Landmark Supreme Court cases

** page under construction **

Short list of Landmark Supreme Court cases

• cases as generally recommended for core study for the AP Gov exam
• review of additional cases will yield greater student comprehension and analysis

Case	Date	Court	Big Ideas/ Court Doctrine	Constitutional Issues	Issues / Background / Description / Opinion / Dissent	Related Cases
Baker v. Carr	1961	Warren	- "One person one vote" standard - Political Question doctrine	Equal protection Judicial review	ruled that the state of Tennessee had ignored a 1901 state law that required redistricting to be adjusted according to census results the state had not drawn new districts since 1901, resulting in overrepresentation of rural over urban citizens held that challenges to state districting (gerrymandering) issues were not merely "political questions" and thus subject to Court review the Court was split on the case and the case had to be re-argued dissents: Justice Brennan argued that redistricting is a political question and should be left up to the states Justice Frankfurter held that the decision was "judicial overreach"	Reynolds v. Sims (1964) Shaw v. Reno , 1993)
Marbury v. Madison	1803	Marshall	Judicial supremacy	Judicial review Original jurisdiction (Article III, Section 2) "legal remedy" concept	unanimous decision that settled a dispute between outgoing Adams and incoming Jefferson administrations over Adams' "midnight appointments", including one to Marbury ruled that Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1793 was illegal under the Constitution, thus establishing "judicial review" created the power of the Courts to invalidate statutory laws based upon their "constitutionality" - Marbury lost his case, as the Court ruled that any legal remedy due to him was from an invalid law Marshall quoted Federalist No. 78 by Hamilton, "... that an act of the legislature, repugnant to the constitution, is void."	Hylton v. United States (1796)
McColluch v. Maryland	1819	Marshall	implied powers	Supremacy clause (Article VI) Necessary and proper clause	Maryland tried to stop the Baltimore branch of the Second National Bank by taxing it the Court ruled that the National Bank was legitimate and superseded (was over) state law, thus Maryland could not tax it the Court ruled that if the National Bank was legal (constitutional) measures to implement it were also Constitutional via the "necessary and proper clause" additionally, if a federal law was legal it is also "supreme" (Article VI) over state law Marshall's ruling denied 10th amendment reservations of unexpressed powers
Brown v. Board of Education	1954	Warren	equal protection	Equal protection	unanimous ruling held that segregated schools were "inherently unequal" and thus violated the 14th amendment's equal protection clause regarding public school segregation the ruling did not completely overturn Plessy, as Brown applied only to public education, but it became the primary precedent for further challenges to de jure (in law) segregation subsequent cases also addressed de facto (in fact or practice) segregation	Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971: busing to promote racial integration in schools) Milliken v. Bradley (1974: "busing"; distinguished between de jure and de facto segregation)