US History timeline & concept chart: 16th-18th centuries (to 1754) British-American colonies: Difference between revisions
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**** Elizabeth subsequently cracked down on pro-Catholic agitators and sympathizers | **** Elizabeth subsequently cracked down on pro-Catholic agitators and sympathizers | ||
=== Thirty Years War, 1618-1648 === | === Thirty Years War, 1618-1648 === | ||
* background: | |||
** in 1500s, Protestant movements, mostly Lutheran, had spread across central and northern Europe | |||
** as local Lutheran rulers separated from the Catholic Church, they seized Church properties | |||
** the 1555 "'''Peace of Augsburg'''" settled many of these disputes, affirming | |||
*** " ''Cuius regio, eius religio'' ("whose realm, his religion") = local rulers could declare an official religion within their domain | |||
**** residents who did not wish to live under that religion would be free to leave without harassment | |||
*** these realms (principalities) would remain under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire | |||
*** the agreement did not protect Calvinists, which was spreading across northern Europe but was opposed by Lutherans | |||
** the Holy Roman Empire was | |||
* European war between Catholic and protestant nations & regions, mostly in central Europe | * European war between Catholic and protestant nations & regions, mostly in central Europe | ||
** tremendous negative impact on European populations & economies | ** tremendous negative impact on European populations & economies | ||
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** 1648 Peace of Westphalia | ** 1648 Peace of Westphalia | ||
*** terms of settlement indirectly established principles of "national sovereignty" and "non-interference" | *** terms of settlement indirectly established principles of "national sovereignty" and "non-interference" | ||
**** see [ | **** see [[wikipedia:Westphalian_sovereignty|Westphalian sovereignty (wikipedia)]] | ||
*** created independent Dutch state (freed from control by Spain) | *** created independent Dutch state (freed from control by Spain) | ||
*** France, which joined the war late, was empowered | *** France, which joined the war late, was empowered | ||
*** weakening of Spain | *** weakening of Spain | ||
*** England largely free of involvement or impact of 30 Years War | *** England largely free of involvement or impact of 30 Years War | ||
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*** shift in European balance of power from Spain & Portugal to England, France & Netherlands | *** shift in European balance of power from Spain & Portugal to England, France & Netherlands | ||
**** competition for American colonial possessions increased | **** competition for American colonial possessions increased | ||
*** increase in slave trade to include Dutch, French and English | *** increase in slave trade to include Dutch, French and English | ||
=== English Civil War, 1642–1651=== | === English Civil War, 1642–1651=== | ||
* extremely violent, disruptive period across the British Isles, hundreds of thousands of deaths from combat | * extremely violent, disruptive period across the British Isles, hundreds of thousands of deaths from combat | ||