World History empires name meanings study guide: Difference between revisions
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* | * '''Caliphate''' from "Caliph" which means successor of Muhammad | ||
** literally translated from Arabic = "Successor of the Messenger of God" | ** literally translated from Arabic = "Successor of the Messenger of God" | ||
** the Caliph was considered ruler of the entire Muslim world (called the "umma" for "follower of Islam") | ** the Caliph was considered ruler of the entire Muslim world (called the "umma" for "follower of Islam") | ||
*** note that "umma" transcends ethnic/ tribal alliances | *** note that "umma" transcends ethnic/ tribal alliances | ||
** Sunni Caliphs were elected or selected by Islamic leaders | ** Sunni Caliphs were elected or selected by Islamic leaders | ||
* | * '''Islam''' means "submit to God" | ||
* | * '''Sharia''' is the Islamic law | ||
** includes civil, political and criminal codes governing crime, family, trade, education, daily life and routines | ** includes civil, political and criminal codes governing crime, family, trade, education, daily life and routines | ||
* | * '''Sunni''' = "community" | ||
** started by Muhammad's father-in-law, Abu Bakr | ** started by Muhammad's father-in-law, Abu Bakr | ||
** Sunnis follow Caliphs | ** Sunnis follow Caliphs | ||
* | ** Sunni religious rule is decentralized and localized | ||
* '''Shi'a''' or '''Shiite''' is from "Shi'aat Ali" for "followers of Ali" | |||
** Ali was Muhammad's son-in-law and the husband of his daughter, Fatima | ** Ali was Muhammad's son-in-law and the husband of his daughter, Fatima | ||
** Shiites did not recognize the first three Caliphates as legiitimate | ** Shiites did not recognize the first three Caliphates as legiitimate | ||
** Shi'a religious and political rule is centralized and extremely antagonistic towards Sunnis | |||
* '''Sayyid''' is a title of descendancy from Muhummad | |||
** Sunni rules for the title require expertise on the Koran | |||
** Shia claims for the title are more political | |||
** "Sharif" comes from "sayyid" | |||
|[[File:Map of expansion of Caliphate.svg|thumb|Map of expansion of Islamic rule: - Expansion under Muhammad, 622-632- Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632-661- Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750|none|250x250px]] | |[[File:Map of expansion of Caliphate.svg|thumb|Map of expansion of Islamic rule: - Expansion under Muhammad, 622-632- Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632-661- Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750|none|250x250px]] | ||
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* did not establish a monarchy, so succession was not hereditary | * did not establish a monarchy, so succession was not hereditary | ||
* all four Rashidun Caliphs were related to Muhammad through marriage | * all four Rashidun Caliphs were related to Muhammad through marriage | ||
[[File:IslamicConquestsIroon.png|thumb|Political alignment at eve of Muslim conquest of Middle East: - Byzantine Empire controlled Asia Minor, Greece, Levant (eastern coast of Mediterranean) and North Africa - Sasanian Empire controlled Peria and Mesopotamia | |||
- Rashidun Caliphate controls Arabia and was highly expansionist|alt=|left|250x250px]] | |||
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* Persian | * Persian | ||
* also called "Safavid Dynasty" | * also called "Safavid Dynasty" | ||
* started by Shah Ismail I | |||
** hated Sunnis and forcibly converted Iran to Shi'a | |||
** he enforced "ritual cursing" of the 1st three Sunni Caliphs | |||
* took title "Shahanshah" for "king of kings" ("Shah" = king) | |||
* Safavid rulers claimed "sayyid" (or "sharif" for descendancy from Muhammad | |||
|1501-1736 | |1501-1736 | ||
|Persia | |Persia, conquered Baghdad in 1508 (in modern day Iraq) | ||
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* made Shi'a Islam official and forcibly converted Sunni Muslims | * made Shi'a Islam official and forcibly converted Sunni Muslims | ||
** the change put the empire at odds w/ the Sunni Ottomans | ** the change put the empire at odds w/ the Sunni Ottomans | ||
* one of the "gunpowder empires" | * one of the "gunpowder empires" | ||
* Safavid empire origins are multicultrual | |||
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Other dynasties, empires or concepts: | |||
=== Gunpower empires === | |||
[[File:Islamic Gunpowder Empires.jpg|thumb|Islamic Gunpowder Empires|alt=Islamic Gunpowder Empires.jpg|none]]--> | |||
[[Category:World History]] | [[Category:World History]] | ||
[[Category:AP World History]] | [[Category:AP World History]] | ||
[[Category:Social Studies skills]] | [[Category:Social Studies skills]] | ||