US History timeline & concept chart: 10th-16th centuries pre-colonial Native Americans to early North American colonization (Spanish, French, Dutch): Difference between revisions

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== African slavery ==
== Slavery origins in Americas ==
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|+ '''African slavery'''
|+ '''African slavery'''
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| '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
| '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
* 1619: first African slaves brought to British colonies
 
|| '''Major Events, Concepts & Themes'''
|| '''Major Events, Concepts & Themes'''
* Transatlantic Slave Trade
* Transatlantic Slave Trade / Triangular Trade  
* Middle Passage
* Spanish, Dutch, and French slave trade
* Triangular Trade Route
| cell style="width:60%"|'''Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events'''
| cell style="width:60%"|'''Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events'''
'''BIG IDEAS'''
'''BIG IDEAS'''
*
'''DETAILS'''
'''DETAILS'''
* West-African slave trade dates back to the ancient world and up to the Age of Discovery was dominated by Islamic trans-Sahara traders.
* West-African slave trade dates back to the ancient world and up to the Age of Discovery was dominated by Islamic trans-Sahara traders.
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* With their discovery and colonization of Brazil, Portuguese slave trade extended to the Americas in 1526.
* With their discovery and colonization of Brazil, Portuguese slave trade extended to the Americas in 1526.
* With growth of Spanish colonization and development of extraction economies, especially of sugar and its by-products, molasses and rum, Spanish, Dutch, French and English merchants engaged in the transatlantic African slave trade.
* With growth of Spanish colonization and development of extraction economies, especially of sugar and its by-products, molasses and rum, Spanish, Dutch, French and English merchants engaged in the transatlantic African slave trade.
* Spanish enslavement of indigenous Americans were insufficient to provide sufficient labor, due primarily to the diseases introduced by the Spanish that devastated Native American populations, especially in the Caribbean  
* Spanish enslavement of indigenous Americans were insufficient to provide sufficient labor, due primarily to the diseases introduced by the Spanish that devastated Native American populations, especially in the Caribbean  
* Many (and not all) African coastal kingdoms sold slaves to the Europeans, who generally did not venture inland to secure the slaves, which the African coastal powers provided for them.
* Many (and not all) African coastal kingdoms sold slaves to the Europeans, who generally did not venture inland to secure the slaves, which the African coastal powers provided for them.
* Intra-African slave trade was ethnic-based and a higher percentage of slaves died along inland slave routes than on transatlantic shipments (80% mortality rate by some estimates)
* Intra-African slave trade was ethnic-based and a higher percentage of slaves died along inland slave routes than on transatlantic shipments (80% mortality rate by some estimates)
* Middle Passage refers to the transatlantic shipment of slaves
* Middle Passage refers to the transatlantic shipment of slaves
* Middle Passage mortality rate is estimated at 12.5% or 2.2 million people
* Middle Passage mortality rate is estimated at 12.5% or 2.2 million people
* An estimated 15.3 million people were sent to the Americas as slaves
* estimated 15.3 million people were sent to the Americas as slaves
* An estimated 33% of slaves died during the first year at Caribbean destinations, called “seasing camps,” with perhaps 5 million having died there across the slaving period.
* estimated 33% of slaves died during the first year at Caribbean destinations, called “seasoning camps,” with perhaps 5 million having died there across the slaving period.
* estimated 5% of African slaves brought to Americas went to North American colonies
* '''Olaudah Equiano''' wrote a memoir of experiences as slave (published 1789)
click EXPAND for more on Olaudah Equiano and his memoirs:
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** he was from an inland village which was connected to slave trade, both as merchants and victims
** he was kidnapped in West Africa and sold to European slavers, shipped to America
** memoir offers account of his childhood in Africa, the horrors of the '''Middle Passage''', shipment from Barbados to Virginia where he was sold to a British Naval officer in Virginia
** subsequent enslavement was in the Caribbean
** purchased his freedom from his final slave owner, Robert King, a Philadelphia Quaker who conducted trade in the Caribbean
** Equiano conducted business with King who taught him literacy and business and allowed him to buy his freedom
** in 1766, Equiano moved to England as a freedman, since in Georgia he was almost kidnapped on the docks where he was unloading a shipment and sent back to slavery
** became involved in various ventures including an Arctic expedition to find the "Northeast Passage" to India (via Norway and Russia, as opposed to the '''Northwest Passage''' which marked attempts to cross from the Atlantic to the Pacific north of Canada)
* from the introduction of his memoir:
<pre>To the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and
the Commons of the Parliament
of Great Britain.
 
My Lords and Gentlemen,
 
Permit me, with the greatest deference and respect, to lay at your feet the following genuine Narrative; the chief design of which is to excite in your august assemblies a sense of compassion for the miseries which the Slave-Trade has entailed on my unfortunate countrymen. </pre>
 
* for excerpt on the Middle Passage see [https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ushistory1os/chapter/primary-source-olaudah-equiano-describes-the-middle-passage-1789/ Primary Source: Olaudah Equiano Describes the Middle Passage, 1789 (lumenlearning.com)]
* for entire memoir see: [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15399 The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavus Vassa, The African (gutenberg.org)]
</div>
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