Citation: Difference between revisions
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* see [https://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/bluebook-legal-citation/intro-signals What Are Introductory Signals?] | * see [https://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/bluebook-legal-citation/intro-signals What Are Introductory Signals?] | ||
=== | === Supporting signals === | ||
* indicate a supporting source | * indicate a supporting source | ||
| Line 55: | Line 55: | ||
** indicates that the author's text is similar to or otherwise related to the cited source | ** indicates that the author's text is similar to or otherwise related to the cited source | ||
=== | === Comparison signals === | ||
==== ''Cf.'' ==== | ==== ''Cf.'' ==== | ||
| Line 65: | Line 65: | ||
* indicates to the reader to see the source in order to compare or related to the source | * indicates to the reader to see the source in order to compare or related to the source | ||
=== | === Contradictory signals === | ||
==== ''Contra'' ==== | ==== ''Contra'' ==== | ||
Latest revision as of 17:21, 3 December 2022
Citation is a reference in or at the end of a text to indicate a source or reference for the reader to find additional information
Types of citations[edit | edit source]
inline[edit | edit source]
- = citations written within the author's text
- i.e., the author includes the citations inside the essay/ text
footnote[edit | edit source]
- a citation or reference that is indicated in the text and placed at the bottom of the page
endnote[edit | edit source]
- a citation or reference that is indicated in the text and placed at the end of the text (or essay, etc.)
bibliography / works cited[edit | edit source]
Introductory signals[edit | edit source]
- Introductory signals are abbreviations to indicate to the reader the type of reference
- Introductory signals are written in italics
- see What Are Introductory Signals?
Supporting signals[edit | edit source]
- indicate a supporting source
- types:
[no signal][edit | edit source]
- no signal is used if the citation directly identifies the source or the information or quotation
- i.e, the is no "introduction" to the source
E.g.,[edit | edit source]
- exempli gratia
- = "good example"
- used to indicate a specific example of the author's point
Accord[edit | edit source]
See[edit | edit source]
- tells the reader to go to the source for more information
See also[edit | edit source]
- indicates a supporting source that also discusses the topic
Cf.[edit | edit source]
- = "compare to"
- indicates that the author's text is similar to or otherwise related to the cited source
Comparison signals[edit | edit source]
Cf.[edit | edit source]
- Cf is generally a "supporting signal," but can be used as a comparison signal if suggesting an analogy
Compare with[edit | edit source]
- indicates to the reader to see the source in order to compare or related to the source
Contradictory signals[edit | edit source]
Contra[edit | edit source]
- indicates the direct source is a contradiction to the author's text or idea
- = equivalent to the negative [no signal] (direct citation)
But see[edit | edit source]
- used to indicate a source that contradicts the author's text or idea
But Cf.[edit | edit source]
- used to indicate a source that provides an analogous contradiction to the author's text or idea
See also Latin terms and abbreviations entry