US History timeline & concept chart: 16th-18th centuries (to 1754) British-American colonies: Difference between revisions

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 ** Third Civil War ends in 1651 when Charles II was exiled
-=== '''The Commonwealth & Charles Cromwell''' ===
+=== The Commonwealth (or Interregnum) & Charles Cromwell ===
-* 1649-1653 Commonwealth
+* 1649-1660 variously the Commonwealth of England, Protectorate and English Republic
-* Charles I refused to cooperate with Parliament and no settlement could be found
+** also known as "the Interregnum" (between the period of kings)
-* his execution
+* in 1649 after execution of Charles I, the Rump Parliament issued "An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth"
-** upon execution of Charles I by order of the Parliament, the "Commonwealth of England" was declared in the form of a republic
+** from 1649-1653 the "Rump Parliament" took on legislative and executive powers
-*** the "Rump Parliament" took on legislative and executive powers
 **** a "Council of State" was set for executive functions
 **** House of Lords was abolished
-* 1649-1653 Oliver Cromwell & the Commonwealth of England (Protestant rule)
+* Oliver Cromwell
-** Cromwell was both a member of Parliament and a leader of the parliamentarian army
+** = member of Parliament and a leader of the parliamentarian army
-*** called the New Model Army, it was the first "professional army" (paid, full-time soldiers) and it wielded political power over Parliament
+*** the "New Model Army," was the first "professional army" (paid, full-time soldiers) and it wielded political power over Parliament
-*
+** Cromwell was a fervent Puritan
-* Cromwell was a fervent Puritan
+*** believed he was acting on God's providence
-** believed he was acting on God's providence
+* 1653-1659 '''the Protectorate''' period
-** believed that
+** Cromwell took over as "Lord Protector" of the Commonwealth
-* religious environment
+** ruled along with the Protectorate Parliament until his death in 1659
-** requirement to attend Anglican mass was ended
+* Interregnum period religious environment:
+** the legal requirement to attend Anglican mass was ended
+** Puritan moral rule imposed with such things as shutting down theatres
+** general tolerance for the Protestant sects ("Non-conformists")
+*** leading to a period of vigorous theological and political debate
 ** Catholics were persecuted, especially in Ireland
-* the Commonwealth was marked by political dissention
+* Interregnum period political environment:
-* only Cromwell held it together, falling apart a year after his death in 1658 and his son's unsuccessful rule
+** more open to political discussion, however,
+*** the Commonwealth was marked by political dissention
-* "Restoration" of Charles II in 1660 after Cromwell died and his son was unable to maintain rule
+** only Cromwell held it together, falling apart a year after his death in 1658 and his son's unsuccessful attempt to take over
+** the execution of Charles I was unpopular and delegitimized the Rump Parliament
+** after death of Cromwell, his son Richard Cromwell unsuccessfully attempted to replace him
+*** 1659 the Rump Parliament was briefly restored leading to the 1660 "Restoration" of Charles II
 === English Reformation ===