US History timeline & concept chart: 10th-16th centuries pre-colonial Native Americans to early North American colonization (Spanish, French, Dutch): Difference between revisions

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== Post-Columbian indigenous peoples overview ==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
! '''Major Events, Concepts & Themes'''
! cell style="width:60%"|'''Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
* 1492+ Post-Columbian
||
=== linguistic and cultural areas ===
=== tribal alliances ===
=== culture ===
=== architecture ===
* Pueblo adobe houses
* Iroquois "longhouses"
* Mound builders
=== land use ===
* hunting (extensive forests)
* trade (waterways)
* farming (localized)
* communal ownership
||
'''BIG IDEAS'''
* European entry to Americas changed Indian alliances, cultures, economies & populations
'''DETAILS'''
* Native North American linguistic areas
** Northeast
*** Algonquian
*** Iroquoian
** Southeast and Gulf region
*** Southeastern woodlands
** Midwest
*** Plains Linguistic Ara
** Pueblo
** Western
*** Northern California
*** Northwest Coast
*** Pacific Northwest
*** Plateau
* source [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas Linguistic areas of the Americas (wikipedia)]
* Hopewell culture
* Mississippi culture
* '''Reciprocity'''
** Native American concept of sharing of land, resources, and labor
** was part of cultural misunderstanding between European and native populations over land and object ownership
|-
|}


== Post-Columbian Eastern Native American tribes overview ==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
! '''Major Events, Concepts & Themes'''
! cell style="width:60%"|'''Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
* 1450-1660 Iroquois League<br><br>
* 1680s Wabanaki Confederacy
||
=== Iroquois League or Confederacy ===
* preceded European presence in North America
* originally located south of the Great Lakes
* empowered by and expanded via European fur trade and weapons
=== post-Columbian exchange changes ===
* trade, especially fur trade
* technological and economic exchange changed intra-tribal power dynamics, including:
* iron tools and weapons, guns, horses
** colonial and European trade and currencies/ value systems
* tribal leverage of colonial contacts for competition & expansion
||
'''BIG IDEAS'''
[[File:Early Localization Native Americans NY.svg|thumb|Map of the New York tribes before European arrival:  Iroquoian tribes   Algonquian tribes]]
* Northeastern Native American tribal alliances
** '''Iroquois''' tribes
*** located west and south of the St. Lawrence River
*** generally aligned with the British
** '''Algonquin''' tribes
[[File:Algonquian langs.png|thumb|Pre-contact distribution of Algonquian languages]]
*** generally aligned with the French
*** located east and north of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes
'''DETAILS'''
* '''Iroquois League''', established c. 1450 (prior to Columbus), lasted to 1660
** confederacy of Iroquois speaking tribes: Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca
** the most powerful of Indian alliances
** ''Iroquois'' = French name given to the tribes
** to the Iroquois, their name was "Haudenosaunee" for "People of the Longhouse"
** the League was known to the English as '''Five Nations'''
*** later Six Nations after Tuscarora joined in 1722)
** NOTE: “nation” or “clans” = better descriptor than “tribes” but collections of tribes who share certain commonalities, viz location, language, leadership, conquest, adoption
** the League negotiated w/ English, maintained independence
** opposed to the Algonquian, which were aligned w/ French, but some Iroquois settled in French held territory and aligned w/ them
*** was also opposed to the Iroquois-speaking '''Huron''' tribes
** to control the Beaver trade, the Iroquois League sought:
*** to control the St. Lawrence River system & lower Great Lakes
*** to control the Ohio Valley
** Iroquois succeeded in controlling Ohio valley by 1670
*** and pushed other tribes further west, such as the Lakotas and the Shawnee
** Iroquois expansion also included western Maryland and Virginia
* '''Wabanaki Confederacy''', 1680s
** alliance of four main and ten other Algonquian tribes in '''Acadia'''
*** Acadia =New France province in modern Maine
** organized to oppose New England encroachment on lands above settled boundary on the Kennebec River in modern Maine
** '''Wabanaki'' means " "People of the Dawn" or "Easterner"
|-
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== Protestant Reformation & religious conflict ==
=== post-Columbian exchange changes ===
* trade, especially fur trade
* technological and economic exchange changed intra-tribal power dynamics, including:
* iron tools and weapons, guns, horses
** colonial and European trade and currencies/ value systems
* tribal leverage of colonial contacts for competition & expansion
||
'''BIG IDEAS'''
[[File:Early Localization Native Americans NY.svg|thumb|Map of the New York tribes before European arrival:  Iroquoian tribes   Algonquian tribes]]
* Northeastern Native American tribal alliances
** '''Iroquois''' tribes
*** located west and south of the St. Lawrence River
*** generally aligned with the British
** '''Algonquin''' tribes
[[File:Algonquian langs.png|thumb|Pre-contact distribution of Algonquian languages]]
*** generally aligned with the French
*** located east and north of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes
'''DETAILS'''
* '''Iroquois League''', established c. 1450 (prior to Columbus), lasted to 1660
** confederacy of Iroquois speaking tribes: Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca
** the most powerful of Indian alliances
** ''Iroquois'' = French name given to the tribes
** to the Iroquois, their name was "Haudenosaunee" for "People of the Longhouse"
** the League was known to the English as '''Five Nations'''
*** later Six Nations after Tuscarora joined in 1722)
** NOTE: “nation” or “clans” = better descriptor than “tribes” but collections of tribes who share certain commonalities, viz location, language, leadership, conquest, adoption
** the League negotiated w/ English, maintained independence
** opposed to the Algonquian, which were aligned w/ French, but some Iroquois settled in French held territory and aligned w/ them
*** was also opposed to the Iroquois-speaking '''Huron''' tribes
** to control the Beaver trade, the Iroquois League sought:
*** to control the St. Lawrence River system & lower Great Lakes
*** to control the Ohio Valley
** Iroquois succeeded in controlling Ohio valley by 1670
*** and pushed other tribes further west, such as the Lakotas and the Shawnee
** Iroquois expansion also included western Maryland and Virginia
* '''Wabanaki Confederacy''', 1680s
** alliance of four main and ten other Algonquian tribes in '''Acadia'''
*** Acadia =New France province in modern Maine
** organized to oppose New England encroachment on lands above settled boundary on the Kennebec River in modern Maine
** '''Wabanaki'' means " "People of the Dawn" or "Easterner"
|-
|}
 
== Post-Columbian indigenous peoples overview ==
{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
Line 295: Line 234:
! cell style="width:60%"|'''Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events'''
! cell style="width:60%"|'''Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|
| '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
* 1517 Protestant Reformation<br>
* 1492+ Post-Columbian
* 1527 Henry VIII separates from Catholic Church<br>
* 1642–1651 English Civil War<br>
* 1649-1653 Oliver Cromwell & the Commonwealth of England (Protestant rule)<br>
* 1649 Maryland Toleration Act (religious tolerance)<br>
* 1661 "English Restoration" of Charles II
 
* 1688-1689: Glorious Revolution (Catholic James II deposed & replaced by Protestant rulers William & Mary)
 
* 1688-1689 Tolerance Act of 1688 & English Bill of Rights of 1689
||
||
=== Martin Luther & Protestant Reformation ===
=== linguistic and cultural areas ===
 
=== tribal alliances ===
=== Pilgrims, Puritans & Massachusetts colonies ===
=== culture ===
 
=== architecture ===
=== English Civil War ===
* Pueblo adobe houses
 
* Iroquois "longhouses"
=== Religious conflict & persecution as push factor on migration to colonial America ===
* Mound builders
 
=== land use ===
=== Rhode Island & religious freedom ===
* hunting (extensive forests)
 
* trade (waterways)
=== Quakers & Pennsylvania ===
* farming (localized)
 
* communal ownership
 
 
||
||
'''BIG IDEAS'''
'''BIG IDEAS'''
* Protestant Reformation propels European nationalism
* European entry to Americas changed Indian alliances, cultures, economies & populations
* Henry VIII’s break from Catholic Church ensures English-Spanish competition / wars
* Rhode Island was started by Puritan Roger Williams who was exiled from Massachusetts
** Williams named Rhode Island "Providence Plantation" and established religious tolerance
* English Civil War, 1642–1651 = religious conflict that spills over to colonies
** Charles I executed in 1649
** the war continued until 1651 when Charles II was exiled
** "Royalists" v. "Parliamentarians"
* 1649-1653 Oliver Cromwell & the Commonwealth of England (Protestant rule)
** the Commonwealth marked by political dissention
** only Cromwell held it together, falling apart a year after his death in 1658 and his son's unsuccessful rule
** "Restoration" of Charles II in 1660
* 1688-1689 "Glorious Revolution
** James II (followed Charles II) deposed after imposing authoritarian rule
*** James II was Catholic
** William of Orange invades and takes crown as co-regent with Mary II (daughter of James II; she was an Anglican not a Catholic)
** Tolerance Act of 1688: religious rights to non-conformist protestants
** English Bill of Rights of 1689: clarified royal succession & protected certain rights of citizens
* see also  Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648
* American colonial anti-Catholicism drives colonial identity and serves as catalyst for American Revolution following British take-over of French-Canadian Catholic provinces in Canada
* Protestant objections to centralized Church of England doctrine leads to the splinter religious movement known generally as Puritans and their offshoots, including the Brownists, (from which the Pilgrims arose), Quakers, Levelers, Anabaptists, etc.
* 1636 Rhode Island passed acts to prohibit religious persecution of "non-Trinitarians"
** "Trinitarian" refers to believers of the "Holy Trinity", which is a core Catholic belief
** Rhode Island is considered the first government to separate "Church and State"
* 1649 Maryland passed the Maryland Toleration Act to enforce religious tolerance for Catholics ("Trinitarians")
** the Rhode Island and Maryland laws explicitly protected only Christians
*** after the English Restoration, Rhode Island welcomed Quakers, Jews and others seeking religious liberty
'''DETAILS'''
'''DETAILS'''
* during English Civil War American colonialists were divided in loyalties
* Native North American linguistic areas
** Puritan colonies, especially Massachusetts, aligned with the Parliamentarians
** Northeast
*** with the Parliamentarian victory, some Puritan colonialists returned to England
*** Algonquian
** Virginia (a "crown colony" as of 1634) and Maryland ("proprietary colony" but owned by the Catholic Calver family) were strongly allied with Royalists
*** Iroquoian
*** The "Plundering Time" or "Claiborne and Ingle's Rebellion" = Protestant invasion of Kent Island and St. Mary's City in Maryland, 1644-46
** Southeast and Gulf region
**** two years of raiding and turmoil
*** Southeastern woodlands
**** Maryland governor, Cecilius Calvert (2nd Lord Baltimore), fled to Virginia
** Midwest
*** Lord Baltimore regained power 1646
*** Plains Linguistic Ara
*** during the Commonwealth, Parliament appointed protestant commissioners who opposed Lord Baltimore
** Pueblo
**** the commissioners essentially ran the state from 1654-1658
** Western
**** under protestant rule, Maryland repealed the 1649 '''Maryland Toleration Act''' (which had provided for religious tolerance)
*** Northern California
*** "Battle of the Severn" in 1655 near Annapolis, MD, called "the last battle of the English Civil War" (see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Severn Battle of the Severn (wikipedia)]
*** Northwest Coast
**** a protestant settlement at Horn Point on the Severn River skirmished with Lord Baltimore's forces
*** Pacific Northwest
*** in 1658 Lord Baltimore regained control and an amnesty was declared
*** Plateau
* '''Quakers''' = "Religious Society of Friends"
* source [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas Linguistic areas of the Americas (wikipedia)]
** = Puritans who were considered extremists for their belief that the "Light of Christ" resided in every person
* Hopewell culture
** in 1681, the Quaker William Penn traded a debt owed to his father by King Charles II for the province of Pennsylvania
* Mississippi culture
*** by 1685, 8,000 Quakers had moved to Pennsylvania
* '''Reciprocity'''
*** Penn encouraged protestant German immigrants, including Lutherans, Mennonites, Amish, and other sects
** Native American concept of sharing of land, resources, and labor
*** many of these groups settled on farm land, thus "Pennsylvania Dutch country"
** was part of cultural misunderstanding between European and native populations over land and object ownership
* Sources:
|-  
** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States History or Religion in the United States (wikipedia)]
 
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|}
|}


== Post-Columbian Eastern Native American tribes overview ==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
! '''Major Events, Concepts & Themes'''
! cell style="width:60%"|'''Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
* 1450-1660 Iroquois League<br><br>
* 1680s Wabanaki Confederacy
||
=== Iroquois League or Confederacy ===
* preceded European presence in North America
* originally located south of the Great Lakes
* empowered by and expanded via European fur trade and weapons
== Spanish colonization in North America ==
== Spanish colonization in North America ==
{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
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|
|
|}
|}
== Protestant Reformation & religious conflict ==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
! '''Major Events, Concepts & Themes'''
! cell style="width:60%"|'''Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
* 1517 Protestant Reformation<br>
* 1527 Henry VIII separates from Catholic Church<br>
* 1642–1651 English Civil War<br>
* 1649-1653 Oliver Cromwell & the Commonwealth of England (Protestant rule)<br>
* 1649 Maryland Toleration Act (religious tolerance)<br>
* 1661 "English Restoration" of Charles II
* 1688-1689: Glorious Revolution (Catholic James II deposed & replaced by Protestant rulers William & Mary)
* 1688-1689 Tolerance Act of 1688 & English Bill of Rights of 1689
||
=== Martin Luther & Protestant Reformation ===
=== Pilgrims, Puritans & Massachusetts colonies ===
=== English Civil War ===
=== Religious conflict & persecution as push factor on migration to colonial America ===
=== Rhode Island & religious freedom ===
=== Quakers & Pennsylvania ===
||
'''BIG IDEAS'''
* Protestant Reformation propels European nationalism
* Henry VIII’s break from Catholic Church ensures English-Spanish competition / wars
* Rhode Island was started by Puritan Roger Williams who was exiled from Massachusetts
** Williams named Rhode Island "Providence Plantation" and established religious tolerance
* English Civil War, 1642–1651 = religious conflict that spills over to colonies
** Charles I executed in 1649
** the war continued until 1651 when Charles II was exiled
** "Royalists" v. "Parliamentarians"
* 1649-1653 Oliver Cromwell & the Commonwealth of England (Protestant rule)
** the Commonwealth marked by political dissention
** only Cromwell held it together, falling apart a year after his death in 1658 and his son's unsuccessful rule
** "Restoration" of Charles II in 1660
* 1688-1689 "Glorious Revolution
** James II (followed Charles II) deposed after imposing authoritarian rule
*** James II was Catholic
** William of Orange invades and takes crown as co-regent with Mary II (daughter of James II; she was an Anglican not a Catholic)
** Tolerance Act of 1688: religious rights to non-conformist protestants
** English Bill of Rights of 1689: clarified royal succession & protected certain rights of citizens
* see also  Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648
* American colonial anti-Catholicism drives colonial identity and serves as catalyst for American Revolution following British take-over of French-Canadian Catholic provinces in Canada
* Protestant objections to centralized Church of England doctrine leads to the splinter religious movement known generally as Puritans and their offshoots, including the Brownists, (from which the Pilgrims arose), Quakers, Levelers, Anabaptists, etc.
* 1636 Rhode Island passed acts to prohibit religious persecution of "non-Trinitarians"
** "Trinitarian" refers to believers of the "Holy Trinity", which is a core Catholic belief
** Rhode Island is considered the first government to separate "Church and State"
* 1649 Maryland passed the Maryland Toleration Act to enforce religious tolerance for Catholics ("Trinitarians")
** the Rhode Island and Maryland laws explicitly protected only Christians
*** after the English Restoration, Rhode Island welcomed Quakers, Jews and others seeking religious liberty
'''DETAILS'''
* during English Civil War American colonialists were divided in loyalties
** Puritan colonies, especially Massachusetts, aligned with the Parliamentarians
*** with the Parliamentarian victory, some Puritan colonialists returned to England
** Virginia (a "crown colony" as of 1634) and Maryland ("proprietary colony" but owned by the Catholic Calver family) were strongly allied with Royalists
*** The "Plundering Time" or "Claiborne and Ingle's Rebellion" = Protestant invasion of Kent Island and St. Mary's City in Maryland, 1644-46
**** two years of raiding and turmoil
**** Maryland governor, Cecilius Calvert (2nd Lord Baltimore), fled to Virginia
*** Lord Baltimore regained power 1646
*** during the Commonwealth, Parliament appointed protestant commissioners who opposed Lord Baltimore
**** the commissioners essentially ran the state from 1654-1658
**** under protestant rule, Maryland repealed the 1649 '''Maryland Toleration Act''' (which had provided for religious tolerance)
*** "Battle of the Severn" in 1655 near Annapolis, MD, called "the last battle of the English Civil War" (see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Severn Battle of the Severn (wikipedia)]
**** a protestant settlement at Horn Point on the Severn River skirmished with Lord Baltimore's forces
*** in 1658 Lord Baltimore regained control and an amnesty was declared
* '''Quakers''' = "Religious Society of Friends"
** = Puritans who were considered extremists for their belief that the "Light of Christ" resided in every person
** in 1681, the Quaker William Penn traded a debt owed to his father by King Charles II for the province of Pennsylvania
*** by 1685, 8,000 Quakers had moved to Pennsylvania
*** Penn encouraged protestant German immigrants, including Lutherans, Mennonites, Amish, and other sects
*** many of these groups settled on farm land, thus "Pennsylvania Dutch country"
* Sources:
** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States History or Religion in the United States (wikipedia)]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|}


== French North American colonization ==
== French North American colonization ==
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