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Grammar for high school admissions tests: Difference between revisions

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Grammar for high school admissions tests (view source)

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(Created page with "== HSPT Usage section rules == === Comma === does 6 things: 1. combine ICs (w/ cc) 2. combine phrases or DC w/ IC 3. create lists 4. set up quotation (first word of the equation is capitalized) 5. set aside parenthetical information (appositives, relative clauses, etc.) ex. "Steve, my neighbor, is not very nice."   "Steve, who is my neibhbro, is not very nice" 6. separate dates and place names === apostrophe === does 3 things: 1. create possessives Owen's...")
 
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== HSPT Usage section rules ==
== Sentence  construction ==


=== Comma ===
=== sentence ===
does 6 things:
 
* = a grammatically complete thought
** contains a finite verb
** makes a complete thought
*** ''I am happy.''
* note: commands or "imperative" verbs are finite verbs, even if the subject is unstated (it is assumed)
** ex.:
*** Go home!
*** = [you] Go home!
* this concept will note be on a high school admissions test, but it may be on a college admissions test
 
=== finite verb ===
 
* verb that has a subject
* finite verbs form the predicate
** '''predicate''' = the verb and its direct modifiers and objects
 
=== non-finite verb ===
 
* verb that does not have a subject
* non-finite verbs include
** present participle adjective: ''That '''boring''' class is tedious''
** gerund (present participle as a noun): ''Cooking is a good skill to have''
** past participle adjective: ''The comedian left the audience''
**
 
* non-finite verbs act as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns
** they DO NOT directly indicate an action by someone or something
** however, they <u>indicate</u> a sense of an action
*
 
=== clause ===
 
=== phrase ===
 
== sentence parts ==
 
=== predicate ===
 
* the verb and its direct modifiers, objects and complements
* finite verbs form the basis of a predicate
 
=== subject ===
 
* the actor or doer of a sentence
* a subject ALWAYS has a finite verb that matches to it
** ''The kid wins''  v. ''The kids won''
*** kid = singular; "wins" = singular verb conjugation
*** kids = plural; "win" = plural verb conjugation
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Singular
!
!
!Plural
!
|-
|First person
|''I''
|''win''
|
|''We''
|''win''
|-
|Second person
|''You''
|''win''
|
|''You (pural)''
|''win''
|-
|Third person
|''He/She/It''
|''wins''
|
|''They''
|''win''
|}
 
=== complement ===
 
* adds additional information to a subject, verb, or object
* complements can be adjectives, adverbs or nouns, as well as phrases
* ex:
**
* "complement" means to "go along with," "coordinate with"
 
=== object ===
 
* the recipient of an action
** ''She hit the '''ball'''''
* note that complements are similar, but add information and are not the result of the verb's action
 
==== direct object ====
 
* the direct recipient of the action
* a verb
 
==== indirect object ====
 
* a noun that is the indirect recipient of an action
** ''ex. I gave the '''dog''' a bone''
*** the bone is what "I gave" (result of the action, thus direct object)
*** the dog is the secondary effect or recipient of the verb (indirect object)
 
* to test:
** if the object can be restated with "to" or "for" after the direct object, it is an indirect object:
*** ''The teacher taught the class grammar''
*** ''= The teacher taught grammar to the class''
 
==== note on objects of non-finite verbs ====
 
* non-finite verbs do not have subjects, but they can have objects
* high school placement tests will not student comprehension of this concept
* ex:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+''School provides students an education''
!subject
!verb
!direct object
!indirect object
|-
|school
|provides
|education
|[for] students
|}
ex:
{| class="wikitable"
|+''Attending school provides students an education''
!subject
!object of gerund
!verb
!direct object
!indirect object
|-
|Attending
|school
|provides
|education
|[for] students
|-
| colspan="5" |note: "attending" may also be seen as a present participle adjective modifier of the subject "school"
|}
 
=== Complement ===
 
=== Complement ===
 
== Verbs ==


1. combine ICs (w/ cc)


2. combine phrases or DC w/ IC
=== Subject-verb matching ===


3. create lists
==== conjugation ====


4. set up quotation
* finite verbs match the subject case


(first word of the equation is capitalized)
==== tense ====


5. set aside parenthetical information (appositives, relative clauses, etc.)
* finite verbs match the subject case


ex. "Steve, my neighbor, is not very nice."
=== Parallel verb tense ===


  "Steve, who is my neibhbro, is not very nice"
* if a sentence contains two tenses, it is likely incorrect
** ex.  HSPT test 1 no.


6. separate dates and place names
== Punctuation ==


=== apostrophe ===
=== apostrophe ===
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3. (less commonly) indicate plurality > ex. "1960's"
3. (less commonly) indicate plurality > ex. "1960's"
=== Comma ===
does 6 things:
1. combine independent clauses (IC) with coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)
* rule
2. combine phrases or DC w/ IC
3. create lists
4. set up quotation
(first word of the equation is capitalized)
5. set aside parenthetical information (appositives, relative clauses, etc.)
ex. "Steve, my neighbor, is not very nice."
  "Steve, who is my neibhbro, is not very nice"
6. separate dates and place names


=== proper noun capitalization ===
=== proper noun capitalization ===
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