- 1607 pre-Colonial in North America
- 1607-1765 Early colonial period
- 1730s-40s First Great Awakening<< confirm dates
- 1754-1760 French Indian War (in America)
- 1754-1763 Seven Years War (Europe)
- 1765-1783 Revolutionary Era
- 1783-1789 Articles of Confederation period (post-Revolution)
- 1789-1815 Early Republic
- 1815-1827 Era of Good Feelings
- 1827-1833 Jacksonian period
- 1830s-40s Second Great Awakening
- 1833-1850s Antebellum period
- 1861-1865 Civil War
- 1865-1876 Reconstruction
- 1876-1898 Industrialization
- 1898-1917 Progressive Era
- 1917-1919 World War I
- 1920s Roaring Twenties, Prohibition
- 1929-1941 Great Depression
- 1941-1945 World War II
- 1937-1945 in Asia
- 1939-1945 in Europe
- 1946-1989 Cold War
- 1950-1953 Korean War
- 1959-1974 Vietnam War
- 1950s-60s Popular Culture, Youth Movements
- 1970s Stagflation
- 1980s Wall Street Culture
- 2000s War on Terror
- see
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BIG IDEAS
What does it MEAN?
- every issue, dispute, event, represents someone’s perspective, interest, ideal or outlook
- identify distributions of power and their impact on events
- think
causality
- think contingency: conditions & choices
- each contingency leads to a new set of conditions & choices
- how does one or a series of decisions lead to others, either by limiting or expanding on those choices?
- examples:
- if, how & why did the French-Indian War lead to the American Revolution?
- if, how & why did the need for compromise in the Constitution lead to the Civil War?
- if, how & why did the Compromise of 1850 lead to the Civil War?
- if, how & why did the New Deal program extend the Great Depression?
- if, how & why did white leftist radicals contribute to the Civil Rights movement?
- if, how & why did the Great Society welfare programs lead to entrenched poverty?
connections
- how are events related?
- what common themes occur across American history? including:
- western expansion
- civil liberties
- political dissent
- individualism
- political & economic equality
- local v. national rule
Constitutionalism
- why do Americans generally abide by the Constitution, or do they not?
- how have different constitutional interpretations impact historical outlooks and events?
- how does constitutionalism lead to political stability?
- how does the difficulty to amend the Constitution (Article V) lead to judicial activism?
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- religious, economic & political freedom
- “land of opportunity”
- "The American Promise”
- slavery, segregation, discrimination
- land ownership
- self-governance & political participation
- >> get into modern experience
- European countries competed for colonial expansion around the world, largely for economic and political purposes
- ex. France largely sought economic exploitation in its Canadian colonies
- by contrast, British colonialism in North America, which started as commercial ventures, explicitly promoted population of the colonies
- types of British colonies in North America:
- Joint-stock company under Royal charter
- land-patent (allowance) from other joint-stock company
- Royal colony
- proprietary colony (privately owned)
- types of British colonies in North America:
- commercial/entrepreneurial
- religious
- political / political refuge
- proprietary / personal ownership
click EXPAND for chart of types/ purposes of colonial charters/ establishment
Colony
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Established
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Charter type
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'Purpose
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Notes '
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Colony of Virginia (Jamestown)
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1607
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joint-stock company (Virginia Company which had Royal charter)
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entrepreneurial
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Plymouth Colony
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1620
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independent w/ land patent (allowance) from the Plymouth Company (a Royal joint-stock company)
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religious
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never had a royal charter; merged into Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1691
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Massachusetts Bay Colony
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1629
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merged into Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1691
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Province of Massachusetts Bay
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1691
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Royal colony controlled by British king
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re-organized Massachusetts colonies and charters into a single political unit that would become the state of Massachusetts
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Connecticut Colony
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1636
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religious, political dissent
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informally established under self-government
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reformed as Royal colony in 1662
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Providence Plantations (Roger Williams)
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1636
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religious, political dissent
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informally established under self-government
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reformed as Colony of Rhode Island by Royal charter 1663
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Delaware Colony
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1664
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proprietary
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Province of Pennsylvania
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1681
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religious (Quaker)
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proprietary
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King Charles II paid a debt to William Penn with the colony
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Province of Maryland
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1632
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religious (Catholic)
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proprietary
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Others:
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- Province of New York, proprietary 1664, Royal colony 1686
- Province of Carolina, 1629-1729 by Royal charter
- Province of North Carolina, Royal colony 1729
- Province of South Carolina, Royal colony 1729
- Province of Georgia, proprietary colony 17932, Royal colony 1752
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- white American colonial populations grew rapidly
Push factors from England:
- poverty/ lack of land ownership (rents)
- religious persecution
- escape debt or criminality
- lack of economic or social opportunity
- primogeniture
- 2nd sons didn't inherent titles or property
- limits imposed by British social and economic class system
Push factors to American colonies
- economic opportunity (trade)
- adventurism
- religious freedom
- land ownership
- start new life
- political opportunity
- merit-based opportunity
American colonial perceptions viz Britain[edit | edit source]
- American colonials perceived themselves as both British citizens and citizens of their local colonies
- the British perceived the colonists as subjects
- = a key source of dispute between the British and the colonialists as to their political relationship
- citizens or subjects?
- duty & responsibilities as British subjects
- self-governance or British-appointed governance
- direct v. indirect representation
- salutary neglect
- = the idea that the American colonies had better progressed without British interference
- articulated by Edmund Burke, a pro-colonial Irish-British politician
Founding documents & political philosophies[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE
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Major Events, Concepts & Themes
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Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
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Declaration of Independence[edit | edit source]
- sectionalism
- political parties
- compromise
- conflict
- radicalism
- dissent
- to consider:
- How do Americans resolve disputes?
- Why do some Americans feel isolated and start radical movements?
- How do the big political parties adapt to those movements?
- forms the structure of the federal government
- what does "to form a more perfect union" mean?
- Bill of Rights
- Constitutional principles
- judicial review
- change over time in interpretations,
- = strong expression of what is important to Americans:
- 1st amendment as expression of American ideals: freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, petition of government
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Cultural, social & political intersections[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE
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Major Events, Concepts & Themes
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Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
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self-governance/ self-government[edit | edit source]
- extents and limits of self-government
- to consider:
- what does it mean and how do different people & times interpret it?
- what is democracy? How can it work? What are its limits? How does it empower people?
private v public lives of Americans[edit | edit source]
- Northwest Ordinance, 178>> << banned slavery in NW Territory
- expansion of slavery
- experience of slaves
- consequences of slavery
- upon slaves and former slaves
- upon slave-owners
- upon white non-slave owners
- 1791 Vermont state constitution forbade slavery
"frontier" western expansion[edit | edit source]
- Tocqueville
- cultural expression
- news and journalism, “pamphleteering”
- radio/ tv
- political participation
- public and private
- religious awakenings
- agitation for reform
- reform (public/ private)
- fear, crisis, opportunism
Economic concepts & themes[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE
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Major Events, Concepts & Themes
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Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
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- banks/ debt
- hard money v. soft money
- tariff
- business / commerce
- prosperity
panics, recessions, depressions[edit | edit source]
- usually the result of over-production, speculation (in land or businesses), money supply, war
- >> to do: chart of panics causes & effects
- Panic of 1837 ><?
- Panic of 1893
- Panic of 1907
- Recession of 1920
distance and time
- railroad
- telegraph
- growth
- markets
- US idealism
- isolationism
- expansionism
- business/ trade/ power
- idealism
land grants act 1850s
overseas wars foreign involvement
nicauragia
wwi
cold war
women's rights in west b/c of fewer women in the population
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Territorial & commercial expansion[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE
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Major Events, Concepts & Themes
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Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
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1763 Treaty of Paris
- settled the French-Indian War, expanding British holdings in North America
1783 Treaty of Paris
- ended American Revolution
1791 Vermont Republic
- Vermont was an independent republic 1777-1791
1802 Louisiana Purchase
- from Mississippi River to the north & west, those borders undefined
1815 Treaty of Ghent
1818 Treaty of 1818
- created 49th parallel agreement
1819 Adams-Onis Treaty
- acquisition of Florida from Spain
1842 Webster–Ashburton Treaty
1845 Texas annexation
- Republic of Texas entered Union
1846 Oregon Treaty
- Britain recognized US ownership of "Oregon Lands"
1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
- settled Mexican-American War, "Mexican cession" of modern Southwest US, UT, NV & CA
1853 Gadsden Purchase
- US acquired additional lands south of NM and AZ from Mexico
1867 Alaska Purchase
1898 Treaty of Paris
- settled Spanish-American War (Puerto Rico & Philippines)
1898 Annexation of Hawaii
- the Newlands Resolution annexed the Republic of Hawaii
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BIG IDEAS
What does it MEAN?
- Understanding American history and experience through territorial expansion
- motives, outcomes
- conflicts, impact
- land claims, economic opportunities
Push & pull factors
- land ownership & use
- economic opportunity
- business expansion, especially railroads
- gold & silver rushes
- trade, especially in Pacific Ocean expansion
Colonial expansion
- English settlers pushing westward from coastal settlements
- created conflict with Native Americans
- created conflict between Native Americans tribes and confederations
- created conflict with French and its fur trade with Native Americans
- led directly to French-Indian War
- Proclamation of 1763 forbade American colonists from settling west of the Appalachians
- = British attempt to control colonials westward push
- Spanish/French settlement in current US areas was limited
- their colonial impulse was for trade (French) and religious conversion of Native Americans (Spanish)
- English colonials sought settlement and populations grew rapidly
Exploration, fur trade, land
- Daniel Boone (1734-1820) and trailblazers, frontiersmen
- frontier culture and folk heroes
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
- the new nation recognized need to organize territorial expansion
- drove further claims westward
Manifest Destiny
- Republic of Texas declared after
- westward extension of railroads drove western settlement
- resulted in political disagreement/ sectionalism over expansion of free and slave territories and states
- Mexican-American War of 1846
- California Gold Rush of 1849
Civil War impact
- Transcontinental railroad
- Homestead Act of 1862
- Homesteaders and pioneers
- "land grants" of up to 160 acres
Impact of technologies
- steam power
- first used on boats in late 17th century
- railroads (starting 1820s)
- telegraph (1830s) & telephone (1870s)
- electricity
- automobiles & airplanes (starting early 20th century)
- American commercial and technological dominance (transistor, space race, etc.)
Overseas expansion & acquisitions
- transoceanic trade
- especially with introduction of steam boats
- = created need for coaling stations for refueling across Pacific Ocean
- Panama Canal as outgrowth of Spanish-American War
- industrialization
Expansion via acquisition from European powers
- Eastern Louisiana Territory, Ohio Valley & Northwest Territory from Britain
- Louisiana Territory and Florida acquisitions
- Mexican-American War
- Spanish-American War
Expansion via acquisition or war with Native Americans
Twentieth Century US overseas interventions
- foreign loans and direct investment (1910s Gunboat diplomacy & later 20th century US business dominance)
- petroleum & mining investments
- WWII
- US bases around world following the War
- American commercial & cultural dominance
- IBM, GM, Ford
- Hollywood & music industry (popular culture)
- internet, Microsoft, Google
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=== British colonial expansion ===
- 1667 Treaty of Breda
- Netherlands ceded "New Netherland" which the British renamed "New York"
- Within New Netherland, the Dutch (Netherlands) had claimed coastal areas of modern RI, CT, NY, NJ and DE
- 1715 Peace of Utrecht
- settled European conflict
- Britain seized control of the Asiento de Negros Spanish grants of right to engage in the African slave trade
- France ceded Newfoundland (eastern coast of Canada) to the British
- 1763 Treaty of Paris
- settled the French-Indian War
- Britain took all French territories in modern Canada
- France also ceded the eastern portion of the Louisiana Territory, which included lands from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River
- Spain ceded "Eastern Florida" (the "Panhandle" region)
- 1777 Vermont Republic
- 1783 Treaty of Paris
- Britain ceded the original 13 colonies and corresponding territories west to the Mississippi River
- the cessation included the Northwestern Territory, including the Ohio Valley, and the upper-midwest below the Great Lakes
- 1791 Vermont Republic
- Vermont had declared itself an independent state in 1777
- was admitted to the Union in 1791
- the admission settled claims by New York on Vermont lands
- 1818 Treaty of 1818
- Britain ceded land northwest of the Northwest Territory (western modern MN and north & east ND)
- US ceded lands north of the 49th parallel above modern MT
- established the 49th parallel as the border of US and Canada from MN to the Rocky Mountains (leaving Oregon Country in joint-control)
- called for "joint occupation" by British and Americans of Oregon Country (northwest corner of present US, including OR, WA, ID)
- 1819 Adams-Onis Treaty
- Spain ceded Florida to the US
- 1842 Webster–Ashburton Treaty
- settled border disputes along modern US-Canadian border, including in the modern states of ME, MN, MT, ID & WA (reaffirming the 49th parallel)
- 1846 Oregon Treaty
- Britain ceded claims to "Oregon Country," setting the 49th parallel across to the Pacific Ocean as the northern border
- Oregon Country included modern OR, WA, ID and parts of WY and MT
- 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
- settled Mexican-American War
- "Mexican cession" of southwestern territory, called "Alta California
- included modern NM, AZ, UT, NV and CA and parts of modern CO and TX
- 1853 Gadsden Purchase
- negotiated after the Mexican-American war to purchase Mexican territory in the south of modern AZ and southwest area of NM
- includes modern AZ cities of Yuma & Tucson
- cost was $10 million and motive for Mexico to sell it was likely to get the money before the Americans fully populated and/or seized it
- US was motivated by railroad route through the region
- 1867 Alaska Purchase from Russia for $7.2 million
- Russian motives:
- Russia had originally exploited the region for its fur trade and never populated it
- by 1850s sea otters were hunted to near extinction
- the Russians understood Alaska would be difficult to defend against US or British attack
- they preferred to sell it to the US as a buffer against the British
- US opponents called it "Seward's Folly" after Secretary of State Seward who negotiated the purchase
- US proponents thought it would help promote trade with Asia
- Alaska's extensive mineral deposits were not yet discovered (starting with Klondike Gold Rush in 1896)
- Alaska became a state in 1948
- 1898 Treaty of Paris
- settled Spanish-American War
- Spain recognized an independent Cuba and ceded Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam to the US
- US compensated Spain for the cessations $20 million
- US set up Cuba as an independent country
- US kept Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam (as part of the Marianas Islands) as territories
- Puerto Ricans were granted US citizenship in 1917
- Philippines:
- Philippine-American War, or "Tagalog Insurgency" ensued from 1986-1902
- Philippine nationalists sought full independence
- pockets of resistance continued until 1913
- Philippines remained an American territory until 1946
- 1898 Annexation of Hawaii
- throughout the 1800s, Americans settled in Hawaii for sugar planting and trade
- the Republic of Hawaii was created by white Americans in 1984 after overthrowing the indigenous Hawaiian Kingdom
- the Newlands Resolution annexed the Republic of Hawaii
- the Territory of Hawaii was established in 1900
- Hawaii became the 50th state in 1959
Acquisition or takeover of Native American lands[edit | edit source]
- Northwestern Territory
- Georgia
- Oklahoma
- Dakotas
Pacific Island and other acquisitions[edit | edit source]
- 1856 Guano Islands Act
- Congress declared that US citizens could take possession of any unclaimed "guano" islands and would receive US government protection
- were islands that held "guano" deposits (used as fertilizer and saltpeter, an ingredient in gunpowder)
- about 100 claims were made in Atlantic, Caribbean and Pacific waters
- 1867 Midway Atoll
- originally claimed under the Guano Islands Act, Midway islands were officially annexed by the US in 1867
- Midway served as important US Naval base
- 1903 Panama Canal Zone
- US seized the "Canal Zone" from Columbia in 1903 by supporting Panamanian independence from Columbia with support of US warships
- the Canal Zone was receded to Panama in 1999
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