US History timeline & concept chart: 10th-16th centuries pre-colonial Native Americans to early North American colonization (Spanish, French, Dutch): Difference between revisions

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== Protestant Reformation & religious conflict ==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
! '''Major Events, Concepts & Themes'''
! cell style="width:60%"|'''Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events'''
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* 1517 Protestant Reformation<br>
* 1527 Henry VIII separates from Catholic Church<br>
* 1642–1651 English Civil War<br>
* 1649-1653 Oliver Cromwell & the Commonwealth of England (Protestant rule)<br>
* 1649 Maryland Toleration Act (religious tolerance)<br>
* 1661 "English Restoration" of Charles II
* 1688-1689: Glorious Revolution (Catholic James II deposed & replaced by Protestant rulers William & Mary)
* 1688-1689 Tolerance Act of 1688 & English Bill of Rights of 1689
||
=== Martin Luther & Protestant Reformation ===
=== Pilgrims, Puritans & Massachusetts colonies ===
=== English Civil War ===
=== Religious conflict & persecution as push factor on migration to colonial America ===
=== Rhode Island & religious freedom ===
=== Quakers & Pennsylvania ===


||
'''BIG IDEAS'''
* Protestant Reformation propels European nationalism
* Henry VIII’s break from Catholic Church ensures English-Spanish competition / wars
* Rhode Island was started by Puritan Roger Williams who was exiled from Massachusetts
** Williams named Rhode Island "Providence Plantation" and established religious tolerance
* English Civil War, 1642–1651 = religious conflict that spills over to colonies
** Charles I executed in 1649
** the war continued until 1651 when Charles II was exiled
** "Royalists" v. "Parliamentarians"
* 1649-1653 Oliver Cromwell & the Commonwealth of England (Protestant rule)
** the Commonwealth marked by political dissention
** only Cromwell held it together, falling apart a year after his death in 1658 and his son's unsuccessful rule
** "Restoration" of Charles II in 1660
* 1688-1689 "Glorious Revolution
** James II (followed Charles II) deposed after imposing authoritarian rule
*** James II was Catholic
** William of Orange invades and takes crown as co-regent with Mary II (daughter of James II; she was an Anglican not a Catholic)
** Tolerance Act of 1688: religious rights to non-conformist protestants
** English Bill of Rights of 1689: clarified royal succession & protected certain rights of citizens
* see also  Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648
* American colonial anti-Catholicism drives colonial identity and serves as catalyst for American Revolution following British take-over of French-Canadian Catholic provinces in Canada
* Protestant objections to centralized Church of England doctrine leads to the splinter religious movement known generally as Puritans and their offshoots, including the Brownists, (from which the Pilgrims arose), Quakers, Levelers, Anabaptists, etc.
* 1636 Rhode Island passed acts to prohibit religious persecution of "non-Trinitarians"
** "Trinitarian" refers to believers of the "Holy Trinity", which is a core Catholic belief
** Rhode Island is considered the first government to separate "Church and State"
* 1649 Maryland passed the Maryland Toleration Act to enforce religious tolerance for Catholics ("Trinitarians")
** the Rhode Island and Maryland laws explicitly protected only Christians
*** after the English Restoration, Rhode Island welcomed Quakers, Jews and others seeking religious liberty
'''DETAILS'''
* during English Civil War American colonialists were divided in loyalties
** Puritan colonies, especially Massachusetts, aligned with the Parliamentarians
*** with the Parliamentarian victory, some Puritan colonialists returned to England
** Virginia (a "crown colony" as of 1634) and Maryland ("proprietary colony" but owned by the Catholic Calver family) were strongly allied with Royalists
*** The "Plundering Time" or "Claiborne and Ingle's Rebellion" = Protestant invasion of Kent Island and St. Mary's City in Maryland, 1644-46
**** two years of raiding and turmoil
**** Maryland governor, Cecilius Calvert (2nd Lord Baltimore), fled to Virginia
*** Lord Baltimore regained power 1646
*** during the Commonwealth, Parliament appointed protestant commissioners who opposed Lord Baltimore
**** the commissioners essentially ran the state from 1654-1658
**** under protestant rule, Maryland repealed the 1649 '''Maryland Toleration Act''' (which had provided for religious tolerance)
*** "Battle of the Severn" in 1655 near Annapolis, MD, called "the last battle of the English Civil War" (see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Severn Battle of the Severn (wikipedia)]
**** a protestant settlement at Horn Point on the Severn River skirmished with Lord Baltimore's forces
*** in 1658 Lord Baltimore regained control and an amnesty was declared
* '''Quakers''' = "Religious Society of Friends"
** = Puritans who were considered extremists for their belief that the "Light of Christ" resided in every person
** in 1681, the Quaker William Penn traded a debt owed to his father by King Charles II for the province of Pennsylvania
*** by 1685, 8,000 Quakers had moved to Pennsylvania
*** Penn encouraged protestant German immigrants, including Lutherans, Mennonites, Amish, and other sects
*** many of these groups settled on farm land, thus "Pennsylvania Dutch country"
* Sources:
** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States History or Religion in the United States (wikipedia)]
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== British North American colonization ==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
! '''Major Events, Concepts & Themes'''
! cell style="width:60%"|'''Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
* 1583: English claim Newfoundland<br><br>
* 1585: first English settlement at Roanoke, VA<br><br>
* 1587: "Lost colony" of Roanoke (abandoned by 1590)<br><br>
* 1603: King James I crowned<br><br>
* 1606 First Charter of Virginia<br><br>
* 1607 Jamestown settlement<br><br>
* 1608 Separatist group moves to Holland<br><br>
* 1618 Great Charter (established VA self-governance)<br><br>
* 1620 Mayflower Company/ Plymouth settled by Pilgrims<br><br>
* 1622 Jamestown Massacre<br><br>
* 1624: Virginia Company abolished; royal Colony<br><br>
* 1639: Fundamental Orders of Connecticut<br><br>
* 1642: House of Burgesses
||
=== Push / Pull factors ===
* conditions that "pushed" British emigration
* conditions that "pulled" colonial immigration
=== Joint Stock Company ===
* shared ownership for commercial venture; used by England for 1st colonies
* Virginia Company: to establish colonies & find gold (didn’t)
=== Headright System ===
* land grant for brining laborers to colonies
=== Indentured servants ===
===  House of Burgesses ===
* legislature, governing body of VA colony
=== Separatists (religious) ===
* wanted autonomous congregations “separate” from Church of England
* Puritans: anti-papal/ anti-Catholic, wanted to “purify” English Churches
* Pilgrims: separatists group sailed to Plymouth from Holland
* Mayflower Compact: Pilgrim contract for self-rule
* William Bradford: became Plymouth Colony governor; wrote book “On “Plymouth Plantation”
=== John Winthrop & "city upon a hill" ===
* Mass Bay Colony leader
* called it “city upon a hill”
* insisted on church rules
* “A Model of Christian Charity”: Winthrop sermon declaring Christian mission of the colony
||
'''BIG IDEAS'''
* Corporate structure & charters of British colonial enterprises
* British settlements & interactions/ conflicts with Native Americans
* Religious movements & motivations
* Concept of self-governance expressed/ experienced:
** House of Burgessses
** John Winthrop
** Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
* Push/Pull factors for British settlement in North America
{| class="wikitable"
| '''Push factors'''
* population growth
* religious persecution
* primogeniture (1st born inherits)
* political advantage
* criminality
|| '''Pull factors'''
* adventurism
* religious freedom
* political opportunity
* economic opportunity
* "new start"
|-
|}
'''DETAILS'''
* '''Joint-stock company'''
** = artificial entity to limit liability and distribute profits/losses across multiple ownership via “stocks” or portions of the enterprise
** originated in order to distribute risk in dangerous/ uncertain ventures such as trans-oceanic trade or colonial enterprise
** generally require legal authorization, esp. from monarchs in early modern Europe
* '''Virginia Company of London''' aka the "London Company" or the "Virginia Company," 1607-1624
** 1624: abolished and Virginia became “crown colony”
** Chartered by James I, actually a series of companies and colonial activities
** goal = establish English settlements on N.A. east cost
*** also = find gold (didn’t), but did learn tobacco from Indians, John Rolfe (married Pocahontas) cultivated new strains for European market
** self-governed enterprise
** = possible source of democratic impulse among colonials
* '''Jamestown''', 1607
** 1st settlements failed, resupplied
** '''Anglo-Powhatan wars'''
** English enmeshed in Indian tribal warfare
** 1610: English attacked tribes, took hostages,
** 1612 tribal leader '''Powhatan''' arranged peace, married daughter to Rolfe
** Powhatan’s successor took anti-English position, led attacks
** '''Jamestown Massacre''', 1622, Indians murdered colonials
** peace agreements by 1627-32, but English expansion westward continued, led to war in 1644, finally Treat of 1646 turned tribes into English subjects, Virginia Colony expansion
* '''Headright System/Headrights'''
** = grant of land to colonial settlers
** first employed w/ VA colony, then Plymouth and others
** the “great charter” 1816 established headright system
** purpose was to populate, invest and procure labor
** land grants up to 1000 acres prior to departure
** in exchange for sending labor, usually indentured servants
* '''Fundamental Orders of Connecticut''', 1639
** Ii 1636, disaffected Massachusetts Puritans settled in Connecticut River valley
** 1638 Roger Ludlow petitioned Governor Winthrop for authority for those settlements to “united ourselves to walk and lie peaceably and lovingly together”
** 1639 Connecticut established as separate colony
** ''Fundamental Orders'' document declared protection of certain rights of individuals, limits on the government and the secret ballot for election of magistrates
** = considered first written constitution in English tradition and important step towards “self-goverance”
** thus the modern “Constitution State” state motto
* '''House of Burgesses''', 1642-1776
** local assembly/ legislature for Virginia colony, bicameral
** replaced the “Council of State” which operated under the Great Charter
** gained power over governors over time, representation expanded w/ colony
** tension w/ British government
* '''Separatists''', 16th-17th centuries
** Protestants who wanted independent churches from Church of England
** initially illegal and persecuted but gained power under Oliver Cromwell, a separatist (1649-1660)
** wanted congregations to be self-determinant (i.e., anti-centralized church, = democratic spirit)
** 1608 separatist group fled to Holland (under James I of England who was persecuting them)
** 1620, off-shoot group, Pilgrims sailed to Plymouth, MA from Holland where they had lived apporx 10 yrs to escape persecution in England; wanted religious freedom but didn’t want to become Dutch
* '''Puritans'''
** wanted to “purify” Church of England from Catholic remnants
** strongly anti-papist (“popery”)
** want total separation from Catholic church
** most stayed with Church of England (see separatists and pilgrims)
** established Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630 w/ Pilgrim separatists
* '''Mayflower Compact'''
** signed on the ship, Nov. 11, 1620 just off Cape Cod
** destination was Virginia Colony, but the ship landed at Cape Cod, and stayed there
** used that as excuse to declare self-governance
** maintained allegiance to England & James I
** text:
<pre>“IN THE NAME OF GOD, AMEN. We… Do by these Presents, solemnly and mutually, in the Presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid: And by Virtue hereof do enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions, and Officers, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general Good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due Submission and Obedience …”</pre>
** = declaration of self-governance/ democracy
* '''William Bradford''', 1590-1657
** of Plymouth Plantation
** Separatist, Pilgrim, 2nd & on/off governor of Plymouth Colony starting 1635
** inherited farm & wealth
** interested in philosophy & religion, was persecuted as separatist
** in 1607 left for Holland to escape, started a business, married into a wealthy English family
** became ill during 1st winter at Plymouth (others died)
** as governor negotiated w/ local Indians (Massasoit of the Pokanokets), created alliance w/ Pokanokets
** wrote “on Plymouth plantation” = important historical record
click EXPAAND for Bradford's account of the cicada outbreak of 1633:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<pre>
"It is to be observed that, the spring before this sickness, there was a numerous company of Flies which were like for bigness unto wasps or Bumble-Bees; they came out of little holes in the ground, and did eat up the green things, and made such a constant yelling noise as made the woods ring of them, and ready to deafen the hearers; they were not any seen or heard by the English in this country before this time; but the Indians told them that sickness would follow, and so it did, very hot, in the months of June, July, and August of that summer."</pre></div>
* '''John Winthrop''', 1587-1649
** Pilgrim, arrived 1630, settled in area of Boston today
** leader of Mass Bay Colony
** encouraged common effort (not relying on servants for labor)
** helped shape legal system, opposed magistrate (officials in the “General Court” which served as the government) powers as arbitrary, called for laws to shape policies
** opposed pure democracy but supported rights of members of community, especially in church / congregation affairs
** did not support offshoot religious views, including Ann Hutchinson and other new arrivals (1630s), who were banished
** “antinomians” argued against following strict religious law and for salvation through grace
** famed for vision of colony as “city upon a hill” , saw the movement as a modern biblical exodus and example for the world “the eyes of all people are upon us”
** "A Model of Christian Charity"
*** started as a diary of voyage to America and life in the colony, important primary source document
** later expanded on his philosophy and religious/ political outlook
** from it, “Model” was a sermon to define Christian community
**  “City upon a Hill” from this speech
*** saw puritan society as a model state
*** saw religious rules as essential, called them “Justice and Mercy” and should apply to all, rich and poor
** historians see “City upon a Hill” as a statement of “American exceptionalism”
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== Slavery origins in Americas ==
== Slavery origins in Americas ==
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