US History timeline & concept chart: 10th-16th centuries pre-colonial Native Americans to early North American colonization (Spanish, French, Dutch): Difference between revisions
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* trade, religion, political competition | * trade, religion, political competition | ||
* primary motive = direct access to South and East Asian markets | * primary motive = direct access to South and East Asian markets | ||
* Evangelism (spread Christianity) | |||
=== British John Cabot expedition 1497 === | === British John Cabot expedition 1497 === | ||
* several explorations starting 1497, abandoned due to domestic British situations | * several explorations starting 1497, abandoned due to domestic British situations | ||
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* Spanish extraction & agriculture: need for labor | * Spanish extraction & agriculture: need for labor | ||
* Spanish goal to convert natives to Christianity | * Spanish goal to convert natives to Christianity | ||
* Spanish "casta" system of ethnic and racial social/ political heirarchies | |||
* Spanish abuses & reforms after native revolts & priestly criticism | * Spanish abuses & reforms after native revolts & priestly criticism | ||
* Development of slave trade | * Development of slave trade | ||
'''DETAILS''' | '''DETAILS''' | ||
* Casta system (caste) | |||
** ''Peninsulares ='' Spanish born in Spain (highest status) | |||
** ''Criolles'' = Spanish born in colonies (high status) | |||
** ''Mestizos'' = mixed Spanish/Native American (moderate status) | |||
** ''Indios'' Native American birth (low status but with certain legal protections) | |||
** ''Mulatos'' = mixed Spanish and African ancestry; (low status) | |||
** ''Zambos'' = mixed African and indigenous ancestry (low status) | |||
* '''Encomienda''', 1490s-1542 | * '''Encomienda''', 1490s-1542 | ||
** from Spanish ''encomendar'' “to entrust” | ** from Spanish ''encomendar'' “to entrust” | ||
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** Designed to convert natives | ** Designed to convert natives | ||
** Abolished 1542, ended slave labor but made natives Spanish subjects | ** Abolished 1542, ended slave labor but made natives Spanish subjects | ||
** Replaced by “'''repartimiento'''” system (“reparto” for “distribution” of workers) which regulated forced labor, technically no longer slavery, had some pay but not always, still forced, required native communities to contribute workers as a form of as tribute to Spanish king | ** Replaced by “'''repartimiento'''” system (“reparto” for “distribution” of workers) which regulated forced labor, technically no longer slavery, had some pay but not always, still forced, required native communities to contribute workers as a form of as tribute to Spanish king | ||
* '''Bartolomé de las Casas''' | * '''Bartolomé de las Casas''' | ||
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** had strong relationships Native American allies and developed effective military techniques with them | ** had strong relationships Native American allies and developed effective military techniques with them | ||
* for French exploration of the Great Lakes region, see [https://project.geo.msu.edu/geogmich/french_explorers.html The French explorers (msu.edu)] and [https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/explorers/intro10.htm National Park Service - Explorers and Settlers (Historical Background) (nps.gov)] (includes exploration down the Mississippi River) | * for French exploration of the Great Lakes region, see [https://project.geo.msu.edu/geogmich/french_explorers.html The French explorers (msu.edu)] and [https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/explorers/intro10.htm National Park Service - Explorers and Settlers (Historical Background) (nps.gov)] (includes exploration down the Mississippi River) | ||
* '''Jesuit presence''' | |||
** as in South America, the Jesuit (Catholic order, "Society of Jesus") presence was largely for evangelization of native peoples; | |||
** however, while seeking their conversion, the Jesuits did not seek to Europeanize the Native Americans; | |||
** instead they sought to integrate Christianity within indigenous culture and traditions; this also led the Jesuits to act on genuine concern for the welfare of the people they were trying to convert | |||
** their approach is called the "middle ground" between colonial attempts to conquer and seek labor and land; | |||
** they did not always have good relations with the tribes they met, but in modern Canada, there is a legacy of Catholic Native Americans that still exists. | |||
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