US History timeline & concept chart: 1900-1940: Difference between revisions

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* timeline here<br><br>
* 1890s-1910s Progressive Era<br>
* 18xx xxxx<br><br>
* 18xx xxxx<br><br>
* >> <br><br>
* >> <br><br>
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'''BIG IDEAS'''
'''BIG IDEAS'''
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
* progressivism = urban, middle & professional class reformers
* >>
* felt that big business and corrupt government had endangered the country
<br><br>
* sought greater government control of the economy
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
<br><big>'''Direct democracy'''</big>
* >>
* "initiative, referendum & recall"
<br><br>
<br><big>'''Economic & labor reform'''</big>
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
* labor laws
* >>
* government control of monopolies
<br><br>
*
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
<br><br><big>'''Muckrakers'''</big>
* >>
* >>


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=== subheading
=== Progressive Era ===
* >>details
 
1890s-1910s Progressive Era
* 1890s-1910s
 
* Middle class & professional class, urban reformers
** as opposed to 1890s Populist movements which were mostly farmers and rura
**
*
 
=== Progressive issues/ agenda: ===
 
* anti-corruption (local, state and national)
* “scientific approach” to public policy
** = public policy should be removed of politics and informed by experts
* electoral reform
** limiting expenditures (known today as "campaign finance reform"
** direct election of Senators
*** the Constitution allowed states to decide how to select US Senators
*** progressives wanted the voters and not the legislatures to decide
*** led to the '''17th Amendment'''
* anti-trust/ anti-monopolies
** especially railroads and banks
* public safety
** clean cities
** municipal ownership of utilities (electricity, sanitation, trolleys, etc.)
** honest policing
** safe housing
* workplace / labor reforms, especially
** ban child labor
** limit work hours
** minimum wages
** retirement pensions
** access to health care
* “direct democracy
** progressives believed that government corruption would be fixed by more “direct” participation of voters in laws and government
** = voters to decide "directly" by-passing legislatures
** = <nowiki>'''</nowiki>initiative, referendum & recall<nowiki>'''</nowiki>
*** initiative = voters can propose laws to be voted on by popular vote (majority vote)
*** referendum = voters can veto or block existing laws by popular vote
*** recall = voters can "recall" or fire elected officials, including governors & judges
* anti-court / anti-judicial review
** progressives believed that the courts had too-strictly interpreted the Constitution and thereby blocked necessary laws
** progressives wanted the popular voter to essentially replace judicial review
 
* other issues:
** forest and park management
** truthful advertising rules
** railroad price regulations for passengers and freight
 
=== Progressive Era personalities ===
 
=== * Robert LaFollette: WI Senator, progressive movement leader ===
 
=== Theodore Roosevelt ===


=== WEB DuBois: founder of the NAACP - ===


Middle Class Reformers
=== Margaret Sanger: womens’ suffrage & rights, promoted contraceptives and abortion 1890s- ===


Anti-Corruption


“Scientific Approach” to public policy”


“Direct Democracy”


* progressivism legacy:
** food safety and child labor laws
** workplace regulations
** regulatory bodies composed of "experts"
** '''17th Amendment direct election of senators'''
** '''primaries''' (electoral)
** '''Federal Reserve Board'''
*** in its ultimate form it was not a central bank
*** a compromise between public and private banking (see below)
*** main job = to regulate the money supply


- Progressives/ Progressive Movement
* Womens’ suffrage
- legacy of movement = more activist government controlling economy via regulations
** was advanced during progressive era, although it was not central to mainstream progressivism
> consisted of northern middle class, educated professionals who looked to fix the problems of the day, which they saw as the result of corruption
** it took WWI for the '''19th Amendment''' to pass to protect the right of women to vote (1920)
> progressivism consisted of various individuals, groups and organizations, especially professional organizations such as the American Bar Association, National Municipal League, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), etc.
- journalists led and fueled progressive causes with investigative stories on corruption, labor, health and workplace conditions (child labor, esp).
> they were known as Muckrakers, meaning “raking muck” (horse dung), i.e. “digging up dirt”
> Muckrakers contributed to growth of magazines and news industry, which rose national awareness of issues
>> which fueled political agitation and demand for government reform
> governments, local, state and national responded with regulations and greater enforcement of laws, especially for food, drugs, workplace conditions
> womens’ suffrage advanced during progressive era, although it took WWI for the constitutional amendment to protect the right of women to vote (19th amendments, 1920
- “Direct democracy” : progressives believed that government corruption would be fixed by more “direct” participation of voters in laws and government. 
> successful in many cities and some states, they promoted:
1. initiative: voters could propose new laws to be voted on by the public
2. referendum: voters could vote on proposals set for popular vote by officials or legislatures
3. recall: voters could vote to remove public officials from office
- Commissions: progressives wanted governments to be “scientific” and not political, so they promoted use of “commissions” as independent governing bodies, especially for regulatory bodies
- economic reforms:
> anti-trust (banning monopolies)
> railroad regulations, especially prices for passengers and freight
> child labor, workplace, maximum work hours, & other workplace rules
> food and drug safety, sanitation, and truthful advertising
- other reforms:
> municipal sanitation
> anti-corruption
> forest and park management
1890s-1910s Progressive Era personalities - Robert LaFollette: WI Senator, progressive movement leader
- President Theodore Roosevelt
- WEB DuBois: founder of the NAACP
- Margaret Sanger: womens’ suffrage & rights, promoted contraceptives and abortion
1890s-1910s Progressive Era Constitutional Amendments


Progressive Era legislation
Progressive Era legislation
- 16th Amendment, 1913: federal income tax
- 16th Amendment, 1913: federal income tax
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* >>details
* >>details
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