From A+ Club Lesson Planner & Study Guide
Goal of this article is to help students identify context and historical recollection via definitions of historical names and terms
- along with memorizing names, places (map literacy) and dates
- historical knowledge and test-day recollection can be enhanced through etymology, or word origins of key historical places, empires or dynasties
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Chinese dynasties follow four general categories of name origins:
- geographic origins (Qin, Han dynasties)
- capital cities (Sui and Tang dynasties)
- material properties (Liao (iron), Tang (jade) dynasties
- word meanings (Yuan, Ming, Qing dynasties; see below
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- as used by Kublai Khan, mean "origin" or "center" of the universe
- "Great Yuan" named by the empire's founder, Kublai Khan, likely in order to inlude his rule within Chinese dynastic history as well as to claim the Mandate of Heaven
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1271–1368
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- established by Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan
- 1st non-Han dynasty to rule China
- Yuan emperors spoke Chinese but kept use of Mongolian
- Kublai Khan's 1st capital was called "City of the Khans," but was changed in Han Chinese to "Great Capital"
- he used the name changes to claim Chinese legitimacy
- Sources:
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- Ming is from the Chinese characters for sun and moon; it also means "luminescent"
- the name was taken by Han Shantong who led early rebellions against the Yuan Dynasty; Han Shantong took on the name "King Ming" for "King of Light"
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1368-1644
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- followed the collapse of Mongol rule under the Yuan Dynasty
- the "Red Turban Rebellions" weakened the Yuan (named for red banners and hats)
- Red Turban movement was started by a Chinese monk (associated w/ the Bhuddist White Lotus secret society that believed in fight of good v. evil, influencd by Manichaeism from ancient Persia, called in China "Mingjiao")
- represented a Han Chinese ethnic rebellion against Mongol rule
- reinstituted Confucian culture, which was largely Han
- Ming emperors used court eunuchs (couldn't have children so posed no dynastic threat) to balance power w/ Confucian administrator
- Sources:
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- Qing means, "blue, aqua, clear, transparent"
- Qing character contains 3 strokes of the water symbol
- the 1st Qing emperor renamed "the Great Jin" empire ("Jin" signifies "metal and fire") to "Great Qing"
- Jin was understood to represent the fiery tempers of the Manchu royalty
- Qing for "transparent" and "water" indicated an end to feuds in the royal family
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1644–1911
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Manchuria, China
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- Arose from the "Later Jin Dynasty" from Manchuria (northeast region of China
- thus is also known as the "Manchu Dynasty
- "Manchu" = people from Manchuria
- Jin dynasty ruler Hong Taiji, renamed the "Great Jin" to "Great Qung" in 1636
- he renamed the "Jurchen" people to "Manchu"
- "Manchu" may come from the word for "brave"
- the renaming reflects his conquest of all of Manchuria
- key Hong Tajji's rise was adoption of artillery, which the Ming had used to defeat him before
- he conquered the Ming capital in Beijing in 1644
- as ruler, he accepted ethnic Han into his military and government, and even married 10000 Manchu women to Han men
- sources:
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Europe monarchies/ empires[edit | edit source]
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| House of Hapsburg
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| Ottoman Empire
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