Whig policies of early to mid 18th century, including: tariff, land sales for revenue, National Bank, "internal improvements"}}</ul>
* Alien & Sedition Acts
* British-French conflict & Napoleonic Wars
* Cabinet
* Cabinet
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:CItizen Genet affair|French Ambassador Genet sparked outrage by his attempts to raise money and a miltia from US citizens to fight in France's war against Britain and Spain; Washington demanded his removal as ambassador}}</ul></li>
* Compromise of 1820
* Democratic-Republicans  
* Democratic-Republicans  
* election of 1800
* Era of Good Feelings
* Era of Good Feelings
* Federalists  
* Federalists  
* George Washington
* George Washington
* Hamilton
* Alexander Hamilton
* impressment
* impressment
* Jefferson
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:internal improvements|Whig program, originating in Alexander Hamilton's ideas, of promotive national unity and econmic activity via federal investment in roads and canals (paid w/ tariffs and land sales) with econonic and industrial protection via a high tariff}}</ul></li>
* John Marshall
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Jay's Treaty|1794; settled dispute with British over the Canadian border and British military presence in the Northwest Territory and impressment of American sailors; among terms, the treaty encouraged American trade with Britain, to which Jeffersoians objected (they prefered relations with France), as well as the absence of compensation from Britain for lost slaves during the Revolutionary War, which southerners had insisted upon}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Jeffersonians/ Jeffersonianism|adherents to Thomas Jefferson's vision of "American republicanism" based upon ; the philosophy was largely anti-commercialism (esp. banks, factories, merchants), anti-urban, and anti-(informal) aristocracy; Jeffersonianism supported universal whilte male suffrage and grass-roots democracy based on independent farmers}}</ul></li>
* judicial review
* Louisiana Purchase
* Louisiana Purchase
* Marbury v. Madison
* Marbury v. Madison (1804)
* McColluch v. Maryland
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Marshall|prominant Federalist, apponted as Chief Justice by Adams in the "midnight appointments" at the end of the Adams' presidency; Marshall supported "judicial review" which was fully establshed in ''Marbury v. Madison''}}</ul></li>
* McColluch v. Maryland (1819)
* Monroe Doctrine
* Monroe Doctrine
* Mossouri Compromise
* Mossouri Compromise
* National Bank
* National Bank
* Northwest Territory
* nullification
* nullification
* political parties  
* political parties  
* Republican motherhood
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Republican motherhood|in the early Republic, the notion of female participation in rebublican governance through raising and educating their sons in republicansism and in upholding those values in their own lives and outlook}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:republicanism|political doctrine of representative government through the votes of citizens of equal political status; republicanism was strongly anti-monarchy and anit-aristocracy; elements of republican philosophy include democracy, honest governance, individualism, property rights, self-rule}}</ul></li>
Revolution of 1800:
* Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
* Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
* War of 1812
* War of 1812
* Whigs
* Whiskey Rebellion
* Whiskey Rebellion
</div>
</div>
<br>
-------------------


== Antebellum period ==
== Antebellum period ==
* cotton gin
* land speculation


=== Jacksonian period ===
=== Jacksonian period ===
<div style="column-count:3">
<div style="column-count:2">
* John Quincy Adams
* John Quincy Adams
* Bank War
* Bank War
Line 200: Line 697:
* Jacksonian democracy
* Jacksonian democracy
* Indian Removal Act
* Indian Removal Act
* Nat Turner Rebellion (1831)
* Nullification Crisis
* Nullification Crisis
* Petticoat affair
* Petticoat affair
Line 211: Line 709:
* Worcester v. Georgia
* Worcester v. Georgia
</div>
</div>
<br>
-------------------


=== Antebellum ===
=== Antebellum ===
Line 216: Line 717:


===Social reform ===
===Social reform ===
* cult of domesticity
* American Anti-Slavery Society
* cult of domesticity
* Declaration of Sentiments
* Declaration of Sentiments
* Frederic Douglas
* emancipation
* emancipation
* Philadelphia Women's Anti-Slavery Convention
* Ralph Waldo Emerson
* Ralph Waldo Emerson
* Second Great Awakening
* Second Great Awakening
* Seneca Falls Convention
* Seneca Falls Convention
* Sojouner Truth
* Elizabeth Cady Stanton
* suffrage
* suffrage
* Temperance movement
* Henry David Thoreaux
* transcendentalism
* transcendentalism
* Uncle Tom’s Cabin
* Uncle Tom’s Cabin
* Underground Railroad
* Walden Pond
</div>
</div>
<br>
-------------------


=== Antebellum ===
=== Antebellum ===
<div style="column-count:2">
<div style="column-count:2">
* American Party
* Bloody Kansas
* John Calhoun
* Compromise of 1850
* Compromise of 1850
* Dred Scott decision
* Jefferson Davis
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Dred Scott decision|1857 written by Chief Justice Roger Taney of Maryland, the decision held that Scott, a slave who sued for freedom when his owner took him from the slave state Missouri to Illinois; Taney ruled that blacks are not citizens and thereby have no constitutional protections; the decision also invalidated the Missouri Compromise, stating that it violated slave owners' property rights; the Taney Court thought the ruling would settle the problem of slavery, but it instead inflamed it}}</ul>
* Gadsden Purchase
* Gadsden Purchase
* Gold Rush of 1849
* Gold Rush of 1849
* Henry Clay
* John Brown
* Kansas-Nebraska Act
* Kansas-Nebraska Act
* Know Nothings
* Lincoln-Douglas Debates
* manifest destiny
* manifest destiny
* Mexican American War
* Mexican American War
* popular sovereignty
* popular sovereignty
* Republic of Texas
* sectionalism
* sectionalism
* Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
* Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
* Daniel Webster
</div>
</div>
<br>
-------------------
== Latter 19th Century ==
== Latter 19th Century ==


Line 246: Line 772:
* 1860 Election
* 1860 Election
* Anaconda Plan
* Anaconda Plan
* Antietam
* Appomattox
* Appomattox
* Confederacy
* Emancipation Proclamation
* Emancipation Proclamation
* Ft. Sumter
* Ft. Sumter
* Gettysburg
* Gettysburg
* Gettysburg Address
* Gettysburg Address
* Robert E. Lee
* Lincoln’s pre-war stance on slavery
* Lincoln’s pre-war stance on slavery
* Sherman’s March
* Sherman’s March
* Vicksburg
* U.S. Grant
* U.S. Grant
 
* Union
</div>
</div>
<br>
-------------------


=== Reconstruction ===
=== Reconstruction ===
Line 266: Line 798:
* grandfather clause
* grandfather clause
* homestead
* homestead
* Jim Crow laws
* Jim Crow laws Klu Klux Klan
* land grant
* land grant
* literacy tests
* literacy tests
Line 275: Line 807:
* Reconstruction Act of 1867
* Reconstruction Act of 1867
* Reconstruction programs:  
* Reconstruction programs:  
** Lincoln's plans
** Lincoln's plan
** Johnson's program
** Johnson's program
** Congressional program
** Congressional program
</div>
</div>
-------------------


=== Post-Reconstruction ===
=== Post-Reconstruction ===
<div style="column-count:3">
 
=== Economic & Political ===
* Susan B. Anthony
* Andrew Carnegie
* Battle of Wounded Knee
* Battle of Wounded Knee
* bimetallism
* Chinese Exclusion Act
* Chinese Exclusion Act
* Dawes Act /assimilation
* Dawes Act /assimilation
Line 291: Line 823:
* Great Migration
* Great Migration
* Homestead Act of 1862
* Homestead Act of 1862
* melting pot
* nativism
* National Suffrage Movement
* Sand Creek Massacre
* Women's Christian Temperance Union<div style="column-count:2">
=== Economic & Political ===
* Andrew Carnegie
* bimetallism
* economies of scale
* Grange, the
* hard money
* laissez-faire capitalism
* laissez-faire capitalism
* melting pot
* monopoly
* monopoly
* nativism
* Nelson Rockefeller
* Nelson Rockefeller
* political bosses
* political bosses
Line 300: Line 841:
* Populist Party
* Populist Party
* robber barons
* robber barons
* Sand Creek Massacre
* Sherman Anti-trust Act
* Sherman Anti-trust Act
* silver
* social Darwinism
* social Darwinism
* soft money
* specie
* Standard Oil
* Standard Oil
* transcontinental railroad
* transcontinental railroad
* U.S. Steel
* U.S. Steel
</div>
 
<br>
-------------------
 
=== Imperialism ===
=== Imperialism ===
<div style="column-count:2">
<div style="column-count:2">
Line 322: Line 868:
* USS Maine
* USS Maine
</div>
</div>
<br>
-------------------


</div>
== First half 20th Century ==
== First half 20th Century ==
<div style="column-count:2">
<div style="column-count:2">


=== Labor ===
=== Labor ===
* American Federation of Labor (AFL)
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:craft union|organization of skilled workers in a common trade, such as carpenters or railroad workers; craft unions represent those workers across industries, but limited to that particular trade or craft}}</ul></li>
* Samuel Gompers
 
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:American Federation of Labor (AFL)|started 1886 as alliance of craftsmen and craft unions; the first president of the AFL was Samuel Gompers; the AFL focused its unionization efforts as "business unionism" which meant it focused on "collectivism" and representation on behalf of its members but not necessarily as anti-business; as a "craft union" the AFL was mostly concerned with wages and work conditions in protection of particular job categories; the AFL did sponsor strikes, but usually more targeted than those of industrial unions}}</ul></li>
 
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Eugene Debs (155-1926)|labor union organizer and socialist who was a founding member of the IWW and candidate for president in 1912 and 1920 of the Socialist Party of America; Debs started in local Indiana railroad unions, thn helped organize one of the first national industrial unions, the American Railway Union. Debs was convicted of "sedition" (a form of treason) in violation of the Espionage Act of 1917 for speaking in public to urge resistance to the military draft during WWI; he ran from president from jail and received 3.4 percent of the vote; Warren Harding commuted his sentence in 1921 (ended the sentence but did not pardon him)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:industrial union|labor union organized around workers in a common industry, or even a company but not along lines of skills or "crafts"; i.e. all auto workers, as opposed to mechanics}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:industrial union|an organization of workers in a common industry and across employers; industrial unions, especially the IWW, tended to be more explicitly socialist than craft unions}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)|industrial union founded 1905 that sought "solidarity" of all workers and working classes; the IWW was explicitly socialist and sought for control of industry by workers; important IWWW leaders included William "Big Bill" Haywood (miners unionizer), Daneil de Leon (socialist) and, for a time, Eugene Debs; the IWW opposed WWI and its leaders prosecuted for violation of the Espionage Act; the union declined into the 1920s}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Samuel Gompers (1850-1924)|founder of the AFL, and so focused his activities on the interests of craftsmen; Gompers supported the government efforts in WWI, especially in contrast ot the IWW}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:term|explanation}}</ul></li>
 
 
 
</div>
</div>
<br>
-------------------
=== Progressive Era ===
=== Progressive Era ===
<div style="column-count:2">
<div style="column-count:2">
Line 363: Line 924:
* "Three Cs": Conservation, Corporate law, Consumer protections
* "Three Cs": Conservation, Corporate law, Consumer protections
* William Howard Taft
* William Howard Taft
</div>
</div>
<br>
-------------------


=== World War I era ===
=== World War I era ===
Line 370: Line 932:


=== WWI ===
=== WWI ===
* Bolsheviks
Notes:
* Espionage and Sedition Acts (1917)
 
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Bolsheviks|Russian marxists led by Vladimir Lenin who seized power in the October Revolution of 1917 and renamed themselves the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; in 1903 the Bolsheviks had split with the more moderate Mensheviks who had argued for a broader socialist movement, whereas the Bolsheviks wanted a smaller party of more dedicated revolutionaries; like the later Nazis in Germany, n the Bolsheviks came to power taking a minority share of a popular vote for a government by seizing control of the majority alliance, in Russia, being the Left Socialist Revolutionaries and assorted marxist groups such as the remnants of the Menshevik party}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Espionage (1917) and Sedition (1918) Acts|the 1917 Espionage Act criminalized interference with military operations or recruitment (the draft), and is still in effect, with amendments; the 1918 Sedition Act was amended the Espionage Act to add speech offenses including "disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive langage" against the United States Government, including if such language was delivered by mail; the Sedition Act was unpopular and repealed in Dec., 1920. Up to that time, about 1,500 prosecutions were carried out}}</ul></li>
* "He kept us out of the war" (1916)
* "He kept us out of the war" (1916)
* Jones Act (1916)
* Jones Act (1916)
Line 380: Line 944:
* Sussex Pledge (1916)
* Sussex Pledge (1916)
* U-Boats
* U-Boats
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 (TWEA)|following the US declaration of War, Congress passed this law to prohibit trade with an enemy; the law was never rescinded and exists today; in 1933, FDR used the TWEA as the legal basis for delcaring a national bank holiday, even though there was no war or actual enemy; Congress quickly passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act to add "period of national emergency" to the presidential authority under TWEA, and FDR again used the TWEA to limit gold ownership}}</ul></li>
* War bonds
* War bonds
* War Industries Board
* War Industries Board
* Zimmerman Note
* Zimmerman Note
</div>
</div>
<br>
-------------------


=== Post-WWI ===
=== WWI aftermath ===
<div style="column-count:2">
<div style="column-count:2">
* Collective Security
* Collective Security
Line 393: Line 960:
* Senate Foreign Relations Committee
* Senate Foreign Relations Committee
* Treaty of Versailles
* Treaty of Versailles
</div>


=== post-WWI & 1920s ===
=== post-WWI & 1920s ===
<div style="column-count:2">


* "America First"
* "America First"
Line 410: Line 975:
* National Origins Act
* National Origins Act
* New Deal
* New Deal
* Palmer Raids
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Palmer Raids|1919-1920 federal police raids on anarchists and communists; named for Wilson Administration Attorney General, Palmer, who oversaw "raids" (searches, arrests) of radical organizations, mostly socialists and anarchists; the impetus for the raids were a series of bombs mailed by anarchists in April 1919; 6000 people were arrested, and hundreds of immigrants among them were deported}}</ul></li>
* Proclamation of Neutrality
* Proclamation of Neutrality
* prohibition
* prohibition
* pump-priming
* pump-priming
* Red Scare
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Red Scare|"First Red Scare" 1919, caused by anarchist and socialist protests and terrorism (mailing bombs); the success of the Russian communist revolution heightened these fears, as did teh 1920 "Wall Street Bombing" which kille d40 people}}</ul></li>
* Return to ‘normalcy’
* Return to ‘normalcy’
* Roarding Twenties
* Roarding Twenties
Line 421: Line 986:
* Teapot Dome Scandal
* Teapot Dome Scandal
* Wilsonianism
* Wilsonianism
</div>
</div>
<br>
-------------------


=== 1920s ===
=== 1920s ===
Line 437: Line 1,003:
* refrigerators
* refrigerators
* Scopes "Monkey" Trial
* Scopes "Monkey" Trial
</div>
<br>
-------------------
== Great Depression & FDR ==


</div>
== Stock Market Crash & Hoover Administration ==
Notes:
* the value of the New York Stock Exchange was measured in value by the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA, also known as "the DOW"; it is still used, but among other measures);
** the market rose from about 150 in January of 1927 to a peak of 381 in August of 1929.
** it started dropping through September into October, before its precipitous drop to 237 on Oct 29
** it stabilizied in early 1930, then in May continued a long drop to its low of 41 on July 8, 1932; the DOW did not reach 381 until 1954
<br>
-------------
<br>


=== Great Depression ===
<div style="column-count:2">
<div style="column-count:2">
* Black Monday
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Black Thursday|Thurs., Oct 24, 1929 "sell-off" or panic selling of stocks at the "opening bell" (when the market opened) that led to 11% drop in market value; banks, especially JP Morgan Bank and large investment firms put in high bids to drive up prices, and the market stabilized at the end of the day and Friday, Oct 25, 1929}}</ul></li>
* Black Thursday
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Black Monday|Mon, Oct 28: after the initial panic of Thursday, with instiuttional buying to keep up prices, it seemed that the market had stabilized; however, on Monday, investors who had borrowed money to buy stocks faced "margin calls", which led to massive sell-off and an overall 13% drop in the market;}}</ul></li>
* Hawley-Smoot Tariff
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Black Tuesday|Tues, Oct 29, investors panicked and sold at continuously lower prices in order to recover whatever they could, to the point that there were no buyers for many stocks; the market dropped another 12% with the most "volume", or number of sales, ever up until that time; the market continued its decline into the rest of the year}}</ul></li>
* Hoovervilles
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"buying on margin"|borrowing money to purchase stocks; margin buying allows investors to purchase more stocks than they could with their own money, so if there is much margin buying, it drives up the prices of stocks; the practice became widespread by late 1920s and led to the "speculative bubble" that burst in Oct. 1929}}</ul></li>
</div>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Hawley-Smoot Tariff|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Hoovervilles|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:margin call|a "call" is a demand for repayment of a loan to buy stocks, and "margin" refers to the difference between the amount borrowed and the value of the stock; if the stock value is less than the loan amount due, the borrower is "underwater" and will have to sell stocks at whatever price possible in order to "cover", or pay off, the loan; if there is a large sell-off with demands for "margin calls"|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:speculative bubble|speculative = risky; bubble = unstable rise in prices; so 'speculative bubble' refers to a rise in stock market prices based upon overly optimistic expectations of a continued rise in prices; when the market collapses, the "bubble bursts"}}</ul></li>


=== FDR Administration & Great Depression ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:100 Days |}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:20th Amendment|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:21st Amendment|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:bank run|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Brain Trust|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO, started 1938)|a combination started in 1935 as paft of the AFL and United Mine Workers, but which broke away to focus on unksilled industrial workers; the CIO was a strong ally of the FDR administration; the CIO re-merged with the AFL in 1955}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:fireside chats|starting in March of 1933, Roosevelt speeches by radio to explain his polices and assure public of confidence in his Adminstration; the first chat regarded the "bank holiday" of March 1933}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Harry Hopkins|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:NRA|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"New Deal"|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Francis Perkins|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Social Security|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Supreme Court|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"We have nothing to fear but fear itself"|}}</ul></li>


=== New Deal legislation & Agencies==
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933|using an emergency WWI law, the Treason Act, FDR closed banks for an eight-day "national holiday" in order to stop "bank runs"; Congress quickly passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933 in order to allow the emergency authority outside of War authority; the bank holiday had multiple purposes: 1) stop bank runs; 2) allow for the government and the banking system to sort out bank viability ("solvency" = ability to cover all deposits); and 3) rebuild public confidence in the banking system; soon after the banks reopened, Aemricans had redeposited over half the money they had previously withdrawn; the stock market jumnped over 15%, the largest one-day increase in market history}}</ul></li>


=== FDR & New Deal ===
<div style="column-count:2">
* Social Security
* Supreme Court
</div>
=== Roosevelt Administrations ===
<div style="column-count:2">
* Brain Trust
* Harry Hopkins
* Francis Perkins
</div>
</div>
=== Pre-WWII ===
<br>
* isolationism
-------------------
* "war footing"
=== Pre-WWII appeasement/ preparation ===
<div style="column-count:2">


== World War II ==
=== pre-WWII ===
* A Philip Randolph
* A Philip Randolph
* America First Committee
* America First Committee
* “cash and carry”/Lend-Lease Act
* appeasement
* isolationisms
* Battle of Britain
* “cash and carry”
* election of 1940
* isolationism
* Lend-Lease Act
* Lindburgh  
* Lindburgh  
* Maginot Line
* Maginot Line
* Munich Agreement
* Munich Agreement
* "Peace for our time"
* "Peace for our time"
* Sudetenland
* Poland invasion
</div>
* Sudetenland  
* U.S. Neutrality Acts
* "war footing"
* war preparations
 
<br>
-------------------
 
=== WWII ===
=== WWII ===
<div style="column-count:2">
<div style="column-count:2">
Line 489: Line 1,088:
* Manhattan Project
* Manhattan Project
* mechanized warfare
* mechanized warfare
* Nuremburg Trials
* Poland invasion
* Potsdam Conference
* propaganda
* propaganda
* rationing  
* rationing  
* recycling
* recycling
* Rosie the Rivitor
* Rosie the Riviter
* Sudatenland invasion
* Tehran Conference
* Truman’s decision
* Truman’s decision
* U.S. Neutrality Acts
* United Nations
* "Victory Gardens"
* "Victory Gardens"
* war bonds
* war bonds
Post-War plans/ conferences
* Potsdam Conference
* Tehran Conference
* Yalta Conference
* Yalta Conference
=== End of WWII ===
* 22nd amendment
* Nuremburg Trials
* United Nations
</div>
</div>
<br>
-------------------


== Latter half 20th Century ==
== Latter-half 20th Century ==
Notes:
* WWII was the last conflict entered by official Declaration of War by Congress
** all other post-WWII "wars" have been without actual declaration of war
** the U.S. has entered most of these wars through a combination of Executive Action and Congressional approval, either for a military action or funding thereof
* a key component of post-WWII US History for students to grapple with is the dramatic change to worldwide involvement and/or adventurism and the various justifications for them
** students should understand American "hegemony" and reaons for American worlwdide dominance and the extent to which it may be considered economic, political cultural imperialism


=== Early Cold War Foreign Affairs ===
=== Early Cold War Foreign Affairs ===
<div style="column-count:2">
<div style="column-count:2">
* Berlin crisis / Berlin airlift
* Berlin crisis / Berlin airlift
* Bretton Woods Conference
* Bretton Woods Conference
Line 538: Line 1,150:
* UK sterling crisis
* UK sterling crisis
* Warsaw Pact
* Warsaw Pact
</div>


=== Atomic age ===
=== Atomic age ===
<div style="column-count:2">
* atmospheric testing
* atmospheric testing
* atomic testing
* atomic testing
* bombers
* bombers
* A-bomb
* A-bomb
* Chinese bomb (Taiwan incident)
* German scientists
* German scientists
* H-bomb
* H-bomb
Line 555: Line 1,165:
* anti-ballistic missile
* anti-ballistic missile
* nuclear shield
* nuclear shield
</div>
 
=== Korean War ===
=== Korean War ===
* Truman v. Gen. MacArthur
* Truman v. Gen. MacArthur
* Chinese Revolution
* Chinese Revolution
</div>
<br>
-------------------


=== Cold War diplomacy ===
=== Cold War diplomacy ===
<div style="column-count:2">
* East, the
* East, the
* hegemony / hegemonic power
* hegemony / hegemonic power
Line 572: Line 1,186:


=== Eisenhower period ===  
=== Eisenhower period ===  
* CIA
* containment
* containment
* containment in Asia
* containment in Asia
Line 577: Line 1,192:
* containment in Latin America
* containment in Latin America
* containment in the Middle East
* containment in the Middle East
* Cuba
* Domino Theory
* Domino Theory
* Dwight Eisenhower
* Dwight Eisenhower
Line 584: Line 1,200:
* Marshall Plan
* Marshall Plan
* McCarthyism
* McCarthyism
* "military industrial complex"
* "military industrial complex" (1958/9?)
* Suez crisis
* Suez crisis
*
</div>
* Cuba “Falls to communism”
<br>
* CIA
-------------------


=== Domestic US Cold War ===
=== Domestic US Cold War ===
<div style="column-count:2">
* Executive Order 9835  
* Executive Order 9835  
* Second Red Scare
* Second Red Scare
Line 604: Line 1,221:
* Bay of Pigs Invasion
* Bay of Pigs Invasion
* Berlin Wall
* Berlin Wall
* CIA activity under Kennedy
* Cuban Missile Crisis
* Cuban Missile Crisis
* Domino Theory
* Domino Theory
Line 613: Line 1,231:
* Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
* Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
* Peace Corps
* Peace Corps
</div>
<br>
-------------------
<div style="column-count:2">


== Vietnam War ==
== Vietnam War ==
Line 631: Line 1,254:


=== Johnson period of Vietnam War ===
=== Johnson period of Vietnam War ===
* Gulf of Tonkin Incident  
* bombing campaigns
* Tet Offensive
* escalation
* Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964)
* Tet Offensive (1968)
* Walter Cronkite
* Walter Cronkite
* U.S. Public support of the War
* U.S. public opinion
* Vietnamization
* Vietnamization
* War Powers Acts
* War Powers Acts
Line 645: Line 1,270:


=== Nixon period of Vietnam War ===
=== Nixon period of Vietnam War ===
* China
* Operation Linebacker II
* Operation Linebacker II
* Christmas bombings
* Christmas bombings
Line 659: Line 1,285:
* draft, the
* draft, the
* hippies
* hippies
* protests
* Kent State  
* Kent State  
* Jackson State
* Jackson State
Line 665: Line 1,292:
* Fall of Saigon
* Fall of Saigon
* Cambodian genocide
* Cambodian genocide
* Pol Pot
</div>
<br>
-------------------


== post-WWII Domestic U.S ==
== post-WWII Domestic U.S ==
*
<div style="column-count:2">
=== 1950s culture ===
* baby boom
* baby boom
* "Fair Deal" (1945-49)
* "Fair Deal" (1945-49)
* suburbia
* suburbia
* rock'n'roll
* conformity
* conformity
* Interstate Highway Act
* Interstate Highway Act
Line 687: Line 1,321:
* nonviolence
* nonviolence
* Voting Rights Act of 1965
* Voting Rights Act of 1965
* George Wallace


=== Other Civil Rights and Political Movements ===
=== Other Civil Rights and Political Movements ===
* Silent Spring
* American Indian Movement (AIM)
* Cesar Chavez
* Chicano Movement
* environmentalism
* Grapes Boycott
* Michael Harrington
* Michael Harrington
* "Incorporation" Cases
* Roe v. Wade
* Roe v. Wade
* Silent Spring
* women’s liberation movement (NOW)
* women’s liberation movement (NOW)
* Cesar Chavez
* Grapes Boycott
* Chicano Movement
* American Indian Movement (AIM)
* Wounded Knee Incident
* Wounded Knee Incident
=== Johnson ===
=== Johnson ===
* Great Society
* Great Society
* War on Poverty
* War on Poverty
=== 1970s: Nixon, Ford & Carter ===
=== 1970s: Nixon, Ford & Carter ===
* Watergate
* Watergate
Line 720: Line 1,353:
* Iran-Contra Affair
* Iran-Contra Affair
* John Stockton
* John Stockton
* Reykjavík Summit
* Berlin speech
* Landslide
* Landslide
* Star Wars
* Star Wars
Line 725: Line 1,360:
* Reaganomics
* Reaganomics
* Supply-side economics
* Supply-side economics


=== End of the Cold War ===
=== End of the Cold War ===
Line 734: Line 1,368:
* Peace Dividend
* Peace Dividend
* NAFTA
* NAFTA
* "end of history"
* service sector economy
* service sector economy
* New Immigration
* New Immigration
Line 739: Line 1,374:
* Yugoslavia and Bosnia
* Yugoslavia and Bosnia
* Rwanda
* Rwanda
</div>
<br>
---------------


== 21st Century ==
== 21st Century ==


<div style="column-count:2">
=== War on Terror ===
=== War on Terror ===
* September 11th
* September 11th
Line 755: Line 1,394:
* Obama Care
* Obama Care
* DREAM Act
* DREAM Act
</div>
<br>
== Third Party movements ==
* notes
** third parties represent political movements that the major parties do not accommodate
*** or a split within them
** elections through to the 1830s had multiple candidates from the same party, so were not technically "third parties)
*** or they were divided geographically and/or over a particular issue or political position
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Party
!Election
!% of Popular Vote
!Notes
|-
|Anti-Masonic Party
|1832
|7.8%
|
* opposed "Freemasonry" (elitist secret society that was opposed by mainstream religous groups);
* the movement started wit hthe "Morgan affair", when a former Mason show spoke out against the society was murdered
* Freemasons were accused of secretly controlling the government
|-
|Liberty Party
|1844
|2.3%
|
* abolitionist, anti-slavery party
|-
| rowspan="2" |Free Soil
|1848
|10.1%
| rowspan="2" |
* opposed expansion of slavery into new territories
* former president Martin Van Buren was candidate in 1848
* formed after the Mexican-American War over concerns about the expansion of slavery
* the Free Soil party was mostly former Whigs who joined the Republican Party when they merged in 1854
|-
|1852
|4.9%
|-
|Know Nothing (American Party)
|1856
|21.6%
|
* anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic
* largely made up of Whigs after the collapse of that party
* the party also appealed to reformers, standing for rights of women, regulation of industry and labor, prefiguring the progressive movement
* former president Millard Filmore was candidate
|-
|Four-way split
|1860
|
|
* Republican (Abraham Lincolon): 39.8%
* Southern Democrat (John Breckinridge): 18.1%
* Constitutional Union (John Bell): 12.6%
* Democratic (Stephen Douglas): 29.5%
|-
|Liberal Republican
|1872
|43.8%
|
* candidate Horace Greeley, publisher of the ''New York Tribune''
* opposed President Grant as corrupt and his Reconstruction policies as too harsh (wanted removal of US Army from the South)
* opposed the high tariff and promoted civil service reform
* the Democratic party had no national organization, so Greeley hoped to attrack their vote, but failed
|-
| rowspan="2" |Greenback Party
|1876
|0.99%
| rowspan="2" |
* soft money platform, originally associated with the Grange (agricultural organization, cooperative)
* anti-monopoly, anti-railroads
|-
|1880
|3.35%
|-
| rowspan="7" |Prohibition Party
|1884
|1.5%
| rowspan="7" |
* single issue: temperance
* persisted longer than most third-party movements and influenced larger politics, with ultimate victory in the 18th amendment
|-
|1888
|2.2%
|-
|1896
|.094%
|-
|1900
|1.51%
|-
|1904
|1.92%
|-
|1912
|1.38%
|-
|1916
|1.19%
|-
|Populist Party
|1892
|8.5%
|
* agrarian, anit-business/railroad movement
* pro-soft money
|-
| rowspan="6" |Socialist Party
|1904
|2.98%
| rowspan="6" |
* Eugene Debs was the candidate in 1904, 1908, 1912 & 1920 elections
|-
|1908
|2.83%
|-
|1912
|6%
|-
|1916
|3.19%
|-
|1920
|3.41%
|-
|1932
|2.23%
|-
|Progressive Party
|1912
|27%
|
* Teddy Roosevelt's party after split with Republican Party following its convention in 1912
* Roosevelt took more votes than the Republican incumbant Taft (23.2%)
* with the Republican vote split, Wilson won with 41.8% of the popular voate
|-
|Progressive
|1924
|16.6%
|
* a diferent orgniazaiton form the Teddy Roosevelt's Progressive Party, which he abandoned after 1912 (he was nominated in 1916 but refused)
* former Republican Robert La Follette, a progressive how refused to back Roosevelt, reformed the party in 1924
|-
|Dixiecrat
Progressive
|1948
|2.4%
2.4%
|
* independent movements that were splinter factions from FDR's Democratic coalition that fell apart under Truman
** Dixiecrats were souther segregationists
** Progressives were FDR Democrats led by his former Vice President Henry Wallace
|-
|American Independent
|1968
|13.5%
|
* led by southern Democrat George Wallace, populist, segregationist governore of Alabama who opposed Johnson's support of the Civil Rights movement
|-
|John Anderson (Independent candidate)
|1980
|6.6%
|
* Republican John Anderson split from the Republican Party and ran as a "moderate" alternative to Reagan
|-
| rowspan="2" |Ross Pero (Independent candidate/ Reform Party)
|1992
|18.9%
| rowspan="2" |
* populist businessman Ross Perot opposed Bush and Clinton and gained widespread support
* in 1996, Perot ran on the Reform Party ticket, which he formed after 1992
|-
|1996
|8.4%
|-
|Green Party
|2000
|2.74%
|
* Envronmentalist and consumer activist Ralph Nader ran on the Green Party ticket and likely threw the close 2000 election to Bush, as he drew support from the Democratic left
|-
|Libertarian
|2016
|3.28%
|
* Libertarian party candidate Gary Johnson gained national support for his opposition to Obama's regulatory state and in opposition to Donald Trump's candidacy as a Republican
|-
|Robert F. Kennedy (independent candidate)
|2024
|?
|
* son of former Senator and assassinated 1968 presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy
* running as a third-party alternative to Biden and Trump
* critical of the COVID response and medical regime
|}
== Economic crises ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
|-
|Mississippi Company
|1720
|French company had Royal grant for trading rights to French colonies in Americas
* to cover French government debt over Louis XIV's wars, the government allowed the compan to issue paper money backed by national debt
* speculation in shares of the company led to more paper money issued, which was then put back into company shares, which led to the second largest bubble in economic history ($6.5 trillion peak value in current dollars, behind only the Dutch East India Company bubble)
|
|-
|Panic of 1792
|1792
|Short-lived panic caused by sudden credit expansion following the formation of the Bank of the United States, which led to land speculation
* a group of bankers tried to drive up pricies of securities (stocks, contracts) but failed to meet their loans, causing a bank run
* Alexander Hamilton stabilized the market with stock purchases by the government
|
|-
|Land bubble 1796
|1996
|Land speculation bubble that collapsed following specie payments suspension by the Bank of England, caused by a rush of bank withdrawals in England out of fear of a war with France
* the imnpact and connection of London banks to the American economy worried
|
|-
|Panic of 1819
|1819-1821
|Finanical crisis sparked by land speculation bubble, excess paper money, and issuance of bank notes unbacked by gold by the Second Bank of the United States
* as Europe recovered from the Napoleonic Wars, its agricultural product increased and led to price drops, which hurt American producers, who, in turn, were unable to pay back loans
* the Panic came amidst implementation of the "American System" of canal and road building and tariffs, which were blamed for the downturn
*
|
|-
|Panic of 1837
|1837-1843
|Major depression in which prices, profits, wages, and financial activity was severely curtailed
* led to mass unemployment
* impacted westward expansion and led t collapse in agricultural prices, especially cotton
* started with bank runs in New York when investors demanded their deposits from banks who could not back then in gold or silver
* was the worst financial crisis up until the Great Depression
* the panic followed a speculative boom that was fueled by land sales, cotton exports, and extensive inflows of silver from the US, Mexico and China
* President Jackson's dismantling of the Second Bank of the United States led to a disorderly unwinding of its assets and operations;
** however, the Bank itself contributed to the speculative bubble through issuance of paper money and loose oversight
* the Jackson administration's "Specie Circular of 1836," which was intended to halt speculation in land sales, dried up credit and helped spark the Panic
|
|-
|Panic of 1857
|1857-1859
|National financial crisis sparked by British change in requirements for gold and silver reserves for paper money
* the influx of gold from the California Gold Rush greatly expanded the money supply but was also inflationary and led to excessive speculation
* in the US, a finanical panic followed the collapse of a major investment company (Ohio Life Insurance and Trust)
* speculation in railroads had exploded, and many were fraudulent, and after the Ohio Life company failed, prices collapsed
* grain prices also experienced a bubble in the mid 1850s, which led to farmland speculation, both of which also collapsed in the Panic
|
|-
|Crédit Mobilier scandal
|1864-1867
|A railoard company created by the Union Pacific Railroad to build the eastern portion of the transcontinental railroad inflated its costs by $44 million dollars and paid bribes to politicians for laws and regulatory ruilings in its favor
* the scandal was broken by a newspaper during the 1874 presidential campaign and led to a political crisis for certain members of Congress and the Republican Party in general
* which along with other
|
|-
|Panic of 1873
|1873-1877
|
* bank runs in New York
* financial crisis due to inflation and speculative investments especially in railroads
* huge discoveries of silver in the west led to decline in the value of silver and the "demonitization of silver" in 1873 (Coinage Act of 1873), which lowered silver prices and thus impacted anyone invested in silver and silver mining
** it led to a reduction in the money supply and higher interest rates, which hurt debtors, especially farmers
* impacted Europe
* started the "Long Depression," 1873-1879
|
|-
|Panic of 1893
|1893-1897
|Econoic depression that was sparked by the failure of an Argentine bank, Baring Brothers, which collapsed over crops price collapse,


* which led to a run on American gold reserves by European investors who were facing losses there and in South Africa and Australia
* a railroad company collepse just before Grover Cleveland's 2nd inauguration led him to ask Congress to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which had forced the Government to purchase Silver in order to prop up its value, which was depleting the Government's gold reserves
* bank and railroad failures followed, with subsequent securities (stocks) and commodities price drops
* in 1895 the Government issued "Treasury bonds" which were purchased, by arrangement, by banks, especially the Morgan Bank of New York, but which helped stabilize Government gold reserves and general economic confidence
|
|}
---------------


[[Category:US History]]
[[Category:US History]]
[[Category:AP US History]]
[[Category:AP US History]]
[[Category:US History timelines & concept charts]]
[[Category:US History timelines & concept charts]]

Latest revision as of 04:42, 10 May 2024

US History and AP US History Running Vocabulary List: Terms, Concepts, Names and Events

Note: see Talk page for to do list and suggestions

For MCQ section, students are to

  • identify document source, date, historical context
  • contextuals document and not confuse it for wrong period or context in wrong possible answer
  • idenify other errors in wrong possible answers

For Free Response questins (FRQ, DBQ), students are to

  • demonstrate historical factual knowledge
    • provide examples, describe and explain
    • write to an uninformed audience
      • as in math, "show your work" -- i.e., explain everything
  • contextualize through cause and effect
  • compare/contrast to other periods
  • conceptualize facts into large ideas

US History: BIG IDEAS for American self-conception and historical choices[edit | edit source]

Students may address historican themes, events, and periods using the various notions of self-conception of Americans across history. Note that these concepts change over time. A short list of topics/ core ideas includes:

the American Dream

American exceptionalism

Americanism (and What is it to be an American?)

Civil liberties

Civil Rights

"City on a Hill"

Debate

Dissent

Due process

Duty

e pluribus unam

Equality

Expansionism (including westerd expansion, overseas expansion; also economic)

Foreign non-Intervention / Intervention

Freedom/ Freedoms, esp. movement, protest, religion, speech

Freedom of conscience

Idealism

Intellectual property

Innovation

Issues focus

Justice

Limited government

Patriotism

Personal autonomy

Personal / public safety

Politics

Practicality / Self-interest

Regionalism

Self-reliance

Self-rule/ Self-governance

Technology

War

Implications of a Democracy[edit | edit source]

In 1835, the French aristocrat, Alexis de Tocqueville published the first of two volumes, "Democracy in America". Tocqueville was intrigued by the social, cultural and political implications of a democratic society -- by which he meant, generally,

  • absence of social classes or heirarchies among citizens
  • members of that dominant social class consider themselves one another's equal

Tocqueville's analysis yields enormous insight into the American character of the 1830s as well as today:

  • notion of equality
  • individualism
  • emphasis on local governance
  • civic activity and associations
  • spirit of religion

These characteristics of a democracy can be applied to historical analysis on the AP exam and for understanding US History generally.

American Slogans or Famous Utterances[edit | edit source]

A day that will live in infamy

A republic, if you can keep it!

The American way

Equal justice under law

Getting the government you deserve

Give me liberty or give me death!

Go west, young man!

I am a Berliner / Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!

In God we trust

Life, liberty and the pursuit of happines

Live free or die

Nothing to fear but fear itself

Of the people, by the people, for the people

Outdoing the Joneses

Remember the Alamo!

Taxation without representation

United we stand, divided we fall

We shall overcome

We the people


Historical textual analysis: approaches and strategies[edit | edit source]

When reviewing an historical document, consider:[edit | edit source]

  • date
  • author
  • publisher
  • audience

Review fine print, sources, in cartoons anything written, and apply your PRIOR KNOWLEDGE[edit | edit source]

  • what do you know about the period
  • what came before it?
  • what followed?
  • what events, periods, persons may be compared or contrasted to it?

Analytical tools[edit | edit source]

HAPPy or HIPP

Historical context (Intended) Audience Purpose Point of View y

OPVL

Origin Perspective Value Limitations

SPRITE

Social Political Religious Intellectual Technological Economics

General terms to know for US History[edit | edit source]

  • abolitionism
  • aristocratic
  • authority
  • blue collar v. white collar
  • cession
  • chain migration
  • class warfare
  • ''de facto'' v. ''de jure''
  • delegate (as noun and verb)
  • direct tax
  • disenfranchised
  • dissent
  • domestic
  • duties
  • Electoral College
  • emancipation
  • embargo
  • equity
  • excise tax
  • federal
  • franchise
  • hegemony/hegomonic
  • imperialism
  • indemnity
  • infringe / infringement
  • intolerance
  • laissez-faire
  • landmark court case
  • legitimacy
  • mercantilism
  • nativism
  • nullify / nullification
  • Old World v. New World
  • political
  • political expediency
  • popular sovereignty
  • precedent
  • prohibition
  • "Republican motherhood"
  • republican principles
  • state
  • states rights
  • segregation
  • socialism
  • sovereignty
  • suffrage
  • tariff
  • temperance movement
  • two-party system
  • unalienable
  • unintended consequence
  • United States
  • western expansion

Wars timeline[edit | edit source]

  • wars are the effect or cause of change
  • knowing wars and their dates and geography provides context and points of comparison

Major Wars[edit | edit source]

  • French-Indian War, 1754-1768:
  • American Revolution, 1764-1783
  • American Revolutionary War, 1775-1781
  • War of 1812, 1812-1815
  • Mexican-American War, 1846-1848
  • Civil War, 1861-1865
  • Spanish-American War, 1898
  • Philipine Insurgeny, 1899-1902
  • World War I (U.S.), 1917-1918
  • White Russian War, 1917
  • Wolrd War II (U.S.) 1941-1945
  • Korean War, 1950-1953
  • Vietman War, 1959-1975
  • Vietnam, U.S. ground war: 1965-1972
  • Gulf War, 1990-1991
  • War on Terror, 2001-2021
  • Afghanistan War, 2001-2021
  • Iraq War, 2003-2011
  • Iraqi Insurgency, 2003-2006

Colonial Wars[edit | edit source]

  • Anglow-Powhatan Wars (1610-1646)
  • Beaver Wars, 1609-1701 (French/Dutch)
  • Jamestown Massacre, 1622
  • Pequot War (1634-1638)
  • King Philip's War, 1675-1678 | Metaomb's War
  • King William's War, 1689-1897
  • Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713
  • Yamasee War, 1715-1717
  • Chickasaw Wars, 1721-1763
  • Dummer's War, 1722-25
  • Pontiac's War, 1763-1766
  • Lord Dunmore's War, 1774

American settlers or frontier wars[edit | edit source]

  • Bacon's Rebellion 1676
  • Regulator Insurrection, 1766-1771
  • Whiskey Rebellion, 1791-1794
  • Fries's Rebellion, 1799-1800

US Indian Wars[edit | edit source]

Slave Revolts[edit | edit source]

  • New York Slave Revolt of 1712
  • Stono Rebellion, 1739
  • Nat Turner's Rebellion, 1826

Minor Wars or US Military actions[edit | edit source]

  • Quasi-War, 1798-1800
  • First Barbary War, 1801-1805
  • Second Barbary War, 1815
  • Panama Revolution, 1903
  • Russian White Revolution, Vladistok, 1918
  • Berlin Airlift, 1946 << date?
  • Greece, 1948
  • Iran, 1950s
  • Grenada, 1980s
  • Panama, 1990 < confirm
  • Syria, 2010-12
  • Libya, 2012

Important non-American Wars[edit | edit source]

  • Thirty Years War, 1618-1648
  • Anglo-Spanish War, 1625-1630
  • English Civil War, 1642-1644
  • Anglo-Dutch War, 1652-1654
  • Anglo-Spanish Wars, 1654-1660, 1665-1667
  • Pueblo Revolt, 1680
  • French Revolution, 1789-1795
  • Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804
  • Napoleonic Wars, 1803-1815
  • Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905
  • Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920
  • Russian Revolution, 1917
  • World War I, 1914-1918
  • Japanese Invasion of Manchuria, 1931-32:
  • World War II, 1939-1945
  • Suez Crisis, 1957 <<confirm

See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States


American Revolution flowcharts[edit | edit source]

Origins[edit | edit source]

British & Colonial responses[edit | edit source]

Cyle of Escalation[edit | edit source]

Repeal of Stamp Act to Boston Massacre[edit | edit source]

Repeal Townsend Acts to Boston Tea Party[edit | edit source]

Intolerable Acts to Colonial Organization[edit | edit source]

War[edit | edit source]

Vocabulary, Terms, and Periods[edit | edit source]

Pre-Columbian[edit | edit source]

  • Algonquian
  • Hopewell tradition
  • indigenous
  • Iroquois
  • Iroquois Confederacy
  • Mississippian period/ culture
  • Mound Builders
  • reciprocal relations
  • Woodland Period


Colonial Periods[edit | edit source]

Age of Exploration[edit | edit source]

  • caravel
  • Henry Hudson
  • conquistador
  • St. Lawrence River

Spanish colonialism[edit | edit source]

  • asiento
  • De Las Casas
  • encomienda
  • Florida (or Spanish Florida)
  • hacienda
  • Mit'a (Inca)
  • New Laws of 1542
  • Pueblo Revolt
  • repartimiento
  • Saint Augustine
  • Sepúlveda
  • Spanish social heirarchies (terms)
  • Treaty of Tordesillas

Dutch and French colonialism[edit | edit source]

  • Beaver War
  • ''couriers de bois''
  • fur trade
  • New Amsterdam
  • New France

African slave trade[edit | edit source]

  • Middle Passage
  • Olaudah Equiano
  • seasoning camps
  • triangle trade


English colonial periods[edit | edit source]

Note:

  • Britain held colonial possessions in the Caribbean region, as well as the thirteen colonies
  • following smaller wars and the worldwide French-Indian War (Seven Years War), Britain sequentially took France's Canadian possessions as well as its landholdings between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.
  • Levels of British control of the colonies rose and fell according to domestic British politics and its international priorities.
  • The American Revolution was largely the result of the excercise of direct control of colonial affairs that followed the French-Indian War.

Colonial political, economic and social[edit | edit source]

Types of Colonies[edit | edit source]

  • Corporate Charter
  • Proprietary Colony
  • Royal Colony

Colony Characteristics[edit | edit source]

  • Maryland
  • Massachussets Bay Colony
  • Pennsylvania
  • Virginia

British colonial period terms & events[edit | edit source]

    Appalachian Mountains
  • Bacon’s Rebellion
  • the Great Awakening
  • headright system
  • House of Burgesses
  • indentured servitude
  • Jamestown
  • John Rolfe
  • John Smith
  • Joint Stock Compnany
  • Jonathan Edwards
  • King Philip’s War, 1675-1678
  • Lord Baltimore
  • "Lost Colony"
  • Massachusetts Bay Colony
  • migration push/ pull factors
  • Native American & English relations
  • Navigation Acts, 1663, 1673, 1696
  • New England town meetings
  • Pequot War, 1636-37
  • Puritan
  • Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713
  • salutary neglect
  • slave codes
  • William Penn
  • yoeman


French Indian War[edit | edit source]

Notes:

  • 1754-1763
  • the immediate cause of the war was the growing presence of English colonials across the Appalachian Mountains and into the Ohio Valley
    • the French and their indian allies opposed these settlements
    • a site of considerable contention was Fort Duquesne at present-day Pittsburg, as the location was at the confluuence of two major rivers leading into the Ohio River
  • sparked by an unsuccessful British and colonial attacks on French forts in Pennsylvania
  • in 1753, George Washington 1753 delivered a message to the French at another Fort in Pennsylvania demanding French evacuation from the region
  • on July 3, 1754, as a colonel in the Virginia Militia, Washington led an attack upon the French Ford Necessity; he lost and had to surrender
  • British regular Army, along with colonial militias (and including Washington), reorganized and attacked another French fort, Fort Duquesne on Sept. 14, 1758, and also lost
    • there were 500 French and Indian soldiers
    • and 400 British regulars and 350 colonial militia
  • the British eventually took Ft. Dusquesne in 1758 (renaming it Ft. Pitt), and the focus of the war moved toward Canada and the St. Lawrence River waterways, particularly the French city Quebec.



French-Indian War terms[edit | edit source]

  • Albany Conference, 1754
  • Albany Plan

Annus Mirabilis of 1759

  • Fort Duquesne
  • Proclamation of 1763
  • Treaty of Paris of 1783
  • William Pitt


American Revolution[edit | edit source]

  • ABC Boards
  • Admiralty Court
  • Boston Massacre
  • Boston Tea Party
  • Circulatory Letter
  • Committees of Correspondence
  • Common Sense
  • Declaration of Independence
  • direct representation
  • Enlightenment philosophers
  • First Continental Congress
  • ''Gaspee'' affair
  • John Locke

Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer|by John Dickinson}}

  • Lexington/Concord
  • Loyalist
  • Montesquieu
  • natural rights
  • Patriot
  • Revolutionary flags
  • Battle of Saratoga
  • social contract theory
  • Sons of Liberty
  • Stamp Act Congress
  • Thomas Paine
  • Valley Forge
  • virtual representation
  • Yorktown
  • Continental Congresses

Writs of Assistance|}}

British Laws & Regulations[edit | edit source]

  • Coercive Acts
  • Intolerable Acts
  • Navigation Acts
  • Olive Branch Petition
  • Quartering Act
  • Stamp Act
  • Sugar Act
  • Townsend Acts


Early Republic[edit | edit source]

Articles of Confederation Period[edit | edit source]

  • Articles of Confederation
  • Shay’s Rebellion
  • confederation
  • sovereignty
  • supermajority
  • unicameral

U.S. Constitution[edit | edit source]

  • 3/5ths Compromise
  • amendment process
  • anti-Federalists
  • bicameral
  • Bill of Rights
  • checks and balances
  • Connecticut Compromise
  • Constitution
  • elastic clause
  • electoral college
  • Federalists
  • Federalism
  • Federalist no. 10
  • Federalist no. 51
  • Federalist Papers
  • Federalists
  • George Washington
  • Great Compromise
  • impeachment
  • James Madison
  • New Jersey Plan
  • Northwest Ordinance
  • preamble
  • preamble to the Constitution
  • ratification
  • separation of powers
  • strict vs. loose interpretation
  • unwritten Constitution
  • Virginia Plan


Early Republic[edit | edit source]

  • 12th Amendment
  • American System
  • Alien & Sedition Acts
  • British-French conflict & Napoleonic Wars
  • Cabinet
  • CItizen Genet affair
  • Compromise of 1820
  • Democratic-Republicans
  • Era of Good Feelings
  • Federalists
  • George Washington
  • Alexander Hamilton
  • impressment
  • internal improvements
  • Jay's Treaty
  • Jeffersonians/ Jeffersonianism
  • judicial review
  • Louisiana Purchase
  • Marbury v. Madison (1804)
  • John Marshall
  • McColluch v. Maryland (1819)
  • Monroe Doctrine
  • Mossouri Compromise
  • National Bank
  • Northwest Territory
  • nullification
  • political parties
  • Republican motherhood
  • republicanism

Revolution of 1800:

  • Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
  • War of 1812
  • Whigs
  • Whiskey Rebellion


Antebellum period[edit | edit source]

  • cotton gin
  • land speculation

Jacksonian period[edit | edit source]

  • John Quincy Adams
  • Bank War
  • Corrupt Bargain
  • Force Bill
  • Henry Clay
  • Jacksonian democracy
  • Indian Removal Act
  • Nat Turner Rebellion (1831)
  • Nullification Crisis
  • Petticoat affair
  • Postal Service
  • Panic of 1837
  • Second Party System
  • spoils system
  • Tariff of 1833
  • Trail of Tears
  • Daniel Webster
  • Worcester v. Georgia



Antebellum[edit | edit source]

Social reform[edit | edit source]

  • American Anti-Slavery Society
  • cult of domesticity
  • Declaration of Sentiments
  • Frederic Douglas
  • emancipation
  • Philadelphia Women's Anti-Slavery Convention
  • Ralph Waldo Emerson
  • Second Great Awakening
  • Seneca Falls Convention
  • Sojouner Truth
  • Elizabeth Cady Stanton
  • suffrage
  • Temperance movement
  • Henry David Thoreaux
  • transcendentalism
  • Uncle Tom’s Cabin
  • Underground Railroad
  • Walden Pond


Antebellum[edit | edit source]

  • American Party
  • Bloody Kansas
  • John Calhoun
  • Compromise of 1850
  • Jefferson Davis
  • Dred Scott decision
  • Gadsden Purchase
  • Gold Rush of 1849
  • Henry Clay
  • John Brown
  • Kansas-Nebraska Act
  • Know Nothings
  • Lincoln-Douglas Debates
  • manifest destiny
  • Mexican American War
  • popular sovereignty
  • Republic of Texas
  • sectionalism
  • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
  • Daniel Webster


Latter 19th Century[edit | edit source]

Civil War[edit | edit source]

  • 1860 Election
  • Anaconda Plan
  • Antietam
  • Appomattox
  • Confederacy
  • Emancipation Proclamation
  • Ft. Sumter
  • Gettysburg
  • Gettysburg Address
  • Robert E. Lee
  • Lincoln’s pre-war stance on slavery
  • Sherman’s March
  • Vicksburg
  • U.S. Grant
  • Union


Reconstruction[edit | edit source]

  • 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
  • black codes
  • Compromise of 1877
  • 40 acres and a mule
  • Freedman’s Bureau
  • grandfather clause
  • homestead
  • Jim Crow laws Klu Klux Klan
  • land grant
  • literacy tests
  • Morill Land-Grant Act (1862)
  • Plessy v. Ferguson
  • poll taxes
  • Radical Republicans
  • Reconstruction Act of 1867
  • Reconstruction programs:
    • Lincoln's plan
    • Johnson's program
    • Congressional program

Post-Reconstruction[edit | edit source]

  • Susan B. Anthony
  • Battle of Wounded Knee
  • Chinese Exclusion Act
  • Dawes Act /assimilation
  • Gentlemen’s Agreement
  • Great Migration
  • Homestead Act of 1862
  • melting pot
  • nativism
  • National Suffrage Movement
  • Sand Creek Massacre
  • Women's Christian Temperance Union

Economic & Political[edit | edit source]

  • Andrew Carnegie
  • bimetallism
  • economies of scale
  • Grange, the
  • hard money
  • laissez-faire capitalism
  • monopoly
  • Nelson Rockefeller
  • political bosses
  • political machine
  • Populist Party
  • robber barons
  • Sherman Anti-trust Act
  • silver
  • social Darwinism
  • soft money
  • specie
  • Standard Oil
  • transcontinental railroad
  • U.S. Steel


Imperialism[edit | edit source]

  • Battle of Manila
  • “Big Stick Policy”
  • Cuba
  • de Lôme Letter,
  • imperialism
  • William McKinley
  • Open Door Policy
  • Panama Canal
  • Roosevelt Corollary
  • Spanish-American War
  • yellow journalism
  • USS Maine


First half 20th Century[edit | edit source]

Labor[edit | edit source]

  • craft union
  • American Federation of Labor (AFL)
  • Eugene Debs (155-1926)
  • industrial union
  • industrial union
  • Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
  • Samuel Gompers (1850-1924)
  • term



Progressive Era[edit | edit source]

  • "Square Deal”
  • 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th Amendments
  • Bull Moose Party
  • Elkins Act (1903)
  • Eugene V. Debs
  • Direct democracy
  • Federal Reserve Act (1913)
  • Gifford Pinchot
  • Hepburn Act
  • initiative
  • Jacob Riis
  • Jane Addams
  • Meat Inspection Act
  • muckrakers
  • New Freedom
  • New Nationalism
  • Newlands Act of 1902
  • Progressive Party
  • Progressives / progressivism
  • Pure Food and Drug Act
  • recall
  • referendum
  • Rule of Reason
  • Settlement houses
  • socialism
  • Square Deal
  • Upton Sinclair
  • Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt
  • "Three Cs": Conservation, Corporate law, Consumer protections
  • William Howard Taft


World War I era[edit | edit source]

WWI[edit | edit source]

Notes:

  • Bolsheviks
  • Espionage (1917) and Sedition (1918) Acts
  • "He kept us out of the war" (1916)
  • Jones Act (1916)
  • Liberty Loans
  • Lusitania sinking (1915)
  • Pancho Villa (1914)
  • Russian Revolution
  • Sussex Pledge (1916)
  • U-Boats
  • Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 (TWEA)
  • War bonds
  • War Industries Board
  • Zimmerman Note


WWI aftermath[edit | edit source]

  • Collective Security
  • Depression of 1920-1921
  • Fourteen Points
  • League of Nations
  • Senate Foreign Relations Committee
  • Treaty of Versailles

post-WWI & 1920s[edit | edit source]

  • "America First"
  • Black Tuesday
  • Court-packing scheme
  • deficit spending
  • Dust Bowl
  • Harlem Renaissance
  • Hoover
  • Immigration Act of 1924
  • League of Nations
  • Lusitania/Zimmerman Note
  • National Origins Act
  • New Deal
  • Palmer Raids
  • Proclamation of Neutrality
  • prohibition
  • pump-priming
  • Red Scare
  • Return to ‘normalcy’
  • Roarding Twenties
  • Sacco and Vanzetti
  • Scopes Trial
  • Teapot Dome Scandal
  • Wilsonianism


1920s[edit | edit source]

  • automobiles
  • consumerism
  • credit
  • Bathtub gin
  • Harlem Renaissance
  • Jazz Age
  • Klu Klux Klan
  • Margin buying
  • radio
  • refrigerators
  • Scopes "Monkey" Trial


Great Depression & FDR[edit | edit source]

Stock Market Crash & Hoover Administration[edit | edit source]

Notes:

  • the value of the New York Stock Exchange was measured in value by the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA, also known as "the DOW"; it is still used, but among other measures);
    • the market rose from about 150 in January of 1927 to a peak of 381 in August of 1929.
    • it started dropping through September into October, before its precipitous drop to 237 on Oct 29
    • it stabilizied in early 1930, then in May continued a long drop to its low of 41 on July 8, 1932; the DOW did not reach 381 until 1954



  • Black Thursday
  • Black Monday
  • Black Tuesday
  • "buying on margin"
  • Hawley-Smoot Tariff
  • Hoovervilles
  • margin call
    • speculative bubble

    • FDR Administration & Great Depression[edit | edit source]

    • 100 Days
    • 20th Amendment
    • 21st Amendment
    • bank run
    • Brain Trust
    • Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO, started 1938)
    • fireside chats
    • Harry Hopkins
    • NRA
    • "New Deal"
    • Francis Perkins
    • Social Security
    • Supreme Court
    • "We have nothing to fear but fear itself"

    = New Deal legislation & Agencies[edit | edit source]

    • Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933


World War II[edit | edit source]

pre-WWII[edit | edit source]

  • A Philip Randolph
  • America First Committee
  • appeasement
  • Battle of Britain
  • “cash and carry”
  • election of 1940
  • isolationism
  • Lend-Lease Act
  • Lindburgh
  • Maginot Line
  • Munich Agreement
  • "Peace for our time"
  • Poland invasion
  • Sudetenland
  • U.S. Neutrality Acts
  • "war footing"
  • war preparations


WWII[edit | edit source]

  • "arsenal of democracy"
  • D-Day
  • Eastern Front
  • Hiroshima, Nagasaki
  • Homefront
  • Island Hopping
  • Japanese Internment Camps
  • Korematsu v. U.S.
  • Manhattan Project
  • mechanized warfare
  • propaganda
  • rationing
  • recycling
  • Rosie the Riviter
  • Truman’s decision
  • "Victory Gardens"
  • war bonds

Post-War plans/ conferences

  • Potsdam Conference
  • Tehran Conference
  • Yalta Conference

End of WWII[edit | edit source]

  • 22nd amendment
  • Nuremburg Trials
  • United Nations


Latter-half 20th Century[edit | edit source]

Notes:

  • WWII was the last conflict entered by official Declaration of War by Congress
    • all other post-WWII "wars" have been without actual declaration of war
    • the U.S. has entered most of these wars through a combination of Executive Action and Congressional approval, either for a military action or funding thereof
  • a key component of post-WWII US History for students to grapple with is the dramatic change to worldwide involvement and/or adventurism and the various justifications for them
    • students should understand American "hegemony" and reaons for American worlwdide dominance and the extent to which it may be considered economic, political cultural imperialism

Early Cold War Foreign Affairs[edit | edit source]

  • Berlin crisis / Berlin airlift
  • Bretton Woods Conference
  • capitalism
  • Chiang Kai-shek
  • China, loss of
  • communism
  • containment policy
  • George F. Kennan
  • Greek Civil War
  • ideology/ ideological
  • Iron Curtain / Iron Curtain speech
  • Israel/ Palestine
  • Long Telegram / Article “X”
  • Mao Zedong
  • Marshall Plan
  • NATO
  • NATO/Warsaw Pact
  • NSC-68
  • proxy war
  • SEATO
  • sphere/s of influence
  • Suez Canal Crisis
  • Truman Doctrine
  • Turkey
  • United Nations
  • UK sterling crisis
  • Warsaw Pact

Atomic age[edit | edit source]

  • atmospheric testing
  • atomic testing
  • bombers
  • A-bomb
  • Chinese bomb (Taiwan incident)
  • German scientists
  • H-bomb
  • brinkmanship
  • ICBM
  • Nike missile system
  • MAD/ mutually-assured destruction
  • anti-ballistic missile
  • nuclear shield

Korean War[edit | edit source]

  • Truman v. Gen. MacArthur
  • Chinese Revolution


Cold War diplomacy[edit | edit source]

  • East, the
  • hegemony / hegemonic power
  • nation-building
  • Palestine partition
  • Security Council
  • Third World
  • unaligned nations
  • United Nations
  • West, The

Eisenhower period[edit | edit source]

  • CIA
  • containment
  • containment in Asia
  • containment in Europe
  • containment in Latin America
  • containment in the Middle East
  • Cuba
  • Domino Theory
  • Dwight Eisenhower
  • Eisenhower Doctrine
  • HUAC Committee
  • Joseph McCarthy
  • Marshall Plan
  • McCarthyism
  • "military industrial complex" (1958/9?)
  • Suez crisis


Domestic US Cold War[edit | edit source]

  • Executive Order 9835
  • Second Red Scare
  • McCarthyism
  • HUAC
  • Hollywood 10
  • McCarren Act
  • Rosenbergs
  • Alger Hiss
  • Space Race

Kennedy[edit | edit source]

  • Bay of Pigs Invasion
  • Berlin Wall
  • CIA activity under Kennedy
  • Cuban Missile Crisis
  • Domino Theory
  • Bay of Pigs
  • Hot-Line
  • Robert F. Kennedy
  • Limited Test Ban Treaty
  • quarantine v. blockade
  • Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
  • Peace Corps


Vietnam War[edit | edit source]

  • French involvement, 1954-1955
  • US involvement, 1959-1973

Eisenhower period of Vietnam War[edit | edit source]

  • Dien Bien Phu

Kennedy period of Vietnam War[edit | edit source]

  • JFK
  • Robert McNamara
  • "Whiz Kids"
  • “flexible response”
  • advisors
  • Camelot
  • assassination

Johnson period of Vietnam War[edit | edit source]

  • bombing campaigns
  • escalation
  • Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964)
  • Tet Offensive (1968)
  • Walter Cronkite
  • U.S. public opinion
  • Vietnamization
  • War Powers Acts
  • Gulf of Tonkin
  • Attrition
  • Hearts and Minds
  • Rolling Thunder
  • My Lai Massacre
  • Escalation

Nixon period of Vietnam War[edit | edit source]

  • China
  • Operation Linebacker II
  • Christmas bombings
  • "silent majority”
  • Paris Peace Accords
  • Bombing of Laos and Cambodia
  • Paris Peace Accords
  • opening of China
  • Kissinger
  • Pentagon Papers
  • White House protests

Vietnam War protest movements[edit | edit source]

  • draft, the
  • hippies
  • protests
  • Kent State
  • Jackson State

post-Nixon[edit | edit source]

  • Fall of Saigon
  • Cambodian genocide
  • Pol Pot


post-WWII Domestic U.S[edit | edit source]

1950s culture[edit | edit source]

  • baby boom
  • "Fair Deal" (1945-49)
  • suburbia
  • rock'n'roll
  • conformity
  • Interstate Highway Act

Civil Rights[edit | edit source]

  • “Little Rock Nine”
  • Brown v. Board of Education
  • civil disobedience
  • Civil Rights Act of 1964
  • Executive Order 9981
  • Jackie Robinson
  • Malcolm X
  • March on Washington
  • Martin Luther King, Jr.
  • Montgomery bus boycott
  • nonviolence
  • Voting Rights Act of 1965
  • George Wallace

Other Civil Rights and Political Movements[edit | edit source]

  • American Indian Movement (AIM)
  • Cesar Chavez
  • Chicano Movement
  • environmentalism
  • Grapes Boycott
  • Michael Harrington
  • "Incorporation" Cases
  • Roe v. Wade
  • Silent Spring
  • women’s liberation movement (NOW)
  • Wounded Knee Incident

Johnson[edit | edit source]

  • Great Society
  • War on Poverty

1970s: Nixon, Ford & Carter[edit | edit source]

  • Watergate
  • pardoning of Nixon
  • stagflation
  • Afghanistan
  • Olympic boycott
  • Iranian hostage crisis
  • OPEC
  • oil embargo
  • Camp David Accords

Reagan era[edit | edit source]

  • Iran-Contra Affair
  • John Stockton
  • Reykjavík Summit
  • Berlin speech
  • Landslide
  • Star Wars
  • "Reagan Revolution”
  • Reaganomics
  • Supply-side economics

End of the Cold War[edit | edit source]

  • George HW Bush
  • Military spending cuts
  • Gulf War
  • Bill Clinton
  • Peace Dividend
  • NAFTA
  • "end of history"
  • service sector economy
  • New Immigration
  • Haiti
  • Yugoslavia and Bosnia
  • Rwanda


21st Century[edit | edit source]

War on Terror[edit | edit source]

  • September 11th
  • Al Queda
  • Afghanistan War
  • Iraq
  • Patriot Act

Obama Administration[edit | edit source]

  • Great Recession
  • ISIS
  • Affordable Care Act
  • Obama Care
  • DREAM Act


Third Party movements[edit | edit source]

  • notes
    • third parties represent political movements that the major parties do not accommodate
      • or a split within them
    • elections through to the 1830s had multiple candidates from the same party, so were not technically "third parties)
      • or they were divided geographically and/or over a particular issue or political position
Party Election % of Popular Vote Notes
Anti-Masonic Party 1832 7.8%
  • opposed "Freemasonry" (elitist secret society that was opposed by mainstream religous groups);
  • the movement started wit hthe "Morgan affair", when a former Mason show spoke out against the society was murdered
  • Freemasons were accused of secretly controlling the government
Liberty Party 1844 2.3%
  • abolitionist, anti-slavery party
Free Soil 1848 10.1%
  • opposed expansion of slavery into new territories
  • former president Martin Van Buren was candidate in 1848
  • formed after the Mexican-American War over concerns about the expansion of slavery
  • the Free Soil party was mostly former Whigs who joined the Republican Party when they merged in 1854
1852 4.9%
Know Nothing (American Party) 1856 21.6%
  • anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic
  • largely made up of Whigs after the collapse of that party
  • the party also appealed to reformers, standing for rights of women, regulation of industry and labor, prefiguring the progressive movement
  • former president Millard Filmore was candidate
Four-way split 1860
  • Republican (Abraham Lincolon): 39.8%
  • Southern Democrat (John Breckinridge): 18.1%
  • Constitutional Union (John Bell): 12.6%
  • Democratic (Stephen Douglas): 29.5%
Liberal Republican 1872 43.8%
  • candidate Horace Greeley, publisher of the New York Tribune
  • opposed President Grant as corrupt and his Reconstruction policies as too harsh (wanted removal of US Army from the South)
  • opposed the high tariff and promoted civil service reform
  • the Democratic party had no national organization, so Greeley hoped to attrack their vote, but failed
Greenback Party 1876 0.99%
  • soft money platform, originally associated with the Grange (agricultural organization, cooperative)
  • anti-monopoly, anti-railroads
1880 3.35%
Prohibition Party 1884 1.5%
  • single issue: temperance
  • persisted longer than most third-party movements and influenced larger politics, with ultimate victory in the 18th amendment
1888 2.2%
1896 .094%
1900 1.51%
1904 1.92%
1912 1.38%
1916 1.19%
Populist Party 1892 8.5%
  • agrarian, anit-business/railroad movement
  • pro-soft money
Socialist Party 1904 2.98%
  • Eugene Debs was the candidate in 1904, 1908, 1912 & 1920 elections
1908 2.83%
1912 6%
1916 3.19%
1920 3.41%
1932 2.23%
Progressive Party 1912 27%
  • Teddy Roosevelt's party after split with Republican Party following its convention in 1912
  • Roosevelt took more votes than the Republican incumbant Taft (23.2%)
  • with the Republican vote split, Wilson won with 41.8% of the popular voate
Progressive 1924 16.6%
  • a diferent orgniazaiton form the Teddy Roosevelt's Progressive Party, which he abandoned after 1912 (he was nominated in 1916 but refused)
  • former Republican Robert La Follette, a progressive how refused to back Roosevelt, reformed the party in 1924
Dixiecrat

Progressive

1948 2.4%

2.4%

  • independent movements that were splinter factions from FDR's Democratic coalition that fell apart under Truman
    • Dixiecrats were souther segregationists
    • Progressives were FDR Democrats led by his former Vice President Henry Wallace
American Independent 1968 13.5%
  • led by southern Democrat George Wallace, populist, segregationist governore of Alabama who opposed Johnson's support of the Civil Rights movement
John Anderson (Independent candidate) 1980 6.6%
  • Republican John Anderson split from the Republican Party and ran as a "moderate" alternative to Reagan
Ross Pero (Independent candidate/ Reform Party) 1992 18.9%
  • populist businessman Ross Perot opposed Bush and Clinton and gained widespread support
  • in 1996, Perot ran on the Reform Party ticket, which he formed after 1992
1996 8.4%
Green Party 2000 2.74%
  • Envronmentalist and consumer activist Ralph Nader ran on the Green Party ticket and likely threw the close 2000 election to Bush, as he drew support from the Democratic left
Libertarian 2016 3.28%
  • Libertarian party candidate Gary Johnson gained national support for his opposition to Obama's regulatory state and in opposition to Donald Trump's candidacy as a Republican
Robert F. Kennedy (independent candidate) 2024 ?
  • son of former Senator and assassinated 1968 presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy
  • running as a third-party alternative to Biden and Trump
  • critical of the COVID response and medical regime

Economic crises[edit | edit source]

Mississippi Company 1720 French company had Royal grant for trading rights to French colonies in Americas
  • to cover French government debt over Louis XIV's wars, the government allowed the compan to issue paper money backed by national debt
  • speculation in shares of the company led to more paper money issued, which was then put back into company shares, which led to the second largest bubble in economic history ($6.5 trillion peak value in current dollars, behind only the Dutch East India Company bubble)
Panic of 1792 1792 Short-lived panic caused by sudden credit expansion following the formation of the Bank of the United States, which led to land speculation
  • a group of bankers tried to drive up pricies of securities (stocks, contracts) but failed to meet their loans, causing a bank run
  • Alexander Hamilton stabilized the market with stock purchases by the government
Land bubble 1796 1996 Land speculation bubble that collapsed following specie payments suspension by the Bank of England, caused by a rush of bank withdrawals in England out of fear of a war with France
  • the imnpact and connection of London banks to the American economy worried
Panic of 1819 1819-1821 Finanical crisis sparked by land speculation bubble, excess paper money, and issuance of bank notes unbacked by gold by the Second Bank of the United States
  • as Europe recovered from the Napoleonic Wars, its agricultural product increased and led to price drops, which hurt American producers, who, in turn, were unable to pay back loans
  • the Panic came amidst implementation of the "American System" of canal and road building and tariffs, which were blamed for the downturn
Panic of 1837 1837-1843 Major depression in which prices, profits, wages, and financial activity was severely curtailed
  • led to mass unemployment
  • impacted westward expansion and led t collapse in agricultural prices, especially cotton
  • started with bank runs in New York when investors demanded their deposits from banks who could not back then in gold or silver
  • was the worst financial crisis up until the Great Depression
  • the panic followed a speculative boom that was fueled by land sales, cotton exports, and extensive inflows of silver from the US, Mexico and China
  • President Jackson's dismantling of the Second Bank of the United States led to a disorderly unwinding of its assets and operations;
    • however, the Bank itself contributed to the speculative bubble through issuance of paper money and loose oversight
  • the Jackson administration's "Specie Circular of 1836," which was intended to halt speculation in land sales, dried up credit and helped spark the Panic
Panic of 1857 1857-1859 National financial crisis sparked by British change in requirements for gold and silver reserves for paper money
  • the influx of gold from the California Gold Rush greatly expanded the money supply but was also inflationary and led to excessive speculation
  • in the US, a finanical panic followed the collapse of a major investment company (Ohio Life Insurance and Trust)
  • speculation in railroads had exploded, and many were fraudulent, and after the Ohio Life company failed, prices collapsed
  • grain prices also experienced a bubble in the mid 1850s, which led to farmland speculation, both of which also collapsed in the Panic
Crédit Mobilier scandal 1864-1867 A railoard company created by the Union Pacific Railroad to build the eastern portion of the transcontinental railroad inflated its costs by $44 million dollars and paid bribes to politicians for laws and regulatory ruilings in its favor
  • the scandal was broken by a newspaper during the 1874 presidential campaign and led to a political crisis for certain members of Congress and the Republican Party in general
  • which along with other
Panic of 1873 1873-1877
  • bank runs in New York
  • financial crisis due to inflation and speculative investments especially in railroads
  • huge discoveries of silver in the west led to decline in the value of silver and the "demonitization of silver" in 1873 (Coinage Act of 1873), which lowered silver prices and thus impacted anyone invested in silver and silver mining
    • it led to a reduction in the money supply and higher interest rates, which hurt debtors, especially farmers
  • impacted Europe
  • started the "Long Depression," 1873-1879
Panic of 1893 1893-1897 Econoic depression that was sparked by the failure of an Argentine bank, Baring Brothers, which collapsed over crops price collapse,
  • which led to a run on American gold reserves by European investors who were facing losses there and in South Africa and Australia
  • a railroad company collepse just before Grover Cleveland's 2nd inauguration led him to ask Congress to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which had forced the Government to purchase Silver in order to prop up its value, which was depleting the Government's gold reserves
  • bank and railroad failures followed, with subsequent securities (stocks) and commodities price drops
  • in 1895 the Government issued "Treasury bonds" which were purchased, by arrangement, by banks, especially the Morgan Bank of New York, but which helped stabilize Government gold reserves and general economic confidence
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