AP US History vocabulary list: Difference between revisions
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== Civil War == | |||
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* 1860 Election | * 1860 Election | ||
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* Union | * Union | ||
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=== Impact on Native Americans === | |||
The Civil War led to significant dispossession and forced migration of Indian tribes west of the Mississippi. With the US military focused on the War, settlers formed militia to fight hostile native tribes, which led to abuse and at least one massacre at Sand Creek, Colorado. | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:term| explanation }}</ul></li>Dakota rebellion | following Minnesota statehood in 1858, the new state government reneged on prior agreements with the Dakota tribes to provide money and supplies in exchange for living in a designated region; Dakota appeals for fair treatment were ignored by the state, and in response the Dakota launched a surprise attack in 1862, burning farms and killing settlers, with 400 dead and thousands of whites fleeing; with help of nearby states, the government and US military responded ferociously and captured and sentenced 307 Dakoto warriors to death; Lincoln authorized 38 executions (the largest mass execution in US history); during the trials, Dakota tribes were gathered in an enclosed camp at Pike Island, near St. Paul, where dozens of tribe peoples died of a measles epidemic; the US military had to protect the Dakota from attacks by local Minnesotans}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Fetterman massacre | in response to the Sand Creek Massacre, native tribes attacked white settlers across the middle West, including in Wyoming where in 1866 Sioux warriors killed 80 US soldiers}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text: Indian Wars| series of US Army campaigns against western tribes; after another massacre of Indians in 1870 by US soldiers (killing 173 Blackfeet), President Grant ordered a revision of US government policies towards the Native Americans, including to appoint reform-minded leaders from the abolition movement to guide official policy, leading to such things as tribal land organization, new treaties, and building of schools}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Long Walk | forced migration of Navajo from western to eastern New Mexico by the US military }}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sand Creek Massacre | Cheyenne tribes were instructed by US government agents to move to Sand Creek for protection from hostile settlers who were aggressively attacking tribes following the Dakota rebellion of 1862; before a treaty could be signed, on Nov 29, 1864 a Colorado militia attacked the camp and killed over 100 women and children; native tribes across the west retaliated, leading to further mutual violence}}</ul></li> | |||
<br> | <br> | ||
------------------- | ------------------- | ||
== Latter 19th Century == | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:term|explanation}}</ul></li> | |||
=== Reconstruction === | === Reconstruction === |
Revision as of 15:48, 9 December 2024
US History and AP US History Running Vocabulary List: Terms, Concepts, Names and Events
Additional keywords: AP U.S. History, APUSH, AP us, apush, note: see Talk page for to do list and suggestions
This page may be used as an all-round study guide for the AP US History exam.
Primary goals of this study guide:
- Knowledge of periods
- Knowledge of terms, people and places
- Knowledge of dates
- See here for map review of US History
For Multiple Choice section (MCQ), students are to:
- identify document source, date, historical context
- contextuals document and not confuse it for wrong period or context in wrong possible answer
- idenify other errors in wrong possible answers
For Free Response sections (FRQ, DBQ), students are to:
- demonstrate historical factual knowledge
- provide examples, describe and explain
- write to an uninformed audience
- as in math, "show your work" -- i.e., explain everything
- contextualize through cause and effect
- compare/contrast to other periods, persons, and events
- conceptualize facts into large ideas
US History: BIG IDEAS for American self-conception and historical choices[edit | edit source]
Students may address historican themes, events, and periods using the various notions of self-conception of Americans across history. Note that these concepts change over time. A short list of topics/ core ideas includes:
the American Dream
American exceptionalism
Americanism (and What is it to be an American?)
Civil liberties
Civil Rights
"City on a Hill"
Debate
Dissent
Due process
Duty
E pluribus unam
Equality
Expansionism (including westerd expansion, overseas expansion; also economic)
Foreign non-Intervention / Intervention
Freedom/ Freedoms, esp. movement, protest, religion, speech
Freedom of conscience
Idealism
Intellectual property
Innovation
Issues focus
Justice
Limited government
Patriotism
Personal autonomy
Personal / public safety
Politics
Practicality / Self-interest
Push- / pull- factors (migration)
Regionalism
Self-reliance
Self-rule/ self-governance
Technology
War
Implications of a Democracy[edit | edit source]
In 1835, the French aristocrat, Alexis de Tocqueville published the first of two volumes, "Democracy in America". Tocqueville was intrigued by the social, cultural and political implications of a democratic society -- by which he meant, generally,
- absence of social classes or heirarchies among citizens
- members of that dominant social class consider themselves one another's equal
Tocqueville's analysis yields enormous insight into the American character of the 1830s as well as today:
- notion of equality
- individualism
- emphasis on local governance
- civic activity and associations
- spirit of religion
These characteristics of a democracy can be applied to historical analysis on the AP exam and for understanding US History generally.
American Slogans or Famous Utterances[edit | edit source]
A day that will live in infamy
A republic, if you can keep it!
The American way
Equal justice under law
Getting the government you deserve
Give me liberty or give me death!
Go west, young man!
I am a Berliner / Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!
In God we trust
Life, liberty and the pursuit of happines
Live free or die
Nothing to fear but fear itself
Of the people, by the people, for the people
Outdoing the Joneses
Remember the Alamo!
Taxation without representation
United we stand, divided we fall
We shall overcome
We the people
Historical textual analysis: approaches and strategies[edit | edit source]
When reviewing an historical document, consider:[edit | edit source]
- date / historical context
- author
- publisher
- audience
- author point of view & purpose
Review fine print, sources, in cartoons anything written, and apply your PRIOR KNOWLEDGE[edit | edit source]
- what do you know about the period?
- what came before it?
- what followed?
- what events, periods, persons may be compared or contrasted to it?
Analytical tools[edit | edit source]
HAPPy or HIPP
Historical context | (Intended) Audience | Purpose | Point of View | y |
OPVL
Origin | Perspective | Value | Limitations |
SPRITE
Social | Political | Religious | Intellectual | Technological | Economics |
General terms to know for US History[edit | edit source]
- abolitionism
- aristocratic
- authority
- blue collar v. white collar
- cession
- chain migration
- class warfare
- ''de facto'' v. ''de jure''
- delegate (as noun and verb)
- democracy
- direct tax
- disenfranchised
- dissent
- domestic
- duties
- Electoral College
- emancipation
- embargo
- equity
- excise tax
- federal
- franchise
- hegemony/hegomonic
- imperialism
- indemnity
- infringe / infringement
- intolerance
- laissez-faire
- landmark court case
- legitimacy
- mercantilism
- nativism
- nullify / nullification
- Old World v. New World
- political
- political expediency
- popular sovereignty
- precedent
- power
- prohibition
- republic
- "Republican motherhood"
- republican principles
- state
- states rights
- segregation
- socialism
- sovereignty
- suffrage
- tariff
- temperance movement
- two-party system
- unalienable
- unintended consequence
- United States
- western expansion
Wars timeline[edit | edit source]
- wars are the effect or cause of change
- knowing wars and their dates and geography provides context and points of comparison
Major Wars[edit | edit source]
- French-Indian War, 1754-1763
- American Revolutionary War, 1775-1781
- War of 1812, 1812-1815
- Mexican-American War, 1846-1848
- Civil War, 1861-1865
- Spanish-American War, 1898
- Phillipine Insurgency, 1899-1902
- World War I (U.S.), 1917-1918
- White Russian War, 1917
- World War II (U.S.) 1941-1945
- Korean War, 1950-1953
- Vietnam War, 1959-1975
- Vietnam, U.S. ground war: 1965-1972
- Gulf War, 1990-1991
- War on Terror, 2001-2021
- Afghanistan War, 2001-2021
- Iraq War, 2003-2011
- Iraqi Insurgency, 2003-2006
Colonial Wars[edit | edit source]
- Anglow-Powhatan Wars (1610-1646)
- Beaver Wars, 1609-1701 (French/Dutch)
- Jamestown Massacre, 1622
- Pequot War (1634-1638)
- King Philip's War, 1675-1678 | Metaomb's War
- King William's War, 1689-1897
- Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713
- Yamasee War, 1715-1717
- Chickasaw Wars, 1721-1763
- Dummer's War, 1722-25
- Pontiac's War, 1763-1766
- Lord Dunmore's War, 1774
American settlers or frontier wars[edit | edit source]
- Bacon's Rebellion 1676
- Regulator Insurrection, 1766-1771
- Whiskey Rebellion, 1791-1794
- Fries's Rebellion, 1799-1800
US Indian Wars[edit | edit source]
(see above for colonial-era Indian wars)
- Creek War (Tecumseh)
- Seminole Wars
- Sioux Wars (including Pine Ridge Campaign / Dance movement / Battle of Wounded Knee)
- see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Wars
Slave Revolts[edit | edit source]
- New York Slave Revolt of 1712
- Stono Rebellion, 1739
- Nat Turner's Rebellion, 1826
Minor Wars or US Military actions[edit | edit source]
- Quasi-War, 1798-1800
- First Barbary War, 1801-1805
- Second Barbary War, 1815
- Panama Revolution, 1903
- Russian White Revolution, Vladistok, 1918
- Berlin Airlift, 1946 << date?
- Greece, 1948
- Iran, 1950s
- Grenada, 1980s
- Panama, 1990 < confirm
- Syria, 2010-12
- Libya, 2012
Important non-American Wars[edit | edit source]
- Thirty Years War, 1618-1648
- Anglo-Spanish War, 1625-1630
- English Civil War, 1642-1644
- Anglo-Dutch War, 1652-1654
- Anglo-Spanish Wars, 1654-1660, 1665-1667
- Pueblo Revolt, 1680
- French Revolution, 1789-1795
- Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804
- Napoleonic Wars, 1803-1815
- Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905
- Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920
- Russian Revolution, 1917
- World War I, 1914-1918
- Japanese Invasion of Manchuria, 1931-32:
- World War II, 1939-1945
- Suez Crisis, 1957 <<confirm
See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States
Vocabulary, Terms, and Periods[edit | edit source]
Pre-Columbian[edit | edit source]
The pre-Columbian period is that period during which Prior to the Spanish contact with Caribbean Sea tribes starting in 1492, the Americas were isolated from the rest of the world. While there was contact with Viking explorers along the coast of northeastern North America, there was no continual European or other presence until Columbus.
As a result,
- Algonquian
- Cahokia
- Hopewell tradition
- indigenous
- Iroquois
- Iroquois Confederacy
- Mississippian period/ culture
- Mound Builders
- Navajo
- Pueblo culture
- Plains Indians
- reciprocal relations
- "Three Sisters" crops
- Woodland Period
Pre-Columbian Americas Timeline
Dates | Event | Notes |
---|---|---|
29,000 BC | Evidence of human activity of Yana River area in Siberia (regions not under the ice sheets due to lack of precipitation) | Near Baltic Sea |
26,000-23,000 | Last Glacial Maximum (greatest extent of ice sheets | |
24,000 | Footprints dating | |
13,000-3,000 | Peopling of the Americas | called the "first wave" (of three); most indigenous Americans in South, Central and North America are descended from these groups |
12,000 | Clovis culture introduced in North America | |
6,000 | domestication of maize (corn) in Mesoamerica | |
600-1140 AD | Pueblo culture thrives in American Southwest; moved from cliff dwellings to complex villages, 700-900 AD; | droughts starting 1130 led to decline and abandonment of Chaco Canyon |
1000-1350 | Mississippian culture; decline in urbanization starting 1250, possibly as result of disease, warfare, deforestation, and climate change (Little Ice Age droughts) | |
1325 | Aztec capital established at Tenochtitlán (modern Mexico City) | |
1492 | Columbus's first voyage |
Colonial periods[edit | edit source]
Age of Exploration[edit | edit source]
- caravel
- Henry Hudson
- conquistador</ul
- St. Lawrence River
- asiento
- De Las Casas
- casta (system)
- encomienda
- Florida (or Spanish Florida)
- hacienda
- Mit'a (Inca)
- New Laws of 1542
- Jesuits
- Pueblo Revolt
- repartimiento
- Saint Augustine
- Sepúlveda
- Spanish social hierarchies (terms)
- Treaty of Tordesillas
- Beaver War
- ''couriers de bois''
- fur trade
- New Amsterdam
- New France
- Middle Passage
- Olaudah Equiano
- seasoning camps
- triangle trade
Spanish colonialism[edit | edit source]
Dutch and French colonialism[edit | edit source]
African slave trade[edit | edit source]
Early Colonial period flowcharts[edit | edit source]
English Colonial Migration Push factors[edit | edit source]
English Colonial Migration Pull factors[edit | edit source]
** Note that French push/pull factors were more directly related to trade, economic opportunity and Catholic evangelization
English colonial period[edit | edit source]
Note:
- Britain held colonial possessions in the Caribbean region, as well as the thirteen colonies and portions of Canada
- following smaller wars and the worldwide French-Indian War (Seven Years War), Britain sequentially took France's Canadian possessions as well as its landholdings between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.
- Levels of British control of the colonies rose and fell according to domestic British politics and its international priorities.
- The American Revolution was largely the result of the exercise of direct control of colonial affairs that followed the French-Indian War.
Colonial political, economic and social[edit | edit source]
Types of Colonies[edit | edit source]
- Corporate Charter
- Proprietary Colony
- Royal Colony
Colony Characteristics[edit | edit source]
- Maryland
- Massachusetts Bay Colony
- Pennsylvania
- Virginia
British colonial period terms & events[edit | edit source]
- Appalachian Mountains
- Bacon’s Rebellion
- Deism
- Jonathan Edwards
- the Great Awakening
- headright system
- House of Burgesses
- indentured servitude
- Jamestown
- redemptioner system
- John Rolfe
- John Smith
- Joint Stock Company
- King Philip’s War, 1675-1678
- Lord Baltimore
- "Lost Colony"
- Massachusetts Bay Colony
- migration push/ pull factors
- Native American & English relations
- Navigation Acts, 1663, 1673, 1696
- New England town meetings
- Pequot War, 1636-37
- Puritan/s
- Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713|}}
- salutary neglect
- slave codes
- William Penn
- yeoman
French Indian War (Seven Years War)[edit | edit source]
1754-1763
Origins and indirect causes of the French-Indian War[edit | edit source]
- Long term causes:
- French colonial expansion across the Great Lakes, the Ohio Valley and along the Mississippi River
- English colonial expansion in western New York and Pennsylvania
- Indirect causes:
- English v. French rivalry over easter and central North American lands and trade routes
- Treaty of Utrecht, 1713: France ceded Nova Scotia to the British and abandoned its claims to Newfoundland
- Indian rivalries and warfare, especially between French-aligned Algonquins and British-aligned Iroquois tribes and nations
Direct causes of the French-Indian War =[edit | edit source]
- the immediate cause of the war was the growing presence of English colonials across the Appalachian Mountains and into the Ohio Valley
- the French and their Indian allies opposed these settlements
- 1753-54: Virginia militia expeditions sent to challenge French expansion in the Ohio Valley via building of a series of forts
- May 1754: fighting breaks out at Ft. Duquesne and Ft. Necessity
- a site of considerable contention was Fort Duquesne at present-day Pittsburg, as the location was at the confluence of two major rivers leading into the Ohio River
- sparked by an unsuccessful British and colonial attacks on French forts in Pennsylvania
- in 1753, George Washington 1753 delivered a message to the French at another Fort in Pennsylvania demanding French evacuation from the region
- on July 3, 1754, as a colonel in the Virginia Militia, Washington led an attack upon the French Ford Necessity; he lost and had to surrender
- British regular Army, along with colonial militias (and including Washington), reorganized and attacked another French fort, Fort Duquesne on Sept. 14, 1758, and also lost
- there were 500 French and Indian soldiers
- and 400 British regulars and 350 colonial militia
- the British eventually took Ft. Duquesne in 1758 (renaming it Ft. Pitt), and the focus of the war moved toward Canada and the St. Lawrence River waterways, particularly the French city Quebec.
- the American-sparked war turned global as Britain and France squared off against one another and their allies in Continental Europe, the Caribbean, Africa, India and China
- after going well for France and its allies at first, the British scored significant victories starting 1758 and, especially, in 1759 ("Annus Mirabillus") and 1762.
- depleted financially and in resources, both France and England met at Paris to negotiate an end to the War, resulting in the Treaty of Paris of 1763, which divided up colonial holdings, giving Britain control of North America east of the Mississippi.
- the French-Indian War and the British government response to its aftermath set the conditions for the American Revolution.
French-Indian War terms[edit | edit source]
- Albany Conference, 1754
- Albany Plan
- Algonquian Indians
- Annus Mirabilis of 1759
- Fort Duquesne
- Iroquois Confederacy
- Ohio Company of 1748
- Proclamation of 1763
- Treaty of Paris of 1763
- Paxton Boys
- William Pitt
- Regulators
American Revolution[edit | edit source]
Year | Major Events |
---|---|
Example | Example |
Example | Example |
Example | Example |
Notes on the American Revolution
- the "American Revolution" refers generally to the period between the French-Indian War and, either the breakout (1775/76) or end of the Revolutionary War (1781/83)
- the war itself is called "The Revolutionary War"
- the logic for the terminology is that the pre-War period was "revolutionary" in the sense that the colonists went from identifying as "Englishmen" (subjects of the King of England) to an independent "American" people;
- their choices, rebellions, self-identity, philosophy, etc. went through a "revolutionary" change
- "revolution" is from Latin revolvere for "turn, roll back" and in its political sense means a "great change in affairs" or "overthrow of an established political order"
- students will be expected to evaluate the origins, causes and consequences of the American Revolution
- and, less importantly but expected nonetheless, of the events and outcomes of the Revolutionary War
Influence of Enlightenment thought and thinkers[edit | edit source]
- Enlightnment
- John Locke
- Montesquieu
- natural rights
- Social contract
American Revolution general terms[edit | edit source]
- ABC Boards
- Boston Massacre
- Boston Tea Party
- Circulatory Letter
- committees of correspondence
- Common Law
- Common Sense
- Continental Association
- Continental Congresses
- Continental Association
- Declaration of Independence
- direct representation
- Enlightenment philosophers
- First Continental Congress
- Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
- Dunmore's War
- ''Gaspee'' affair
- Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer
- Lexington/Concord
- Loyalist
- Minutemen
- Navigation Acts
- Nonimportation movement
- Olive Branch Petition
- Patriot
- Popular Sovereignty
- Revolutionary flags
- social contract theory
- Sons of Liberty
- Stamp Act Congress
- Vice admiralty courts
- Vice admiralty court
- virtual representation
- Writs of Assistance
British Laws & Regulations[edit | edit source]
The laws passed by Parliament following the French-Indian War were designed for two primary purposes:
- raise revenue from the colonies in order to defer the costs of the Seven Years War
- exercise greater control over colonial affairs and governance
Notably, new taxes and rules marked a shift away from "mercantilism," which was designed to trade relations between the Britain and the colonies would benefit Britain. Instead, these new taxes were intended to maximize revenue, which meant many of them were actually lower than before (under the theory that lower taxes would result in greater compliance and less smuggling and corruption).
Year | Act |
---|---|
1763 | Sugar Act |
1764 | Currency Act |
1765 | Stamp Act |
1765 | Quartering Act |
1766 | Declaratory Act |
1767 | Townshend Acts |
1767 | Revenue Act |
1773 | Tea Act |
1774 | Quebec Act |
1775 | Coervice Acts
("Intolerable Acts") |
Below are these acts, alphabetically. Students should memorize their dates and chronology (thus the definition list does not immediately show dates) in order to build a strong sense of causality between them and the larger context of the American Revolution as it turned into the Revolutionary War.
- Coercive Acts
- Currency Acts
- Declaratory Act
- Intolerable Acts
- Quartering Act
- Quebec Act
- Stamp Act
- Revenue Act
- Sugar Act
- Tea Act
- Townshend Acts
Revolutionary Era people[edit | edit source]
English[edit | edit source]
Leader | Dates | Policy |
---|---|---|
Pitt the Elder | prosecution of Seven Years War | |
Lord Bute | 1760-1763 | mild reform |
George Grenville | strong reform | strong reform |
Lord Rockingham | 1765-1766 | compromise |
William Pitt (the younger) & Charles Townshend | 1766-1770 | strong reform |
Lord North | 1770-1782 | coercion |
|
English leaders who played important roles in the American Revolution
- George Grenville
- Lord North
- Charles Townshend
American Revolutionary Era leaders[edit | edit source]
- John Adams
- Samuel Adams
- John Dickinson
- Lord Dunmore
- Benjamin Franklin
- Thomas Jefferson
- Thomas Paine
- George Washington
American Revolution flowcharts[edit | edit source]
Origins[edit | edit source]
British & Colonial responses[edit | edit source]
Cycle of Escalation[edit | edit source]
Repeal of Stamp Act to Boston Massacre[edit | edit source]
Repeal Townsend Acts to Boston Tea Party[edit | edit source]
Intolerable Acts to Colonial Organization[edit | edit source]
Revolutionary War battles[edit | edit source]
names are usually preceded with "Battle of..."
- Bunker Hill
- Lexington and Concord
- Long Island
- Saratoga
- Valley Forge
- Yorktown
Revolutionary War flowchart[edit | edit source]
Creation of the United States: Articles of Confederation & U.S. Constitution[edit | edit source]
- "united States" was first used (or prominently used) in the Declaration of Independence
- but the term "united" was a modifier, not proper noun.
- The Second Continental Congress officially adopted the name "united Colonies" (lower case "united") on Sept. 9, 1776,
- as it was also termed in the Declaration of Independence (" The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America").
- the Articles of Confederation, first drafted in June, 1776, then when adopted in 1781, stated, "The stile of this confederacy shall be 'The United States of America'" (capitalized "United", and so now a proper noun).
- on March 4, 1789, when the Constitution was formally adopted , the named the country "United States" and called the Constitution, "this Constitution for the United States of America."
Articles of Confederation Period[edit | edit source]
- Articles of Confederation
- proposed in June, 1776, adopted by the various states starting with Virginia in Dec., 1777, officially adopted with Maryland's ratification on Feb 2, 1781 (Delaware ratified it Feb 1, 1779; all other states ratified it across 1778).
- Shay’s Rebellion
- confederation
- sovereignty
- supermajority
- unicameral
U.S. Constitution[edit | edit source]
- 3/5ths Compromise
- amendment process
- anti-Federalists
- bicameral
- Bill of Rights
- checks and balances
- Connecticut Compromise
- Constitution
- elastic clause
- electoral college
- Federalists
- Federalism
- Federalist no. 10
- Federalist no. 51
- Federalist Papers
- Federalists
- George Washington
- Great Compromise
- impeachment
- James Madison
- New Jersey Plan
- Northwest Ordinance
- preamble
- preamble to the Constitution
- ratification
- separation of powers
- strict vs. loose interpretation
- unwritten Constitution
- Virginia Plan
Early Republic[edit | edit source]
>> this list to be sorted between periods and themes
- Northwest Territory
Early Republic people[edit | edit source]
- George Washington
- Alexander Hamilton
Early Republic and Washington's presidency[edit | edit source]
- American System
- Cabinet
- Citizen Genet affair
- Democratic-Republican Party
- Federalist party
- "foreign entanglements"
- French Revolution
- internal improvements
- Jacobins
- Jay's Treaty
- Jeffersonians/ Jeffersonianism
- National Bank
- Pinckney's Treaty
- political parties
- Proclamation of Neutrality
- Report on the Public Credit
- Report on Manufactures
- Republican motherhood
- republicanism
- Treaty of Greenville
- Whiskey Rebellion
- Washington's Farewell Address
Judiciary/ Judicial terms[edit | edit source]
- 11th Amendment
- 12th Amendment
- Bill of Rights
- judicial review
- Judiciary Act of 1789
Early Republic flow charts[edit | edit source]
Second Continental Congress[edit | edit source]
Articles of Confederation[edit | edit source]
For / Against National Bank[edit | edit source]
Economic Interests v. Policy[edit | edit source]
- Note:
- farmers want low interest rates (bank loans) and "soft money" (paper money = inflationary)
- bankers and manufacturers wand "hard money" (gold/silver & bank instruments based on them = stable and higher return on investment)
Adams presidency[edit | edit source]
While Adams was elected Washington's Vice President for both terms, and Adams was elected President in 17986 by
- Alien & Sedition Acts
- British-French conflict & Napoleonic Wars
- impressment
- Midnight Appointments
- Principles of '98
- Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Jefferson era[edit | edit source]
- Aaron Burr
- Louisiana Purchase
- Revolution of 1800:
Marshall Court[edit | edit source]
- Marbury v. Madison (1804)
- McColloch v. Maryland (1819)
- Dartmouth v New Hampshire
< others
Madison & Monroe[edit | edit source]
War of 1812[edit | edit source]
Following border tensions, frontier disputes over the British arming of native tribes, and outrage at British impressment of American sailors, American militia and naval forces attacked British Canada. The British attached Baltimore and Washington DC, which was burned in retaliation for American burning of the Canadian capital at Ottawa. The war ended a parity with not major advantage to either side. But despite a clear victory, the Americans considered it a great success for having fended off the strongest empire in the world, and the war led to greater American unity and the "Era of Good Feelings."
- Battle of Tippecanoe
- Hartford Convention 1814-15
- impressment
- <il>Treaty of Ghent
- War Hawks
- War of 1812
- Whigs</ul
- Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819
- Compromise of 1820
- Era of Good Feelings
- Missouri Compromise
- Monroe Doctrine
- Panic of 1819|as the nation grew, banks issued more and more "unsecured" loans (i.e. loans that were not directly backed by bank deposits), which went most dominantly towards land acquisition and farming expansion; following the end of the Napoleonic Wars, agricultural prices dropped as production exceeded demand, and farm commodity prices collapsed (especially cotton and wheat); as a result, farmers could not pay back loans and sold land and lower and lower prices to cover their debts}}
Monroe presidency[edit | edit source]
Era of Good Feelings[edit | edit source]
- Alexis de Tocqueville
- Democracy in America
- 50th Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
- LaFayette tour
Economic changes[edit | edit source]
The Appalachian watershed provided almost unlimited opportunity for building of mills and dams to serve them. In Massachusetts,
- commercial versus sustenance farming|into the 1800s, farming became more connected to markets and thus more specialized; rather than farming to meet a family's needs, which would require both crops and animals, farms increasingly specialized in one or the other, and sold their production in exchange for (via currency) other food and goods; canals, dams, mills, rivers and roads provided access for these farmers to markets for their goods
- Commonwealth system|favorable laws, loans and public policy withing states towards transportation, industrial enterprises, etc. under the idea that such preferences were "for the common welfare"
- dams
- eminent domain
- Lancaster Turnpike
- mills|from 1809 to 1817, the number of "spinner mills" (just one type of mill) grew from 8,000 to 330,000; spinner mills created yarn from wool and replaced hand-run spinners
- Mill Dam Act of 1795|Massachusetts law that granted dam owners rights to build dams that flooded farmland, forcing them to accept "fair compensation" for the lost land, without possibility of stopping the dam itself
- turnpikes
Social changes[edit | edit source]
- aristocracy| built on primogeniture, which passes "titles" -- social, economic and political ranks granted by a king -- to the first born son; the end of primogeniture dissolved the ability to pass on large estates to a single child (75% under the English custom) and spread inherited wealth across all male, and, eventually, female, children
- companionate marriage: marriage by choice and not family arrangement; marks dramatic change based upon the "democratic" principle of equality and pursuit of happiness; the idea that marriage is a choice also led to a growing acceptance of divorce within legal and social norms (a long process)
- democratic society| reflects the idea that all men are born equal (originally, white males) and so social choices and reputations are based not upon one's birth but one's personal reputation
- demographic transition| the early Republic experienced dramatic decreases in the overall birthrate due to westward migration by young men, economic and market growth which reduced the need for large families
- sentimentalism| movement of early 1800s that emphasized personal happiness over social obligations and roles
- primogeniture
Antebellum period[edit | edit source]
"Antebellum" means "before war", i.e. period before or leading up to the Civil War
Antebellum people[edit | edit source]
- John Quincy Adams
- John Calhoun
- Henry Clay
- Andrew Jackson
- Martin Van Buren
- Daniel Webster
Jacksonian period[edit | edit source]
- Bank War
- Corrupt Bargain
- Force Bill
- Great Triumvirate
- Jacksonian democracy
- Indian Removal Act
- Nullification Crisis
- Petticoat affair
- Postal Service
- Panic of 1837
- Second Party System
- Tariff of 1833
- Trail of Tears
- Worcester v. Georgia
Jacksonian democracy[edit | edit source]
- party machine
- spoils system
- universal (white) male suffrage
Antebellum Events, people, politics[edit | edit source]
- Gadsden Purchase
- Gold Rush of 1849
- Know Nothings
- manifest destiny
- Mexican American War
- Oregon Trail
- Republic of Texas
- sectionalism
- Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Economics[edit | edit source]
- artisanal republicanism"
- banks
- cotton gin| invented by Eli Whitney, the "gin"
- division of labor
- Erie Canal
- hub city
- journeyman
- labor theory of value
- land speculation
- Francis Cabot Lowell
- machine tools
- market revolution |
- mineral-based economy
- Cyrus McCormick
- middling class
- self-made man
- Samuel Sellars & Sellers family
- Samuel Slater
- stock market
- transportation revolution
- unions
- unskilled worker
- Waltham-Lowell System
- Eli Whitney
Slavery[edit | edit source]
- abolition/ abolitionism/ abolitionist
- American Anti-Slavery Society
- American Colonization Society
- amalgamation
- chattel principle
- Fetterman massacre
- Indian Wars
- Long Walk
- Sand Creek Massacre
Latter 19th Century[edit | edit source]
- term
Reconstruction[edit | edit source]
- 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
- black codes
- "bloody shirt"
- Compromise of 1877
- 40 acres and a mule
- Freedman’s Bureau
- grandfather clause
- homestead
- Jim Crow laws Klu Klux Klan
- land grant
- literacy tests
- Morill Land-Grant Act (1862)
- Plessy v. Ferguson
- poll taxes
- Radical Republicans
- Reconstruction Act of 1867
- Reconstruction programs:
- Lincoln's plan
- Johnson's program
- Congressional program
Post-Reconstruction[edit | edit source]
- Susan B. Anthony
- Battle of Wounded Knee
- Chinese Exclusion Act
- Dawes Act /assimilation
- Gentlemen’s Agreement
- Great Migration
- Homestead Act of 1862
- melting pot
- nativism
- National Suffrage Movement
- Sand Creek Massacre
- Women's Christian Temperance Union
Economic & Political[edit | edit source]
- Andrew Carnegie
- bimetallism
- economies of scale
- Coinage Act of 1873
- "free silver"
- Grange, the
- hard money
- laissez-faire capitalism
- monopoly
- Nelson Rockefeller
- political bosses
- political machine
- Populist Party
- robber barons
- Sherman Anti-trust Act
- silver
- social Darwinism
- soft money
- specie
- Standard Oil
- transcontinental railroad
- U.S. Steel
Imperialism[edit | edit source]
- Battle of Manila
- “Big Stick Policy”
- Cuba
- de Lôme Letter,
- imperialism
- William McKinley
- Open Door Policy
- Panama Canal
- Roosevelt Corollary
- Spanish-American War
- yellow journalism
- USS Maine
First half 20th Century[edit | edit source]
Labor[edit | edit source]
- craft union
- American Federation of Labor (AFL)
- Eugene Debs (155-1926)
- industrial union
- industrial union
- Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
- Samuel Gompers (1850-1924)
- term
Progressive Era[edit | edit source]
- "Square Deal”
- 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th Amendments
- Bull Moose Party
- Elkins Act (1903)
- Eugene V. Debs
- Direct democracy
- Federal Reserve Act (1913)
- Gifford Pinchot
- Hepburn Act
- initiative
- Jacob Riis
- Jane Addams
- Meat Inspection Act
- muckrakers
- New Freedom
- New Nationalism
- Newlands Act of 1902
- Progressive Party
- Progressives / progressivism
- Pure Food and Drug Act
- recall
- referendum
- Rule of Reason
- Settlement houses
- socialism
- Square Deal
- Upton Sinclair
- Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt
- "Three Cs": Conservation, Corporate law, Consumer protections
- William Howard Taft
World War I era[edit | edit source]
WWI[edit | edit source]
Notes:
- Bolsheviks
- Espionage (1917) and Sedition (1918) Acts
- "He kept us out of the war" (1916)
- Jones Act (1916)
- Liberty Loans
- Lusitania sinking (1915)
- Pancho Villa (1914)
- Russian Revolution
- Sussex Pledge (1916)
- U-Boats
- Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 (TWEA)
- War bonds
- War Industries Board
- Zimmerman Note
WWI aftermath[edit | edit source]
- Collective Security
- Depression of 1920-1921
- Fourteen Points
- League of Nations
- Senate Foreign Relations Committee
- Treaty of Versailles
post-WWI & 1920s[edit | edit source]
- "America First"
- Black Tuesday
- Court-packing scheme
- deficit spending
- Dust Bowl
- Harlem Renaissance
- Hoover
- Immigration Act of 1924
- League of Nations
- Lusitania/Zimmerman Note
- National Origins Act
- New Deal
- Palmer Raids
- Proclamation of Neutrality
- prohibition
- pump-priming
- Red Scare
- Return to ‘normalcy’
- Roarding Twenties
- Sacco and Vanzetti
- Scopes Trial
- Teapot Dome Scandal
- Wilsonianism
1920s[edit | edit source]
- automobiles
- consumerism
- credit
- Bathtub gin
- Harlem Renaissance
- Jazz Age
- Klu Klux Klan
- Margin buying
- radio
- refrigerators
- Scopes "Monkey" Trial
Great Depression & FDR[edit | edit source]
Stock Market Crash & Hoover Administration[edit | edit source]
Notes:
- the value of the New York Stock Exchange was measured in value by the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA, also known as "the DOW"; it is still used, but among other measures);
- the market rose from about 150 in January of 1927 to a peak of 381 in August of 1929.
- it started dropping through September into October, before its precipitous drop to 237 on Oct 29
- it stabilizied in early 1930, then in May continued a long drop to its low of 41 on July 8, 1932; the DOW did not reach 381 until 1954
- Black Thursday
- Black Monday
- Black Tuesday
- "buying on margin"
- Hawley-Smoot Tariff
- Hoovervilles
- margin call
-
- speculative bubble
- 100 Days
- 20th Amendment
- 21st Amendment
- bank run
- Brain Trust
- Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO, started 1938)
- fireside chats
- Harry Hopkins
- NRA
- "New Deal"
- Francis Perkins
- Social Security
- Supreme Court
- "We have nothing to fear but fear itself"
- Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933
FDR Administration & Great Depression[edit | edit source]
New Deal legislation & Federal Agencies[edit | edit source]
World War II[edit | edit source]
pre-WWII[edit | edit source]
- A Philip Randolph
- America First Committee
- appeasement
- Battle of Britain
- “cash and carry”
- election of 1940
- isolationism
- Lend-Lease Act
- Lindburgh
- Maginot Line
- Munich Agreement
- "Peace for our time"
- Poland invasion
- Sudetenland
- U.S. Neutrality Acts
- "war footing"
- war preparations
WWII[edit | edit source]
- "arsenal of democracy"
- D-Day
- Eastern Front
- Hiroshima, Nagasaki
- Homefront
- Island Hopping
- Japanese Internment Camps
- Korematsu v. U.S.
- Manhattan Project
- mechanized warfare
- propaganda
- rationing
- recycling
- Rosie the Riviter
- Truman’s decision
- "Victory Gardens"
- war bonds
Post-War plans/ conferences
- Potsdam Conference
- Tehran Conference
- Yalta Conference
End of WWII[edit | edit source]
- 22nd amendment
- Nuremburg Trials
- United Nations
Latter-half 20th Century[edit | edit source]
Notes:
- WWII was the last conflict entered by official Declaration of War by Congress
- all other post-WWII "wars" have been without actual declaration of war
- the U.S. has entered most of these wars through a combination of Executive Action and Congressional approval, either for a military action or funding thereof
- a key component of post-WWII US History for students to grapple with is the dramatic change to worldwide involvement and/or adventurism and the various justifications for them
- students should understand American "hegemony" and reaons for American worlwdide dominance and the extent to which it may be considered economic, political cultural imperialism
Early Cold War Foreign Affairs[edit | edit source]
- Berlin crisis / Berlin airlift
- Bretton Woods Conference
- capitalism
- Chiang Kai-shek
- China, loss of
- communism
- containment policy
- George F. Kennan
- Greek Civil War
- ideology/ ideological
- Iron Curtain / Iron Curtain speech
- Israel/ Palestine
- Long Telegram / Article “X”
- Mao Zedong
- Marshall Plan
- NATO
- NATO/Warsaw Pact
- NSC-68
- proxy war
- SEATO
- sphere/s of influence
- Suez Canal Crisis
- Truman Doctrine
- Turkey
- United Nations
- UK sterling crisis
- Warsaw Pact
Atomic age[edit | edit source]
- atmospheric testing
- atomic testing
- bombers
- A-bomb
- Chinese bomb (Taiwan incident)
- German scientists
- H-bomb
- brinkmanship
- ICBM
- Nike missile system
- MAD/ mutually-assured destruction
- anti-ballistic missile
- nuclear shield
Korean War[edit | edit source]
- Truman v. Gen. MacArthur
- Chinese Revolution
Cold War diplomacy[edit | edit source]
- East, the
- hegemony / hegemonic power
- nation-building
- Palestine partition
- Security Council
- Third World
- unaligned nations
- United Nations
- West, The
Eisenhower period[edit | edit source]
- CIA
- containment
- containment in Asia
- containment in Europe
- containment in Latin America
- containment in the Middle East
- Cuba
- Domino Theory
- Dwight Eisenhower
- Eisenhower Doctrine
- HUAC Committee
- Joseph McCarthy
- Marshall Plan
- McCarthyism
- "military industrial complex" (1958/9?)
- Suez crisis
Domestic US Cold War[edit | edit source]
- Executive Order 9835
- Second Red Scare
- McCarthyism
- HUAC
- Hollywood 10
- McCarren Act
- Rosenbergs
- Alger Hiss
- Space Race
Kennedy[edit | edit source]
- Bay of Pigs Invasion
- Berlin Wall
- CIA activity under Kennedy
- Cuban Missile Crisis
- Domino Theory
- Bay of Pigs
- Hot-Line
- Robert F. Kennedy
- Limited Test Ban Treaty
- quarantine v. blockade
- Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
- Peace Corps
Vietnam War[edit | edit source]
- French involvement, 1954-1955
- US involvement, 1959-1973
Eisenhower period of Vietnam War[edit | edit source]
- Dien Bien Phu
Kennedy period of Vietnam War[edit | edit source]
- JFK
- Robert McNamara
- "Whiz Kids"
- “flexible response”
- advisors
- Camelot
- assassination
Johnson period of Vietnam War[edit | edit source]
- bombing campaigns
- escalation
- Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964)
- Tet Offensive (1968)
- Walter Cronkite
- U.S. public opinion
- Vietnamization
- War Powers Acts
- Gulf of Tonkin
- Attrition
- Hearts and Minds
- Rolling Thunder
- My Lai Massacre
- Escalation
Nixon period of Vietnam War[edit | edit source]
- China
- Operation Linebacker II
- Christmas bombings
- "silent majority”
- Paris Peace Accords
- Bombing of Laos and Cambodia
- Paris Peace Accords
- opening of China
- Kissinger
- Pentagon Papers
- White House protests
Vietnam War protest movements[edit | edit source]
- draft, the
- hippies
- protests
- Kent State
- Jackson State
post-Nixon[edit | edit source]
- Fall of Saigon
- Cambodian genocide
- Pol Pot
post-WWII Domestic U.S[edit | edit source]
1950s culture[edit | edit source]
- baby boom
- "Fair Deal" (1945-49)
- suburbia
- rock'n'roll
- conformity
- Interstate Highway Act
Civil Rights[edit | edit source]
- “Little Rock Nine”
- Brown v. Board of Education
- civil disobedience
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Executive Order 9981
- Jackie Robinson
- Malcolm X
- March on Washington
- Martin Luther King, Jr.
- Montgomery bus boycott
- nonviolence
- Voting Rights Act of 1965
- George Wallace
Other Civil Rights and Political Movements[edit | edit source]
- American Indian Movement (AIM)
- Cesar Chavez
- Chicano Movement
- environmentalism
- Grapes Boycott
- Michael Harrington
- "Incorporation" Cases
- Roe v. Wade
- Silent Spring
- women’s liberation movement (NOW)
- Wounded Knee Incident
Johnson[edit | edit source]
- Great Society
- War on Poverty
1970s: Nixon, Ford & Carter[edit | edit source]
- Watergate
- pardoning of Nixon
- stagflation
- Afghanistan
- Olympic boycott
- Iranian hostage crisis
- OPEC
- oil embargo
- Camp David Accords
Reagan era[edit | edit source]
- Iran-Contra Affair
- John Stockton
- Reykjavík Summit
- Berlin speech
- Landslide
- Star Wars
- "Reagan Revolution”
- Reaganomics
- Supply-side economics
End of the Cold War[edit | edit source]
- George HW Bush
- Military spending cuts
- Gulf War
- Bill Clinton
- Peace Dividend
- NAFTA
- "end of history"
- service sector economy
- New Immigration
- Haiti
- Yugoslavia and Bosnia
- Rwanda
21st Century[edit | edit source]
War on Terror[edit | edit source]
- September 11th
- Al Queda
- Afghanistan War
- Iraq
- Patriot Act
Obama Administration[edit | edit source]
- Great Recession
- ISIS
- Affordable Care Act
- Obama Care
- DREAM Act
Third Party movements[edit | edit source]
- notes
- third parties represent political movements that the major parties do not accommodate
- or a split within them
- elections through to the 1830s had multiple candidates from the same party, so were not technically "third parties)
- or they were divided geographically and/or over a particular issue or political position
- third parties represent political movements that the major parties do not accommodate
Party | Election | % of Popular Vote | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Anti-Masonic Party | 1832 | 7.8% |
|
Liberty Party | 1844 | 2.3% |
|
Free Soil | 1848 | 10.1% |
|
1852 | 4.9% | ||
Know Nothing (American Party) | 1856 | 21.6% |
|
Four-way split | 1860 |
| |
Liberal Republican | 1872 | 43.8% |
|
Greenback Party | 1876 | 0.99% |
|
1880 | 3.35% | ||
Prohibition Party | 1884 | 1.5% |
|
1888 | 2.2% | ||
1896 | .094% | ||
1900 | 1.51% | ||
1904 | 1.92% | ||
1912 | 1.38% | ||
1916 | 1.19% | ||
Populist Party | 1892 | 8.5% |
|
Socialist Party | 1904 | 2.98% |
|
1908 | 2.83% | ||
1912 | 6% | ||
1916 | 3.19% | ||
1920 | 3.41% | ||
1932 | 2.23% | ||
Progressive Party | 1912 | 27% |
|
Progressive | 1924 | 16.6% |
|
Dixiecrat
Progressive |
1948 | 2.4%
2.4% |
|
American Independent | 1968 | 13.5% |
|
John Anderson (Independent candidate) | 1980 | 6.6% |
|
Ross Pero (Independent candidate/ Reform Party) | 1992 | 18.9% |
|
1996 | 8.4% | ||
Green Party | 2000 | 2.74% |
|
Libertarian | 2016 | 3.28% |
|
Robert F. Kennedy (independent candidate) | 2024 | ? |
|
Economic crises[edit | edit source]
Mississippi Company | 1720 | French company had Royal grant for trading rights to French colonies in Americas
|
|
Panic of 1792 | 1792 | Short-lived panic caused by sudden credit expansion following the formation of the Bank of the United States, which led to land speculation
|
|
Land bubble 1796 | 1996 | Land speculation bubble that collapsed following specie payments suspension by the Bank of England, caused by a rush of bank withdrawals in England out of fear of a war with France
|
|
Panic of 1819 | 1819-1821 | Financial crisis sparked by land speculation bubble, excess paper money, and issuance of bank notes unbacked by gold by the Second Bank of the United States
|
|
Panic of 1837 | 1837-1843 | Major depression in which prices, profits, wages, and financial activity was severely curtailed
|
|
Panic of 1857 | 1857-1859 | National financial crisis sparked by British change in requirements for gold and silver reserves for paper money
|
|
Crédit Mobilier scandal | 1864-1867 | A railoard company created by the Union Pacific Railroad to build the eastern portion of the transcontinental railroad inflated its costs by $44 million dollars and paid bribes to politicians for laws and regulatory ruilings in its favor
|
|
Panic of 1873 | 1873-1877 |
|
|
Panic of 1893 | 1893-1897 | Econoic depression that was sparked by the failure of an Argentine bank, Baring Brothers, which collapsed over crops price collapse,
|
Resources[edit | edit source]
Suffrage, voting, democracy[edit | edit source]
- American Democracy | National Museum of American History (si.edu)
- Winning the Vote: A History of Voting Rights | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History