Citation

Citation is a reference in or at the end of a text to indicate a source or reference for the reader to find additional information

Types of citations

inline

• = citations written within the author's text
  • i.e., the author includes the citations inside the essay/ text

footnote

• a citation or reference that is indicated in the text and placed at the bottom of the page

endnote

• a citation or reference that is indicated in the text and placed at the end of the text (or essay, etc.)

Introductory signals

• Introductory signals are abbreviations to indicate to the reader the type of reference
• Introductory signals are written in italics
• see What Are Introductory Signals?

Supporting signals

• indicate a supporting source
• types:

[no signal]

• no signal is used if the citation directly identifies the source or the information or quotation
• i.e, the is no "introduction" to the source

E.g.,

• exempli gratia
• = "good example"
• used to indicate a specific example of the author's point

See

• tells the reader to go to the source for more information

See also

• indicates a supporting source that also discusses the topic

Cf.

• = "compare to"
  • indicates that the author's text is similar to or otherwise related to the cited source

Comparison signals

Cf.

• Cf is generally a "supporting signal," but can be used as a comparison signal if suggesting an analogy

Compare with

• indicates to the reader to see the source in order to compare or related to the source

Contradictory signals

Contra

• indicates the direct source is a contradiction to the author's text or idea
• = equivalent to the negative [no signal] (direct citation)

But see

• used to indicate a source that contradicts the author's text or idea

But Cf.

• used to indicate a source that provides an analogous contradiction to the author's text or idea

See also Latin terms and abbreviations entry