US History timeline & concept chart: 10th-16th centuries pre-colonial Native Americans to early North American colonization (Spanish, French, Dutch): Difference between revisions

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** the League negotiated w/ English, maintained independence
** the League negotiated w/ English, maintained independence
** opposed to the Algonquian, which were aligned w/ French, but some Iroquois settled in French held territory and aligned w/ them
** opposed to the Algonquian, which were aligned w/ French, but some Iroquois settled in French held territory and aligned w/ them
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== African slavery ==
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|+ '''African slavery'''
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| '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
* 1619: first African slaves brought to British colonies
|| '''Major Events, Concepts & Themes'''
* Transatlantic Slave Trade
* Middle Passage
* Triangular Trade Route
| cell style="width:60%"|'''Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events'''
'''BIG IDEAS'''
*
'''DETAILS'''
* West-African slave trade dates back to the ancient world and up to the Age of Discovery was dominated by Islamic trans-Sahara traders.
* North and West-African slavery existed in the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal) since the Roman period
* Portuguese traders established the first slave trade to the Atlantic Islands, especially to the Canary Islands (Atlantic) and Cape Verde (Africa) and upon which they created the most profitable sugar production in the world for a time
* With their discovery and colonization of Brazil, Portuguese slave trade extended to the Americas in 1526.
* With growth of Spanish colonization and development of extraction economies, especially of sugar and its by-products, molasses and rum, Spanish, Dutch, French and English merchants engaged in the transatlantic African slave trade.
* Spanish enslavement of indigenous Americans were insufficient to provide  sufficient labor, due primarily to the diseases introduced by the Spanish that devastated Native American populations, especially in the Caribbean
* Many (and not all) African coastal kingdoms sold slaves to the Europeans, who generally did not venture inland to secure the slaves, which the African coastal powers provided for them.
* Intra-African slave trade was ethnic-based and a higher percentage of slaves died along inland slave routes than on transatlantic shipments (80% mortality rate by some estimates)
* Middle Passage refers to the transatlantic shipment of slaves
* Middle Passage mortality rate is estimated at 12.5% or 2.2 million people
* An estimated 15.3 million people were sent to the Americas as slaves
* An estimated 33% of slaves died during the first year at Caribbean destinations, called “seasing camps,” with perhaps 5 million having died there across the slaving period.
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