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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:First Barbary War, 1801-1805|In response to attacks and hostage-taking of American and other ships since the 1780s by North African "Barbary Pirates", raiders sponsored by by local Ottoman rules, the Jefferson administration sent warships to end the harrassment and cease the practice of paying "tribute" for release of vessels and sailors}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:First Barbary War, 1801-1805|In response to attacks and hostage-taking of American and other ships since the 1780s by North African "Barbary Pirates", raiders sponsored by by local Ottoman rules, the Jefferson administration sent warships to end the harrassment and cease the practice of paying "tribute" for release of vessels and sailors}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Second Barbary War, 1815|after ongoing harrassment of US ships by North African raiders, US Navy defeated the Algerian fleet and ended the long-standing problem with the 'Barbery Pirates"}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Second Barbary War, 1815|after ongoing harrassment of US ships by North African raiders, US Navy defeated the Algerian fleet and ended the long-standing problem with the 'Barbery Pirates"}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Panama Revolution, 1903|Teddy Roosevelt Administration sent US warships to Panama in support of revolutionaries who were seeking independence from Columbia; Roosevelt did so becuase a prior agreement with Columbia to give the U.S. rights to build a canal across Panama (the "Panama Isthmums") had fallen apart, and by supporting the revolutionaries, Roosevelt secured access to the lands for the canal}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Panama Revolution, 1903|Teddy Roosevelt Administration sent US warships to Panama in support of revolutionaries who were seeking independence from Columbia; Roosevelt did so because a prior agreement with Columbia to give the U.S. rights to build a canal across Panama (the "Panama Isthmums") had fallen apart, and by supporting the revolutionaries, Roosevelt secured access to the lands for the canal}}</ul>
* Russian White Revolution, Vladistok, 1918
* Russian White Revolution, Vladistok, 1918
* Berlin Airlift, 1946 << date?
* Berlin Airlift, 1946 << date?
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== Pre-Columbian ==
== Pre-Columbian ==
The pre-Columbian period is that period during which
The pre-Columbian period is that period prior to the Spanish contact with the Americas starting in 1492. Having been peopled by hunter-gatherers during the late states of the last Ice Age, the Americas were subsequently isolated from the rest of the world (there was some continued migration back and forth between modern Alaska and Siberia). While there was contact with Viking explorers along the coast of northeastern North America, there was no continual European or other presence until Columbus.
Prior to the Spanish contact with Caribbean Sea tribes starting in 1492, the Americas were isolated from the rest of the world. While there was contact with Viking explorers along the coast of northeastern North America, there was no continual European or other presence until Columbus.
As a result,
As a result, the societies of the Americas evolved independently of the rest of the world. That is, they started with the same beliefs and technologies of hunter-gatherers, but developed from there entirely on their own, developing agriculture and complex governance in certain areas, principally Mesoamerica and Peru. When Columbus arrived, the Americas had not yet developed metallurgy, and because the original inhabitants had hunted them to extinction rather than domesticating them, as happened in Eurasia c. 3000 BC, they had no horses.
The "Columbian Exchange" was an uniquely accelerated moment of cultural, political, economic, technological, and biological exchange that was devastating to and/or massively transforming of the people of the Americas, who had never encountered many of the Afro-Eurasian diseases, technologies and political forms.
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== Colonial periods ==
== Colonial periods ==
[[File:BRI Columbian Exchange.jpg|thumb|The Columbian exchange of crop plants, livestock, and diseases in both directions between the Old World and the New World]]
=== Age of Exploration ===
=== Age of Exploration ===
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! Year!! Major Events
! Year!! Major Events
|-
|-
| Example || Example
| 1754-1763|| French-Indian War acrtiv
|-
|-
| Example || Example
| 1763 || Royal Proclamation of 1763
|-
| 1764|| Stamp Act
|-
| >>chart to complete
|-
|-
| Example || Example
|}
|}
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Locke|Scottish Englightenment thinker (1632-1704) whose ideas deeply influenced the American Revolution; Locke held that people held "natural rights" and it was the role of government to protect them, and, in exchange for that protection, the role of the people to obey the government; he called this arrangement "the social contract"}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Locke|Scottish Englightenment thinker (1632-1704) whose ideas deeply influenced the American Revolution; Locke held that people held "natural rights" and it was the role of government to protect them, and, in exchange for that protection, the role of the people to obey the government; he called this arrangement "the social contract"}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Montesquieu|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Montesquieu|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:natural rights|especially as definted by Locke, the idea that people are born with inherent or "natural" rights, as Locke put it, "life health, liberty [and] possessions"; the key to natural rights and natural law is that those rights and laws exist prior to establishment of governments, whose role, according to Locke, is to protect those rights; when governments create laws over and above natural law, they are called "positive law" (in the sense of positively created, not necessarily "positive" as in good); the notion of natural rights played a crucial role in the justification of the American Revolution, and the Declaration of Independence}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:natural rights| especially as definted by Locke, the idea that people are born with inherent or "natural" rights, as Locke put it, "life health, liberty [and] possessions"; the key to natural rights and natural law is that those rights and laws exist prior to establishment of governments, whose role, according to Locke, is to protect those rights; when governments create laws over and above natural law, they are called "positive law" (in the sense of positively created, not necessarily "positive" as in good); the notion of natural rights played a crucial role in the justification of the American Revolution, and the Declaration of Independence}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Social contract|the idea,. promoted by various Enlightenment thinkers, especially Locke that people hold inherent or natural rights and that governments are formed in order to protect those rights; under the "social contract," when government does protect those rights, the people have a duty to uphold and obey that government; (note that in the law, a contract is only valid if both parties benefit)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Social contract| the idea,. promoted by various Enlightenment thinkers, especially Locke that people hold inherent or natural rights and that governments are formed in order to protect those rights; under the "social contract," when government does protect those rights, the people have a duty to uphold and obey that government; (note that in the law, a contract is only valid if both parties benefit)}}</ul></li>
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Continental Congresses|from 1774 to 1781 (when the Congress of the Confederation commenced under the Articles of Confederation), an assembly of representatives of the 13 colonies; the purpose was to coordinate responses and resistance to British encroachments on American commerce, liberties, and, ultimately, to wage war against Britain}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Continental Congresses|from 1774 to 1781 (when the Congress of the Confederation commenced under the Articles of Confederation), an assembly of representatives of the 13 colonies; the purpose was to coordinate responses and resistance to British encroachments on American commerce, liberties, and, ultimately, to wage war against Britain}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms| July 6 1775; following the failed Olive Branch Petition, Congress issued the statement, written by Jefferson and Dickinson, of the reasons for "taking up arms" against Britain, blaming the Coercive Acts, the Declaratory Act, the Vice admiralty courts, and taxation without representation}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms| July 6 1775; following the failed Olive Branch Petition, Congress issued the statement, written by Jefferson and Dickinson, of the reasons for "taking up arms" against Britain, blaming the Coercive Acts, the Declaratory Act, the Vice admiralty courts, and taxation without representation}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Dunmore's War|1774; Virginia Royal Governor Lord Dunmore represented the King but held colonial ambitions as governor of Virginia; after the British Army pulled troops from Ft. Pitt in western Pennsylvania (thus today's Pittsburg), an important British fort during the French-Indian War, the resulting power vacuum led to settler and Indian conflicts across the Ohio Valley, including in modern Kentucky and Tennessee, where Daniel Boone led 50 settlers who were attacked by Indians. In response, Gov. Dunmore ordered the Virginia Militia to attack the Indians, with the ulterior goal of securing those lands for Virginia (Virginia originally claimed all of modern Kentucky); colonial settlers in those lands resented the lack of support from the British (Proclamation of 1763); the Indian tribes who fought the Virginia militia aligned with the British during the Revolutionary War}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Dunmore's War|1774; Virginia Royal Governor Lord Dunmore represented the King but held colonial ambitions as governor of Virginia; after the British Army pulled troops from Ft. Pitt in western Pennsylvania (thus today's Pittsburg), an important British fort during the French-Indian War, the resulting power vacuum led to settler and Indian conflicts across the Ohio Valley, including in modern Kentucky and Tennessee, where Daniel Boone led 50 settlers who were attacked by Indians. In response, Gov. Dunmore ordered the Virginia Militia to attack the Indians, with the ulterior goal of securing those lands for Virginia (Virginia originally claimed all of modern Kentucky); colonial settlers in those lands resented the lack of support from the British (Proclamation of 1763); the Indian tribes who fought the Virginia militia aligned with the British during the Revolutionary War}}</ul></li>
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Minutemen|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Minutemen|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Navigation Acts|in terms of the American Revolution, the Navigation Acts, whihch were replaced in law and governing philosophy by the post-French-Indian War laws of Parliament, marked a change from mercantilist to revenue- and regulatory-based taxation and economic governance; the Americans distinguished between "internal" and "external" taxes, accepting the "external" taxes, based on imports and exports, as legitimate and objecting to British imposition of "internal" taxes that taxed domestic activities, such as did the Stamp Act; the Americans called these internal taxes "direct" taxes, and the US Constitution restricted;}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Navigation Acts|in terms of the American Revolution, the Navigation Acts, whihch were replaced in law and governing philosophy by the post-French-Indian War laws of Parliament, marked a change from mercantilist to revenue- and regulatory-based taxation and economic governance; the Americans distinguished between "internal" and "external" taxes, accepting the "external" taxes, based on imports and exports, as legitimate and objecting to British imposition of "internal" taxes that taxed domestic activities, such as did the Stamp Act; the Americans called these internal taxes "direct" taxes, and the US Constitution restricted;}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Nonimportation movement|in response to the new taxes, colonists organized boycotts of British goods and other foreign imports; the boycotts were promoted by the Daughters of Liberty, the Committees of Correspondence, and helped develop the idea of domestic economic self-sufficiency; groups like the Sons of Liberty actively protested and even attacked customs houses and buyers and sellers of imported goods and their customers; }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Nonimportation movement| in response to the new taxes, colonists organized boycotts of British goods and other foreign imports; the boycotts were promoted by the Daughters of Liberty, the Committees of Correspondence, and helped develop the idea of domestic economic self-sufficiency; groups like the Sons of Liberty actively protested and even attacked customs houses and buyers and sellers of imported goods and their customers; }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Olive Branch Petition|in July, 1775, following outbreak of conflict at Bunker Hill, John Dickinson, author of "Letters from a Farmer", opposed to further conflict war with Britain, persuaded the Continental Congress to send a letter to George III that affirmed American loyalty and desire to avoid war and that they just wanted more equitable laws; the petition was deeply opposed but passed under Dickinson's persuasion; the King refused to receive it, having already issued the Proclamation of Rebellion (naming certain colonies as in state of rebellion); Congress soon after the Olive Branch issued the "Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms" written by Jefferson and Dickinson (see entry)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Olive Branch Petition| in July, 1775, following outbreak of conflict at Bunker Hill, John Dickinson, author of "Letters from a Farmer", opposed to further conflict war with Britain, persuaded the Continental Congress to send a letter to George III that affirmed American loyalty and desire to avoid war and that they just wanted more equitable laws; the petition was deeply opposed but passed under Dickinson's persuasion; the King refused to receive it, having already issued the Proclamation of Rebellion (naming certain colonies as in state of rebellion); Congress soon after the Olive Branch issued the "Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms" written by Jefferson and Dickinson (see entry)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Patriot|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Patriot|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Popular Sovereignty|the political theory that the people have the right to choose and rule their government; the principle was more commonly called "republican form of government," which means government through representatives selected by the people; the Declaration asserted the principle of popular sovereignty}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Popular Sovereignty| the political theory that the people have the right to choose and rule their government; the principle was more commonly called "republican form of government," which means government through representatives selected by the people; the Declaration asserted the principle of popular sovereignty}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Revolutionary flags|flags symbolically represent a place or people; the colonial flags highlighted their protest and their growing identity as an independent nation of unified colonies; here for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Flags_of_the_American_Revolution |Flags of the American Revolution}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Revolutionary flags| flags symbolically represent a place or people; the colonial flags highlighted their protest and their growing identity as an independent nation of unified colonies; here for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Flags_of_the_American_Revolution |Flags of the American Revolution}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sons of Liberty|in response to the Stamp Act of 1765, colonists organized street protests and demanded resignation of stamp tax collectors; the Sons of Liberty was formed in protest in Boston and took the protests into violence, attacking property and the Lt. Governor's own house; the Sons of Liberty further organized and led boycott movements, publishing names of merchants and harassing their employees and customers; in 1773, the Sons of Liberty organized the Boston Tea party}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sons of Liberty| in response to the Stamp Act of 1765, colonists organized street protests and demanded resignation of stamp tax collectors; the Sons of Liberty was formed in protest in Boston and took the protests into violence, attacking property and the Lt. Governor's own house; the Sons of Liberty further organized and led boycott movements, publishing names of merchants and harassing their employees and customers; in 1773, the Sons of Liberty organized the Boston Tea party}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stamp Act Congress|nine colonial assemblies sent delegates to protest the encroachment of "rights and liberties", especially trial by jury}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stamp Act Congress| nine colonial assemblies sent delegates to protest the encroachment of "rights and liberties", especially trial by jury}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Vice admiralty courts|judicial courts of the British Navy with jurisdiction over colonial legal matters regarding shipping, customs, smuggling, and other maritime-related activities; "vice" because they were beneath the general "Admiralty Court" of Great Britain; as Parliament imposed new regulations, the Vice admiralty courts were charged with enforcement, including over affairs not previously considered maritime-related; this was especially offensice to the colonists because they had no say in selection of Admiralty court judges, there were usually no juries, and the burden of proof was upon the accused, not the Court, all of which they considered a violation of their rights}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Vice admiralty courts| judicial courts of the British Navy with jurisdiction over colonial legal matters regarding shipping, customs, smuggling, and other maritime-related activities; "vice" because they were beneath the general "Admiralty Court" of Great Britain; as Parliament imposed new regulations, the Vice admiralty courts were charged with enforcement, including over affairs not previously considered maritime-related; this was especially offensice to the colonists because they had no say in selection of Admiralty court judges, there were usually no juries, and the burden of proof was upon the accused, not the Court, all of which they considered a violation of their rights}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Vice admiralty court|Naval judicial courts that acted independently of colonial authority; Vice admiralty courts were used to enforce taxes, and were hated by the colonists who felt that they were unjust and did not allow for "judgment of peers", which is the basis of the jury system; the advantage of these courts for the British was that they operated under military and not civil law, and were thus outside of normal legal processes of civilian judges and juries}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Vice admiralty court| Naval judicial courts that acted independently of colonial authority; Vice admiralty courts were used to enforce taxes, and were hated by the colonists who felt that they were unjust and did not allow for "judgment of peers", which is the basis of the jury system; the advantage of these courts for the British was that they operated under military and not civil law, and were thus outside of normal legal processes of civilian judges and juries}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:virtual representation|the British idea that the colonies were represented "virtually," or in essence, by Parliament and without "direct" representation; following the Stamp Act, Benjamin Franklin argued for representation in Parliament: "If you chuse to tax us, give us Members in your Legislature and let us be one People." A core problem with representation was that the proprietary colonial landowners traditionally resided in London and therefore managed their colonial affairs from there, with direct influence in Parliament; Lonodon-based Caribbean plantation owners and merchants, especially, argued against direct representation, as "virtual representation" gave them more control over the colonies}}</li></ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:virtual representation| the British idea that the colonies were represented "virtually," or in essence, by Parliament and without "direct" representation; following the Stamp Act, Benjamin Franklin argued for representation in Parliament: "If you chuse to tax us, give us Members in your Legislature and let us be one People." A core problem with representation was that the proprietary colonial landowners traditionally resided in London and therefore managed their colonial affairs from there, with direct influence in Parliament; Lonodon-based Caribbean plantation owners and merchants, especially, argued against direct representation, as "virtual representation" gave them more control over the colonies}}</li></ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Writs of Assistance|}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Writs of Assistance|}}</ul></li>
</div>
</div>
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Below are these acts, alphabetically. Students should memorize their dates and chronology (thus the definition list does not immediately show dates) in order to build a strong sense of causality between them and the larger context of the American Revolution as it turned into the Revolutionary War.
Below are these acts, alphabetically. Students should memorize their dates and chronology (thus the definition list does not immediately show dates) in order to build a strong sense of causality between them and the larger context of the American Revolution as it turned into the Revolutionary War.
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Coercive Acts|1774; called "Intolerable Acts" by the colonists; in response to the Boston Tea Party, George III demanded "compulsion" and submission of the colonies to British imperial authority; the Coercive Acts consisted of 4 "punitive" laws: 1) a new Quartering Act; 2) the Justice Act, which authorized capital crimes (that could result in death sentence, such as murder, treason, espionage) to be tried outside of the colonies; 3) Boston Port Act, which closed the harbor until restitution (repayment) was made for the tea lost at the Tea Party; 4) Massachusetts Government Act, which annulled its colonial charter and turned it into a "crown colony," directly ruled by the King}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Coercive Acts| 1774; called "Intolerable Acts" by the colonists; in response to the Boston Tea Party, George III demanded "compulsion" and submission of the colonies to British imperial authority; the Coercive Acts consisted of 4 "punitive" laws: 1) a new Quartering Act; 2) the Justice Act, which authorized capital crimes (that could result in death sentence, such as murder, treason, espionage) to be tried outside of the colonies; 3) Boston Port Act, which closed the harbor until restitution (repayment) was made for the tea lost at the Tea Party; 4) Massachusetts Government Act, which annulled its colonial charter and turned it into a "crown colony," directly ruled by the King}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Currency Acts|1764: banned colonial use of paper money; colonials had been using paper money (basically an I.O.U.) to pay debts, which lowered their cost as the paper money was worth less than British currency}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Currency Acts| 1764: banned colonial use of paper money; colonials had been using paper money (basically an I.O.U.) to pay debts, which lowered their cost as the paper money was worth less than British currency}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Declaratory Act|1766; affirmed Parliament's authority over the colonies; was passed in response to colonial resistance to the Stamp Act}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Declaratory Act| 1766; affirmed Parliament's authority over the colonies; was passed in response to colonial resistance to the Stamp Act}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Intolerable Acts|1775; the colonial term for the official title of the "Coercive Acts" (see below); the Intolerable Acts became object of outrage and the growing organization of colonial resistance}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Intolerable Acts| 1775; the colonial term for the official title of the "Coercive Acts" (see below); the Intolerable Acts became object of outrage and the growing organization of colonial resistance}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Quartering Act|1765; "quartering" means housing (room and board) passed same year as the Stamp Act, but not directly related; during the French-Indian War, the British Army was unhappy with provisioning of its troops by Colonies (i.e., not paying for quartering), although New York was more accommodating; however, in 1764, the New York Assembly did not renew its funding for quartering British troops, thinking the war was over so it was unnecessary; British commander Thomas Gage asked Parliament to require such funding, which became the Quartering Act; it offended the colonies because it created a "standing army," or a peacetime force; along with the Stamp Act and its enforcement via Vice admiralty courts, the colonies objected to the presence of the British regular army during peacetime}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Quartering Act| 1765; "quartering" means housing (room and board) passed same year as the Stamp Act, but not directly related; during the French-Indian War, the British Army was unhappy with provisioning of its troops by Colonies (i.e., not paying for quartering), although New York was more accommodating; however, in 1764, the New York Assembly did not renew its funding for quartering British troops, thinking the war was over so it was unnecessary; British commander Thomas Gage asked Parliament to require such funding, which became the Quartering Act; it offended the colonies because it created a "standing army," or a peacetime force; along with the Stamp Act and its enforcement via Vice admiralty courts, the colonies objected to the presence of the British regular army during peacetime}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Quebec Act|1774; organized Province of Quebec, which included parts of the modern American Midwest; restored certain French civil law practices; removed requirement of Protestantism Oath of Allegiance and protected practice of Catholicism; colonial Americans objected vehemently to the protection of Catholicism, as well as to the extended territory of Quebec to include lands already claimed in the Ohio Valley; the Quebec Act so outraged protestant Americans that it became a significant catalyst (cause) for the outbreak of the Revolutionary War}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Quebec Act| 1774; organized Province of Quebec, which included parts of the modern American Midwest; restored certain French civil law practices; removed requirement of Protestantism Oath of Allegiance and protected practice of Catholicism; colonial Americans objected vehemently to the protection of Catholicism, as well as to the extended territory of Quebec to include lands already claimed in the Ohio Valley; the Quebec Act so outraged protestant Americans that it became a significant catalyst (cause) for the outbreak of the Revolutionary War}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stamp Act|1765; aimed to raise revenue (not mercantilist in nature), taxed any printed item, including contracts, titles, almanacs, playing carts, etc.; highest fees were on legal documents, so impacted the wealthy most; was efficient to collect; was enforced by the Vice Admiralty Court; overall goal of the Act was to assert parliamentary supremacy; outraged the colonists, esp. enforcement by the naval courts}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stamp Act| 1765; aimed to raise revenue (not mercantilist in nature), taxed any printed item, including contracts, titles, almanacs, playing carts, etc.; highest fees were on legal documents, so impacted the wealthy most; was efficient to collect; was enforced by the Vice Admiralty Court; overall goal of the Act was to assert parliamentary supremacy; outraged the colonists, esp. enforcement by the naval courts}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Revenue Act|1767; authored by Chancellor Townshend (see below) and part of the series of laws called Townshend Acts, created various customs boards (to regulate imports) and Vice-admiralty courts in the colonies; the Acts consisted of five laws passed in 1767 that further restrained colonial autonomy and imposed direct British governance on the colonies}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Revenue Act|1767; authored by Chancellor Townshend (see below) and part of the series of laws called Townshend Acts, created various customs boards (to regulate imports) and Vice-admiralty courts in the colonies; the Acts consisted of five laws passed in 1767 that further restrained colonial autonomy and imposed direct British governance on the colonies}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sugar Act|replaced the Molasses Act of 1733 and lowered duties on sugar with the goal of raising more revenue through a more reasonable tax rate; after its passage, Parliament authorized that its enforcement belong to the Vice-Admiralty courts}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sugar Act| 1763, replaced the Molasses Act of 1733 and lowered duties on sugar with the goal of raising more revenue through a more reasonable tax rate; after its passage, Parliament authorized that its enforcement belong to the Vice-Admiralty courts}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Tea Act|1773}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Tea Act| 1773}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Townshend Acts|1767, series of tax and regulatory laws named for the British chancellor in charge of finances, Charles Townshend; the principle Act, The Revenue Act of 1767, is known as the "Townshend Act"; it aimed to raise revenue through duties on colonial importation fo paper, pain, glass and tea; part of the revenue would pay for Royal colonial offices, such as governors, judges, etc. who had been previously funded by the colonies themselves; however, Townshend's purpose was not to assist the colonies but to make them more dependent on and obedient to British rule and overall less autonomous}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Townshend Acts| 1767, series of tax and regulatory laws named for the British chancellor in charge of finances, Charles Townshend; the principle Act, The Revenue Act of 1767, is known as the "Townshend Act"; it aimed to raise revenue through duties on colonial importation fo paper, pain, glass and tea; part of the revenue would pay for Royal colonial offices, such as governors, judges, etc. who had been previously funded by the colonies themselves; however, Townshend's purpose was not to assist the colonies but to make them more dependent on and obedient to British rule and overall less autonomous}}</ul></li>
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<div style="clear:both;"></div>
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==== American Revolutionary Era leaders ====
==== American Revolutionary Era leaders ====
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Adams|}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Adams| }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Samuel Adams|}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Samuel Adams| }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Dickinson|}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Dickinson |}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Lord Dunmore|Royal Governor of Virginia who, in opposition to British policy, launched militia attacks on Indians across the Appalachian Mountains (see Lord Dunmore's War)
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Lord Dunmore| Royal Governor of Virginia who, in opposition to British policy, launched militia attacks on Indians across the Appalachian Mountains (see Lord Dunmore's War)
}}</ul>
}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Benjamin Franklin|as scientist and successful publisher, the most famous American in his day; up until final moments before war, was always conciliatory to the British, accepting of British rule, and sought compromise; however, stood firm for colonial rights, including representation in Parliament; was early thinker about colonial union, esp. given experience as Postmaster of the colonies (Albany Plan); Franklin was an "Enlightenment" thinker who sought to explain the world through reason; this led him to "deism" (see entry)}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Benjamin Franklin| as scientist and successful publisher, the most famous American in his day; up until final moments before war, was always conciliatory to the British, accepting of British rule, and sought compromise; however, stood firm for colonial rights, including representation in Parliament; was early thinker about colonial union, esp. given experience as Postmaster of the colonies (Albany Plan); Franklin was an "Enlightenment" thinker who sought to explain the world through reason; this led him to "deism" (see entry)}}</ul></li>
CO[Colonial Organization]--Sons of Liberty<br>Committee on Correspondence-->CP[Colonial Protests & Boycotts]
CO[Colonial Organization]--Sons of Liberty<br>Committee on Correspondence-->CP[Colonial Protests & Boycotts]
IA[Intolerable Acts, or Coersive Acts, 1774]-->CP
IA[Intolerable Acts, or Coercive Acts, 1774]-->CP
CP-->BR[British retaliation]-->CP
CP-->BR[British retaliation]-->CP
}}
}}
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== Revolutionary War battles ==
== Revolutionary War battles ==
names are usually preceded with "Battle of..."
Names are usually preceded with "Battle of..."
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Bunker Hill|June 17, 1775, following the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the British attempted to resupply their garrison at Boston, but was blocked by colonials on land and in the harbor; the colonial resistance was called, "the siege of Boston" (April 1775-March 1776); George Washington was appointed by the Continental Congress to command the American forces, who were importantly supplied with canons taken from Fort Ticonderoga in Nov., 1775, giving them a line of fire upon the British. Just before the battle, the Americans stealthily occupied Bunker Hill, which the British attacked head-on, suffering far more casualties than the Americans; while the Americans were forced to abandon Bunker Hill, the British realized that colonial military resistance could be effective; the British finally abandoned Boston in March, 1776}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Lexington and Concord|April 19, 1775, Massachusetts; colonial militia drive back British troops who marched towards Concord to seize colonial military supplies (which had already been moved out); the fighting stasrted at Lexington and concluded at the "North Bridge" in Concord, where the 100 British troopers were outfought by 400 colonial militia;
the British movement from Boston was announced by Paul Revere ("The Midnight Ride") and another man who rode from Boston to warn about the British movement (the signal for which was two lanterns in the Old North Church to indicate the British initial movement was "by sea" ("one if by land, two if by sea")}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Long Island|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Saratoga|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Valley Forge|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Yorktown|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Bunker Hill| June 17, 1775, following the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the British attempted to resupply their garrison at Boston, but was blocked by colonials on land and in the harbor; the colonial resistance was called, "the siege of Boston" (April 1775-March 1776); George Washington was appointed by the Continental Congress to command the American forces, who were importantly supplied with canons taken from Fort Ticonderoga in Nov., 1775, giving them a line of fire upon the British. Just before the battle, the Americans stealthily occupied Bunker Hill, which the British attacked head-on, suffering far more casualties than the Americans; while the Americans were forced to abandon Bunker Hill, the British realized that colonial military resistance could be effective; the British finally abandoned Boston in March, 1776}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Lexington and Concord| April 19, 1775, Massachusetts; colonial militia drive back British troops who marched towards Concord to seize colonial military supplies (which had already been moved out); the fighting started at Lexington and concluded at the "North Bridge" in Concord, where the 100 British troopers were outfought by 400 colonial militia; the British movement from Boston was announced by Paul Revere ("The Midnight Ride") and another man who rode from Boston to warn about the British movement (the signal for which was two lanterns in the Old North Church to indicate the British initial movement was "by sea" ("one if by land, two if by sea")}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Long Island| }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Saratoga | }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Valley Forge| }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Yorktown| }}</ul></li>
-------------------
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* James Madison
* James Madison
* New Jersey Plan
* New Jersey Plan
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Northwest Ordinance|1787 law under the Articles of Confederation that included many protections and rights that would be included in the original US Constitution and Bill or Rights, including property rights, freedom of religion, ''habeus corpus'' and trial by jury, as well as a prohibition on slavery; also set conditions for admission of new states to the Union}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Northwest Ordinance| 1787 law under the Articles of Confederation that included many protections and rights that would be included in the original US Constitution and Bill or Rights, including property rights, freedom of religion, ''habeus corpus'' and trial by jury, as well as a prohibition on slavery; also set conditions for admission of new states to the Union}}</ul></li>
* preamble
* preamble
* preamble to the Constitution
* preamble to the Constitution
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:American System|based on ideas of Alexander Hamilton, promoted by Henry Clay and JQ Adams, general Whig policies of early to mid 18th century, including: tariff, land sales for revenue, National Bank, "internal improvements"; adherents to the American System were called Federalists or "National Republicans" and later became Whigs}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:American System|based on ideas of Alexander Hamilton, promoted by Henry Clay and JQ Adams, general Whig policies of early to mid 18th century, including: tariff, land sales for revenue, National Bank, "internal improvements"; adherents to the American System were called Federalists or "National Republicans" and later became Whigs}}</ul></li>
* Cabinet
* Cabinet
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Citizen Genet affair|1793; French Ambassador Genet sparked outrage by his attempts to raise money and a militia of US citizens to fight in France's war against Britain and Spain; Washington demanded his removal as ambassador and issued the Proclamation of Neutrality as a result of the affair}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Citizen Genet affair| 1793; French Ambassador Genet sparked outrage by his attempts to raise money and a militia of US citizens to fight in France's war against Britain and Spain; Washington demanded his removal as ambassador and issued the Proclamation of Neutrality as a result of the affair}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Democratic-Republican Party|following Jefferson's vision of a more decentralized national governance, his partisans organized the party to oppose Hamilton's centralization programs, especially the national bank, tariffs, and national debt; the party stood for agrarianism, free trade, individual liberty and states-rights}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Democratic-Republican Party| following Jefferson's vision of a more decentralized national governance, his partisans organized the party to oppose Hamilton's centralization programs, especially the national bank, tariffs, and national debt; the party stood for agrarianism, free trade, individual liberty and states-rights}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Federalist party|following Alexander Hamilton's program of an active, strong federal government that exercised powers over the economy and in support of industry, especially through a national bank, a tariff, and investment in infrastructure}}<li>"foreign entanglements"</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Federalist party|following Alexander Hamilton's program of an active, strong federal government that exercised powers over the economy and in support of industry, especially through a national bank, a tariff, and investment in infrastructure}}<li>"foreign entanglements"</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:French Revolution|the 1789 French Revolution, in part inspired by the American Revolution, divided Americans politically between those who supported the French Revolution and those who, if not siding with the British necessarily, opposed the increasingly radical nature of the French Revolution}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:French Revolution|the 1789 French Revolution, in part inspired by the American Revolution, divided Americans politically between those who supported the French Revolution and those who, if not siding with the British necessarily, opposed the increasingly radical nature of the French Revolution}}</ul></li>
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Jeffersonians/ Jeffersonianism|adherents to Thomas Jefferson's vision of "American republicanism" based upon "simple," independent and self-sufficient white "yeoman" farmers;
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Jeffersonians/ Jeffersonianism|adherents to Thomas Jefferson's vision of "American republicanism" based upon "simple," independent and self-sufficient white "yeoman" farmers;
the philosophy was largely anti-commercialism (esp. banks, factories, merchants), anti-urban, and anti-elitism, and anti-federalist (i.e. against strong central government); Jeffersonianism supported universal white male suffrage (without a property requirement) and grass-roots democracy of independent farmers}}</ul></li>
the philosophy was largely anti-commercialism (esp. banks, factories, merchants), anti-urban, and anti-elitism, and anti-federalist (i.e. against strong central government); Jeffersonianism supported universal white male suffrage (without a property requirement) and grass-roots democracy of independent farmers}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:National Bank|the First National Bank was chartered by Congress in 1791 (the Second came in 1816); the Bank's role was to manage a national currency and the national debt, establish credit, and facilitate financial transactions for economic growth;
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:National Bank| the First National Bank was chartered by Congress in 1791 (the Second came in 1816); the Bank's role was to manage a national currency and the national debt, establish credit, and facilitate financial transactions for economic growth;
core to Hamilton's program}}</ul></li>
core to Hamilton's program}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Pinckney's Treaty|1795 treaty negotiated by American Thomas Pickney w/ Spain to guarantee U.S. access to and navigation rights along the Mississippi River; also settled border dispute over Florida (putting Chickasaw and Choctaw Nation lands within the U.S.), and secured Spanish promise not to incite indian attacks on either side; }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Pinckney's Treaty| 1795 treaty negotiated by American Thomas Pickney w/ Spain to guarantee U.S. access to and navigation rights along the Mississippi River; also settled border dispute over Florida (putting Chickasaw and Choctaw Nation lands within the U.S.), and secured Spanish promise not to incite indian attacks on either side; }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:political parties|as ideological disputes arose between Hamilton (federalist) and Jefferson (anti-federalist) factions, supporters of each joined in what would become "political parties" -- or political organizations designed to influence and control the federal government; the Whiskey Rebellion and the growing divide between French and British supporters in the country fueled the political divisions and their eventual, formal organization; George Washington warned of the dangers of political parties in his Farewell Address}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:political parties| as ideological disputes arose between Hamilton (federalist) and Jefferson (anti-federalist) factions, supporters of each joined in what would become "political parties" -- or political organizations designed to influence and control the federal government; the Whiskey Rebellion and the growing divide between French and British supporters in the country fueled the political divisions and their eventual, formal organization; George Washington warned of the dangers of political parties in his Farewell Address}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Proclamation of Neutrality|1793; as England and France went to war, the United State attempted to maintain neutrality between them; the Proclamation asserted the right of American ships to bypass French and British blockades of each other's ports and to trade with either nation; the policy was hugely beneficial to American merchants who profited from the situation and whose shipbuilding and merchant marine industry grew enormously}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Proclamation of Neutrality| 1793; as England and France went to war, the United State attempted to maintain neutrality between them; the Proclamation asserted the right of American ships to bypass French and British blockades of each other's ports and to trade with either nation; the policy was hugely beneficial to American merchants who profited from the situation and whose shipbuilding and merchant marine industry grew enormously}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Report on the Public Credit|in 1790-91, Hamilton issued three reports to Congress recommending laws and policies designed to reduce the War debts, grow the economy, and protect national industry; his 1790 "Report on the Public Credit" outlined the extent of US debt, held mostly by private Americans but also foreigners. Hamilton proposed that the federal government "assume" or buy this debt and establish a system for managing "public credit" and paying off the debts; the existing holders of the debt were set to profit enormously from the scheme; the new debt was to be paid off through duties and excise taxes; the proposals led to the first serious political split in the new country; a compromise was made in 1790 to settle the new Capitol, Washington, DC, in the South (between Maryland and Virginia) in exchange for southern support (northern states held more War debt) of Hamilton's plan to "assume" the debts}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Report on the Public Credit| in 1790-91, Hamilton issued three reports to Congress recommending laws and policies designed to reduce the War debts, grow the economy, and protect national industry; his 1790 "Report on the Public Credit" outlined the extent of US debt, held mostly by private Americans but also foreigners. Hamilton proposed that the federal government "assume" or buy this debt and establish a system for managing "public credit" and paying off the debts; the existing holders of the debt were set to profit enormously from the scheme; the new debt was to be paid off through duties and excise taxes; the proposals led to the first serious political split in the new country; a compromise was made in 1790 to settle the new Capitol, Washington, DC, in the South (between Maryland and Virginia) in exchange for southern support (northern states held more War debt) of Hamilton's plan to "assume" the debts}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Report on Manufactures| Hamilton's 1791 report to Congress for the promotion of US manufacturing industry through tariffs, "internal improvements" (see above) and government loans to and purchases of American products, especially for national defense; note that creation of the National Bank was integral to Hamilton's economic plans; the Report was co-authored by Hamilton's Asst. Sec of Treasury, Tench Coxe, a chief proponent of manufacturing & tariffs, and who brought the first cotton gins to the country and promoted cotton farming in the South }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Report on Manufactures| Hamilton's 1791 report to Congress for the promotion of US manufacturing industry through tariffs, "internal improvements" (see above) and government loans to and purchases of American products, especially for national defense; note that creation of the National Bank was integral to Hamilton's economic plans; the Report was co-authored by Hamilton's Asst. Sec of Treasury, Tench Coxe, a chief proponent of manufacturing & tariffs, and who brought the first cotton gins to the country and promoted cotton farming in the South }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Republican motherhood|in the early Republic, the notion of female participation in republican governance purely in the home by raising and educating their sons in republicanism and in upholding those values in their own lives and outlook; the ideal of republican motherhood was to instruct their sons "in the principles of liberty and government"}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Republican motherhood| in the early Republic, the notion of female participation in republican governance purely in the home by raising and educating their sons in republicanism and in upholding those values in their own lives and outlook; the ideal of republican motherhood was to instruct their sons "in the principles of liberty and government"}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:republicanism|political doctrine of representative government through the votes of citizens of equal political status; republicanism was strongly anti-monarchy and anit-aristocracy; elements of republican philosophy include democracy, honest governance, individualism, property rights, self-rule}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:republicanism|political doctrine of representative government through the votes of citizens of equal political status; republicanism was strongly anti-monarchy and anit-aristocracy; elements of republican philosophy include democracy, honest governance, individualism, property rights, self-rule}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Treaty of Greenville|1795; after setbacks in military challenges to and failed treaties with Ohio Valley tribes in the late 1780s and early 1790s (especially victories by Miami tribe chief, "Little Turtle" in 1790/91) Washington sent a larger force under Rev. War hero General "Mad" Anthony Wayne; following Wayne's victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in Ohio, the US Army, sent to Ohio by Washington, signed a treaty with a group of Ohio Valley tribes, the "Western Confederacy," to exchange material and monetary payments to the tribes in exchange for land; the treaty opened up most of modern Ohio to settlement and, ultimately, its admission as a state in 1820}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Treaty of Greenville| 1795; after setbacks in military challenges to and failed treaties with Ohio Valley tribes in the late 1780s and early 1790s (especially victories by Miami tribe chief, "Little Turtle" in 1790/91) Washington sent a larger force under Rev. War hero General "Mad" Anthony Wayne; following Wayne's victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in Ohio, the US Army, sent to Ohio by Washington, signed a treaty with a group of Ohio Valley tribes, the "Western Confederacy," to exchange material and monetary payments to the tribes in exchange for land; the treaty opened up most of modern Ohio to settlement and, ultimately, its admission as a state in 1820}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Whiskey Rebellion|1794; western Pennsylvania farmers objected to the 1791 federal "whisky tax", and "excise" tax on "spirits" (alcohol), which was a big part of Hamilton's economic and fiscal program; protesters attacked tax collectors and federal officers sent to enforce the law; Washington ordered federal troops and state militia to put down the rebellion, an assertion of federal powers}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Whiskey Rebellion| 1794; western Pennsylvania farmers objected to the 1791 federal "whisky tax", and "excise" tax on "spirits" (alcohol), which was a big part of Hamilton's economic and fiscal program; protesters attacked tax collectors and federal officers sent to enforce the law; Washington ordered federal troops and state militia to put down the rebellion, an assertion of federal powers}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Bill of Rights|"BOR" was adopted at the insistence of the anti-federalists who demanded explicit limits upon the powers of the central ("federal") government in order to protect the rights of the people and the states. In September 1789, Congress proposed twelve amendments to the Constitution; ratified one article at a time by the states, with ten adopted in December, 1791. <u>NOTE</u>: the BOR does not establish any rights: instead, it protects pre-existing rights from encroachment by the federal government; its jurisdiction was only over federal powers and not those of the states; over time, the Supreme Court has "incorporated" (put into the body of) the BOR into state law}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Bill of Rights| "BOR" was adopted at the insistence of the anti-federalists who demanded explicit limits upon the powers of the central ("federal") government in order to protect the rights of the people and the states. In September 1789, Congress proposed twelve amendments to the Constitution; ratified one article at a time by the states, with ten adopted in December, 1791. <u>NOTE</u>: the BOR does not establish any rights: instead, it protects pre-existing rights from encroachment by the federal government; its jurisdiction was only over federal powers and not those of the states; over time, the Supreme Court has "incorporated" (put into the body of) the BOR into state law}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:judicial review|the idea that the courts have the power to settled disputes, including over the meaning of laws and the Constitution; see Marbury v. Madison}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:judicial review| the judicial principal that the courts have the power to settled disputes, including over the meaning of laws and the Constitution; see Marbury v. Madison}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Judiciary Act of 1789|established the structure of the federal courts and, most importantly, gave the Supreme Court appellate power, or the to decide on cases arising in state courts or between states, thus ensuring the supremacy of the Supreme Court over state courts}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Judiciary Act of 1789| established the structure of the federal courts and, most importantly, gave the Supreme Court appellate power, or the to decide on cases arising in state courts or between states, thus ensuring the supremacy of the Supreme Court over state courts}}</ul></li>
=== Important Supreme Court decisions during Washington's presidency ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Chisholm v. Georgia| 1793 case that established that states could be sued in federal court by citizens of another state, asserting the supremacy of federal law over state law.}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Hylton v. United States| 1796 Supremee Court deicsion that upheld the constitutionality of a federal carriage tax, thus affirming the federal government's power to impose excise taxes on economic activity or goods; the decision distinguished excise taxes from a "direct tax" which would require "apportionment" (dividing up) based on state populations.}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Ware v. Hylton| 1796 decision that upheld the supremacy of federal treaties over state laws}}</ul></li>
</div>
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While Adams was elected Washington's Vice President for both terms, and Adams was elected President in 17986 by
While Adams was elected Washington's Vice President for both terms, and Adams was elected President in 17986 by
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:British-French conflict & Napoleonic Wars|in 1792, the new French Republic attacked Austria and Netherlands, and in 1795 Prussia and Italy; by the Napoleon Bonaparte had taken control of the French Army and began his attempted conquest of all of Europe; the wars united the French, who felt threatened by and who in turn threatened the monarchs of Europe; the British opposed the French expansionism, especially through its superior Navy, and, eventually, on land during the Napoleonic Wars; Americans were politically divided in their sympathies for France or Britain, nominally between Jefferson (for France) v. Adams/Hamilton (for Britain)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:British-French conflict & Napoleonic Wars| in 1792, the new French Republic attacked Austria and Netherlands, and in 1795 Prussia and Italy; by the Napoleon Bonaparte had taken control of the French Army and began his attempted conquest of all of Europe; the wars united the French, who felt threatened by and who in turn threatened the monarchs of Europe; the British opposed the French expansionism, especially through its superior Navy, and, eventually, on land during the Napoleonic Wars; Americans were politically divided in their sympathies for France or Britain, nominally between Jefferson (for France) v. Adams/Hamilton (for Britain)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:impressment|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:impressment| British naval policy of boarding American vessels and seizing anyone the British claimed to be an English citizen, and forcing them into service for the British Navy; many American sailors were English but had switched sides and so were vulnerable to this policy; the British used impressment as an excuse to halt and board ships in general}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Midnight Appointments| just before close of his presidency, Adams made last minute appointments of federal officers and magistrates, including that of John Marshall to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; Jeffersonians mocked the appointments as "Midnight Judges"; and refused to deliver any remaining appointments when he took office, including that of William Marbury}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Midnight Appointments| just before close of his presidency, Adams made last minute appointments of federal officers and magistrates, including that of John Marshall to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; Jeffersonians mocked the appointments as "Midnight Judges"; and refused to deliver any remaining appointments when he took office, including that of William Marbury}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Principles of '98| reference to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 that protested the extension of federal powers to enforce the Alien and Sedition Acts; the Principles of '98 were never officially adopted by any state, and several states specifically objected to them, upholding the Supremacy Clause, especially regarding the power of the Supreme Court to rule on federal law}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Principles of '98| reference to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 that protested the extension of federal powers to enforce the Alien and Sedition Acts; the Principles of '98 were never officially adopted by any state, and several states specifically objected to them, upholding the Supremacy Clause, especially regarding the power of the Supreme Court to rule on federal law}}</ul></li>
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== Jefferson era ==
== Jefferson presidency ==
* Aaron Burr
* Aaron Burr
* Embargo Act of 1807
* Lewis and Clark Expedition
* Louisiana Purchase
* Louisiana Purchase
* Revolution of 1800:
* Napoleonic Wars
* Revolution of 1800
== Marshall Court ==
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Hylton v. United States| 1796,
=== Marshall Court ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Dartmouth College v. Woodward| 1819, upheld the Constitution's "Contract Clause" that prohibited States from "impairing the Obligation of Contracts" }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Gibbons v. Ogden| 1824, asserted Federal power to regulate interstate commerce }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Marbury v. Madison| 1804, asserted Judicial Review}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:McColloch v. Maryland| 1819, invoked the Constitution's Supremacy clause to affirmed supremacy of federal over state laws}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Osborn v. Bank of the United States| 1824, expended federal court jurisdiction (power) over certain state actions}}</ul></li>
* Marbury v. Madison (1804)
== Madison & Monroe ==
* McColloch v. Maryland (1819)
* Dartmouth v New Hampshire
< others
=== Madison presidency ===
=== Madison & Monroe ===
* Treaty of Ghent (1814)
* Second Bank of the United States (1816)
* War of 1812
=== War of 1812 ===
=== War of 1812 ===
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Battle of Tippecanoe|1811 in Indiana Territory; in 1809, Shawnee chief Tecumseh reorganized the Western Confederacy of tribes to oppose American settlement; his brother, Tenskwatawa, considered by the tribes a prophet, provided "nativist ideology" of resistance to American settlement and cultural "purification", which bridged tribal differences (who had language barriers); Tecumseh allied himself with British agents; in 1811, the Governor of the territory, William Henry Harrison (later a President), attacked "Prophetstown" while Tecumseh was travelling to the west to gather support from other tribes; the army destroyed the town and effectively ended Tecumseh's insurgency, although he fought actively with the British during the War of 1812, including in the British capture of Ft. Detroit}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Battle of Tippecanoe|1811 in Indiana Territory; in 1809, Shawnee chief Tecumseh reorganized the Western Confederacy of tribes to oppose American settlement; his brother, Tenskwatawa, considered by the tribes a prophet, provided "nativist ideology" of resistance to American settlement and cultural "purification", which bridged tribal differences (who had language barriers); Tecumseh allied himself with British agents; in 1811, the Governor of the territory, William Henry Harrison (later a President), attacked "Prophetstown" while Tecumseh was travelling to the west to gather support from other tribes; the army destroyed the town and effectively ended Tecumseh's insurgency, although he fought actively with the British during the War of 1812, including in the British capture of Ft. Detroit}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Hartford Convention 1814-15|Federalist convention to oppose the War of 1812; northeastern federalists objected to the war, especially in the face of effective British naval embargo of American ships into 1813; some Boston banks refused to loan needed funds to the US Government; the Convention called for Constitutional amendments to require 2/3rds majority vote to declare war and admit new states; the most radical of the attendees called for secession of New England states from the union; the Convention was poorly received and led to the collapse of the Federalist party (replaced by the Whigs)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Hartford Convention 1814-15|Federalist convention to oppose the War of 1812; northeastern federalists objected to the war, especially in the face of effective British naval embargo of American ships into 1813; some Boston banks refused to loan needed funds to the US Government; the Convention called for Constitutional amendments to require 2/3rds majority vote to declare war and admit new states; the most radical of the attendees called for secession of New England states from the union; the Convention was poorly received and led to the collapse of the Federalist party (replaced by the Whigs)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:impressment|starting in 1807, the British Navy increased its pressure on American vessels trading with France and seized American sailors who were of British birth, even if they were American citizens; the British Navy even seized entire cargos and ships; the events led to outrage and anti-British sentiment and contributed to the outbreak of the War of 1812 }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:impressment| starting in 1807, the British Navy increased its pressure on American vessels trading with France and seized American sailors who were of British birth, even if they were American citizens; the British Navy even seized entire cargos and ships; the events led to outrage and anti-British sentiment and contributed to the outbreak of the War of 1812 }}</ul></li>
<ul><il>{{#tip-text:Treaty of Ghent|Dec 1814; ended the War of 1812; both sides were ready for an end and adopted the treaty quickly, despite not real change in the border situations that preceded the war, including the Canadian border; Britain agreed do return freed slaves, but ultimately compensated the US government for them; the treaty was signed prior to the final battle at New Orleans on Jan 8, 1815, which launched the political career of General Andrew Jackson; more directly, the Treaty enhanced the prestige of John Quincy Adams (son of John Adams) who negotiated it}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Treaty of Ghent| Dec 1814; ended the War of 1812; both sides were ready for an end and adopted the treaty quickly, despite not real change in the border situations that preceded the war, including the Canadian border; Britain agreed do return freed slaves, but ultimately compensated the US government for them; the treaty was signed prior to the final battle at New Orleans on Jan 8, 1815, which launched the political career of General Andrew Jackson; more directly, the Treaty enhanced the prestige of John Quincy Adams (son of John Adams) who negotiated it}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:War Hawks|western Jeffersonians (Republicans) who blamed Britain for violating treaties and inciting indian attacks on American settlers and outposts; the British did arm tribes, including the Shawnee under chief Tecumseh}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:War Hawks western Jeffersonians (Republicans) who blamed Britain for violating treaties and inciting indian attacks on American settlers and outposts; the British did arm tribes, including the Shawnee under chief Tecumseh}}</ul></li>
* War of 1812
* War of 1812
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Whigs|led by Henry Clay, the party replaced the Federalist Party, which was disgraced for its opposition to the War of 1812; the Whig Party was essentially Hamiltonian in its support of the "American System" of investment in infrastructure, tariffs, the national bank, and support ofr industry; the Whig party dissolved in the 1850s after having largely opposed, including Henry Clay, the Mexican-American War (1846-48) and due to the failures of the Compromise of 1850}}</ul</li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Whigs| led by Henry Clay, the party replaced the Federalist Party, which was disgraced for its opposition to the War of 1812; the Whig Party was essentially Hamiltonian in its support of the "American System" of investment in infrastructure, tariffs, the national bank, and support ofr industry; the Whig party dissolved in the 1850s after having largely opposed, including Henry Clay, the Mexican-American War (1846-48) and due to the failures of the Compromise of 1850}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Compromise of 1820|also called the "Missouri Compromise; = agreement to enter Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, in order to keep the balance of free/slave-state power in the Senate. The Compromise set the 36'30" parallel, which ran at the southern border of Missouri, as the boundary for slavery in new territories and states; the Compromise fell apart following the Mexican-American War and later introduction of "popular sovereignty" to decide free or slave for the Nebraska territory}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Compromise of 1820|also called the "Missouri Compromise; = agreement to enter Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, in order to keep the balance of free/slave-state power in the Senate. The Compromise set the 36'30" parallel, which ran at the southern border of Missouri, as the boundary for slavery in new territories and states; the Compromise fell apart following the Mexican-American War and later introduction of "popular sovereignty" to decide free or slave for the Nebraska territory}}</ul></li>
* Era of Good Feelings
* Era of Good Feelings
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Missouri Compromise|another name for the Compromise of 1820}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Missouri Compromise| another name for the Compromise of 1820}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Monroe Doctrine|1823, Monroe issued a warning to Spain and Europe in general to stay out of the internal affairs of the Americas; its issuance followed the Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817 which limited British and American military presence on the the Great Lakes and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 the "doctrine" was promoted by John Quincy Adams, Monroe's Secretary of State; the Doctrine was an exercise of American diplomatic power and coincided with the collapse of Spanish control of the Americas, as its colonies began to declare independence, starting with Venezuela in 1811 and most importantly by Mexico in 1821}}</ul></il>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Monroe Doctrine|1823, Monroe issued a warning to Spain and Europe in general to stay out of the internal affairs of the Americas; its issuance followed the Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817 which limited British and American military presence on the the Great Lakes and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 the "doctrine" was promoted by John Quincy Adams, Monroe's Secretary of State; the Doctrine was an exercise of American diplomatic power and coincided with the collapse of Spanish control of the Americas, as its colonies began to declare independence, starting with Venezuela in 1811 and most importantly by Mexico in 1821}}</ul></li>
</div></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Panic of 1819|as the nation grew, banks issued more and more "unsecured" loans (i.e. loans that were not directly backed by bank deposits), which went most dominantly towards land acquisition and farming expansion; following the end of the Napoleonic Wars, agricultural prices dropped as production exceeded demand, and farm commodity prices collapsed (especially cotton and wheat); as a result, farmers could not pay back loans and sold land and lower and lower prices to cover their debts}}</ul></li>
* Panic of 1819|as the nation grew, banks issued more and more "unsecured" loans (i.e. loans that were not directly backed by bank deposits), which went most dominantly towards land acquisition and farming expansion; following the end of the Napoleonic Wars, agricultural prices dropped as production exceeded demand, and farm commodity prices collapsed (especially cotton and wheat); as a result, farmers could not pay back loans and sold land and lower and lower prices to cover their debts}}</ul></li>
=== Era of Good Feelings ===
=== Era of Good Feelings ===
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The Appalachian watershed provided almost unlimited opportunity for building of mills and dams to serve them. In Massachusetts,
The Appalachian watershed provided almost unlimited opportunity for building of mills and dams to serve them. In Massachusetts,
* commercial versus sustenance farming|into the 1800s, farming became more connected to markets and thus more specialized; rather than farming to meet a family's needs, which would require both crops and animals, farms increasingly specialized in one or the other, and sold their production in exchange for (via currency) other food and goods; canals, dams, mills, rivers and roads provided access for these farmers to markets for their goods
* commercial versus sustenance farming |into the 1800s, farming became more connected to markets and thus more specialized; rather than farming to meet a family's needs, which would require both crops and animals, farms increasingly specialized in one or the other, and sold their production in exchange for (via currency) other food and goods; canals, dams, mills, rivers and roads provided access for these farmers to markets for their goods
* Commonwealth system|favorable laws, loans and public policy withing states towards transportation, industrial enterprises, etc. under the idea that such preferences were "for the common welfare"
* Commonwealth system| favorable laws, loans and public policy withing states towards transportation, industrial enterprises, etc. under the idea that such preferences were "for the common welfare"
* dams
* dams
* eminent domain
* eminent domain
* Lancaster Turnpike
* Lancaster Turnpike
* mills|from 1809 to 1817, the number of "spinner mills" (just one type of mill) grew from 8,000 to 330,000; spinner mills created yarn from wool and replaced hand-run spinners
* mills| from 1809 to 1817, the number of "spinner mills" (just one type of mill) grew from 8,000 to 330,000; spinner mills created yarn from wool and replaced hand-run spinners
* Mill Dam Act of 1795|Massachusetts law that granted dam owners rights to build dams that flooded farmland, forcing them to accept "fair compensation" for the lost land, without possibility of stopping the dam itself
* Mill Dam Act of 1795| Massachusetts law that granted dam owners rights to build dams that flooded farmland, forcing them to accept "fair compensation" for the lost land, without possibility of stopping the dam itself
* turnpikes
* turnpikes
=== Social changes ===
=== Social changes ===
* aristocracy| built on primogeniture, which passes "titles" -- social, economic and political ranks granted by a king -- to the first born son; the end of primogeniture dissolved the ability to pass on large estates to a single child (75% under the English custom) and spread inherited wealth across all male, and, eventually, female, children
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:aristocracy| built on primogeniture, which passes "titles" -- social, economic and political ranks granted by a king -- to the first born son; the end of primogeniture dissolved the ability to pass on large estates to a single child (75% under the English custom) and spread inherited wealth across all male, and, eventually, female, children}}</ul</li>
* companionate marriage: marriage by choice and not family arrangement; marks dramatic change based upon the "democratic" principle of equality and pursuit of happiness; the idea that marriage is a choice also led to a growing acceptance of divorce within legal and social norms (a long process)
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:companionate marriage| marriage by choice and not family arrangement; marks dramatic change based upon the "democratic" principle of equality and pursuit of happiness; the idea that marriage is a choice also led to a growing acceptance of divorce within legal and social norms (a long process)}}</ul</li>
* democratic society| reflects the idea that all men are born equal (originally, white males) and so social choices and reputations are based not upon one's birth but one's personal reputation
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:democratic society| reflects the idea that all men are born equal (originally, white males) and so social choices and reputations are based not upon one's birth but one's personal reputation}}</ul</li>
* demographic transition| the early Republic experienced dramatic decreases in the overall birthrate due to westward migration by young men, economic and market growth which reduced the need for large families
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:demographic transition| the early Republic experienced dramatic decreases in the overall birthrate due to westward migration by young men, economic and market growth which reduced the need for large families}}</ul</li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:sentimentalism| movement of early 1800s that emphasized personal happiness over social obligations and roles}}</ul</li>
* sentimentalism| movement of early 1800s that emphasized personal happiness over social obligations and roles
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:primogeniture| practice of inheritance of an estate (or, in Europe, of a Royal title) to the first born son; primogeniture meant that daughters and 2nd + sons did not receive an inheritance, or as much as the first born son, and had to pursue their own fortunes}}</ul</li>
* primogeniture
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=== Jacksonian period ===
=== Jacksonian period ===
* Bank War
* [[File:U.S. Vote for President as Population Share.png|thumb|U.S. presidential election popular vote totals as a percentage of the total U.S. population. Note the surge in 1828 (extension of suffrage to non-property-owning white men), the drop from 1890 to 1910 (when Southern states disenfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites), and another surge in 1920 (extension of suffrage to women).]]Bank War
* Corrupt Bargain
* Corrupt Bargain
* Force Bill
* Force Bill
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<br>
<br>
-------------------
-------------------
[[File:U.S. Vote for President as Population Share.png|thumb|U.S. presidential election popular vote totals as a percentage of the total U.S. population. Note the surge in 1828 (extension of suffrage to non-property-owning white men), the drop from 1890 to 1910 (when Southern states disenfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites), and another surge in 1920 (extension of suffrage to women).]]
=== Jacksonian democracy ===
=== Jacksonian democracy ===
* party machine
* party machine
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:American Colonization Society| formed in 1816, sought to move free blacks from the United States back to Africa; the first American colony, Liberia, was founded for the project, with just under 5,000 American blacks migrating there by 1843, and with another c. 10,000 moving by 1865; the movement was run by a coalition of reform-minded slave-holders and anti-slavery abolitionists, including Quakers and other religious abolitionists;}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:American Colonization Society| formed in 1816, sought to move free blacks from the United States back to Africa; the first American colony, Liberia, was founded for the project, with just under 5,000 American blacks migrating there by 1843, and with another c. 10,000 moving by 1865; the movement was run by a coalition of reform-minded slave-holders and anti-slavery abolitionists, including Quakers and other religious abolitionists;}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:amalgamation|means racial mixing and intermarriage, which most whites across the country opposed; "amalgamation" is the same as "miscegenation"; note that "anti-miscegenation" laws remained in effect in some southern states until the 1960s}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:amalgamation|means racial mixing and intermarriage, which most whites across the country opposed; "amalgamation" is the same as "miscegenation"; note that "anti-miscegenation" laws remained in effect in some southern states until the 1960s}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:chattel principle| or "bill of sale principle" that held
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:chattel principle| or "bill of sale principle" that held slavery was property that can be bought and sold; this was the historic norm for slavery, but English common law rejected it, allowing some 17th century slaves to attain freedom, as well as through Christian baptism or purchase of one's own freedom; some slaves who gained their freedom themselves entered into slave holding and trade}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:coastal trade| slave trade routes that moved young black male slaves, especially, from mid-Atlantic slave state coastal cities to New Orleans, where they were sold into forced labor on sugar plantations; the coastal slave trade was "visible" in that slaves were auctioned at the port cities and put on vessels with manifests detailing their cargo/slaves; so emancipation activists identified and publicized this trade}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:coastal trade| slave trade routes that moved young black male slaves, especially, from mid-Atlantic slave state coastal cities to New Orleans, where they were sold into forced labor on sugar plantations; the coastal slave trade was "visible" in that slaves were auctioned at the port cities and put on vessels with manifests detailing their cargo/slaves; so emancipation activists identified and publicized this trade}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:emancipation| freeing of slave; "emancipation" is the larger movement of argument for and act of freeing slaves; }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:emancipation| freeing of slave; "emancipation" is the larger movement of argument for and act of freeing slaves; }}</ul></li>
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:gag rule| in 1836 the House of Representatives adopted a rule that "tabled" (set aside) any anti-slavery proposals; it remained in force until 1844}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:gag rule| in 1836 the House of Representatives adopted a rule that "tabled" (set aside) any anti-slavery proposals; it remained in force until 1844}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793|empowered slave owners and bounty hunters to seize even suspected runaway slaves and return them to slavery}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793|empowered slave owners and bounty hunters to seize even suspected runaway slaves and return them to slavery}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:inland system| slave trade from middle-Atlantic states to the South and southwestern states primarily for cotton plantations; this trade was less visible than the coastal trade, but moved upwwards a million slaves from the middle states to the deeper South}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:inland system| slave trade from middle-Atlantic states to the South and southwestern states primarily for cotton plantations; this trade was less visible than the coastal trade, but moved upwards a million slaves from the middle states to the deeper South}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:manumission|the act of freeing a slave}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:manumission|the act of freeing a slave}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"positive good" argument| }}
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"positive good" argument| theory that southern white slavery of African blakcs was for their own good as they could through slavery benefit from white society }}</ul></li>
* Nat Turner's Rebellion|1831
* Nat Turner's Rebellion|1831
* Uncle Tom’s Cabin
* Uncle Tom’s Cabin
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* Bloody Kansas
* Bloody Kansas
* Compromise of 1850
* Compromise of 1850
* Jefferson Davis
* {{#tip-text:Dred Scott decision|1857 written by Chief Justice Roger Taney of Maryland, the decision held that Scott, a slave who sued for freedom when his owner took him from the slave state Missouri to Illinois; Taney ruled that blacks are not citizens and thereby have no constitutional protections; the decision also invalidated the Missouri Compromise, stating that it violated slave owners' property rights; the Taney Court thought the ruling would settle the problem of slavery, but it instead inflamed it}}
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Dred Scott decision|1857 written by Chief Justice Roger Taney of Maryland, the decision held that Scott, a slave who sued for freedom when his owner took him from the slave state Missouri to Illinois; Taney ruled that blacks are not citizens and thereby have no constitutional protections; the decision also invalidated the Missouri Compromise, stating that it violated slave owners' property rights; the Taney Court thought the ruling would settle the problem of slavery, but it instead inflamed it}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Brown| a radical puritan and abolitionist from Connecticut who had the messianic belief that he was an instrument of God to free the slaves; he was a prominent agitator in "Bleeding Kansas" of the late 1850s to oppose expansion of slavery there; in 1859 he led the raid on Harpers Ferry (see below) to seize weapons and start a slave rebellion; Brown became famous for his raid and inspired hatred and resentment in the south and anti-slave fervor in the north; Union soldiers frequently sang "John Brown's Body" while they marched during the war}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Brown| a radical puritan and abolitionist from Connecticut who had the messianic belief that he was an instrument of God to free the slaves; he was a prominent agitator in "Bleeding Kansas" of the late 1850s to oppose expansion of slavery there; in 1859 he led the raid on Harpers Ferry (see below) to seize weapons and start a slave rebellion; Brown became famous for his raid and inspired hatred and resentment in the south and anti-slave fervor in the north; Union soldiers frequently sang "John Brown's Body" while they marched during the war}}</ul></li>
* Kansas-Nebraska Act
* Kansas-Nebraska Act
* King Cotton
* Lincoln-Douglas Debates
* Lincoln-Douglas Debates
* popular sovereignty
* popular sovereignty
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== Civil War ==
== Civil War ==
<div style="column-count:2">
<div style="column-count:2">
* 1860 Election
=== Civil War era elections ===
==== Election of 1860 ====
* Republican Party
** Ticket: Abraham Lincoln
** Electoral College Votes (EVs): 180 (out of 303 total)
** Popular vote: 39.7%
* Southern Democratic Party
** Ticket: John C. Breckinridge
** EVS: 72
** Pop vote: 14.4%
* Constitutional Union Party
** Ticket: John Bell
** EVs: 39
** pop vote: 12.6%
* Northern Democratic Party
** Ticket: Stephen Douglas
** EVs: 12 (NJ, DE, KY)
** Pop vote: 21.5%
=== Secession ===
Notes:
* Seven southern states seceded before Lincoln's inauguration
* Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina seceded after the battle at Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861
* The key border states of Kentucky and Missouri had secession movements and conventions but they did not control those states, which maintained representation in the US Congress.
South Carolina
* Confederate States of America | formed on Feb 9 1861, prior to Lincoln's inauguration in March; Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was elected president; organizing states were, in order of secession, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas; the
Terms
* Crittendon Compromise | to protect states from any federal interference regarding slavery as well as re-institute the 36/30 line to the west coast; Lincoln opposed it
* Ft. Sumter | location of the first hostilities between the north and south on April 12, 1861, and was the trigger for the remainder of southern states to secede; the fort was located on an island at the entrance to the Charleston, SC harbor; it was considerable but incompletely built; Federal forces moved there from another more vulnerable island fort for better protection; SC demanded the forces surrender, but President Buchanan refused and tried to reinforce it; later, Lincoln sent warships to reinforce it, but on April 12 the Southern forces began a bombardment and the Union forces surrendered and evacuated the next day
=== 1864 Election ===
* National Union Party
** Ticket: Abraham Lincoln (Republican) & Andrew Johnson (Democrat)
** EVs: 212 (out of 234 total)
** Popular vote 55.1%
* Peace Democrats
** Ticket: George McClellan (former Union general who was fired by Lincoln)
** EVs: 21
** Pop vote: 44.9%
=== Events & Concepts ===
* Anaconda Plan
* Anaconda Plan
* Antietam
* Antietam
* Appomattox
* Appomattox
* Confederacy
* Confederacy
* conscription
* contrabands
* Copperheads
* Copperheads
* Election of 1864
* Emancipation Proclamation
* Emancipation Proclamation
* Ft. Sumter
*
* Gettysburg
* Gettysburg (Battle)
* Gettysburg Address
* Gettysburg Address
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Harper's Ferry| Oct 1859, radical abolitionist John Brown led an attack on a federal military arsenal (supplies, guns) at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, along the Potomac River north of Washington, DC. Brown and his 21followers hoped to start a slave rebellion; he was caught by US Marines, including Robert E. Lee; Brown was arrested and hung by the state of Virginia; southerners claimed that Brown's raid was a "natural, inevitable result" of Republican politics; Republicans denounced the raid, although radical abolitionists were thrilled, such as transcendentalist poet Ralph Waldo Emerson who called him a "saint awaiting his martyrdom"}}</ul></li>
* Greenbacks
* Robert E. Lee
* ''habeas corpus''
* Lincoln’s pre-war stance on slavery
* "hard war"
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sherman’s March| Nov-Dec 1864; also called "The March to the Sea"; after taking Atlanta, GA, Union General Tecumseh Sherman marched his army to Savannah, GA, destroying railways, supplies and supply routes, and plundering plantations and towns, called "scorched earth" campaign; considered punitive, the raid created great resentment in the South, while at the same time bolstering Union enthusiasm for the victories of Sherman's army; On Dec 26, Sherman sent a telegram to Lincoln offering Savannah as a "Christmas gift"; in Jan. 1865, Sherman headed North through the Carolinas, using the same scorched earth tactics}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Harper's Ferry| Oct 1859, radical abolitionist John Brown led an attack on a federal military arsenal (supplies, guns) at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, along the Potomac River north of Washington, DC. Brown and his 21followers hoped to start a slave rebellion; he was caught by US Marines, including Robert E. Lee; Brown was arrested and hung by the state of Virginia; southerners claimed that Brown's raid was a "natural, inevitable result" of Republican politics; Republicans denounced the raid, although radical abolitionists were thrilled, such as transcendentalist poet Ralph Waldo Emerson who called him a "saint awaiting his martyrdom"}}<li>inflation<li> Lincoln’s pre-war stance on slavery</li><li> March to the Sea</li><li> Minie balls</li><li> Peace Democrats</li><li> scorched earth campaign</li></ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sherman’s March| Nov-Dec 1864; also called "The March to the Sea"; after taking Atlanta, GA, Union General Tecumseh Sherman marched his army to Savannah, GA, destroying railways, supplies and supply routes, and plundering plantations and towns, called "scorched earth" campaign; considered punitive, the raid created great resentment in the South, while at the same time bolstering Union enthusiasm for the victories of Sherman's army; On Dec 26, Sherman sent a telegram to Lincoln offering Savannah as a "Christmas gift"; in Jan. 1865, Sherman headed North through the Carolinas, using the same scorched earth tactics}}<li>states rights<li>War Democrats</ul>
* Vicksburg
* Vicksburg
* U.S. Grant
* Union
* Union
=== People ===
Jefferson Davis
Ulysses (US) Grant
Robert E. Lee
Abraham Lincoln
George McClellan
Radical Republicans
William Seward
Tecumseh Sherman
</div>
</div>
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* 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
* 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
* black codes
* black codes
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"bloody shirt"| from the apocryphal (likely but not true) story of Rep. Benj. Butler in 1871 holding up a blood-stained shirt on the floor of the House of Representatives, which was supposedly from a carpetbagger who had been whipped by the KKK; Butler's speech was condemned by southerners who mocked the speech for having "waved the bloody shirt" in a pathetic appeal; the term was used subsequently to accuse Republicans of trying to gain sympathy for their stances on the Civil War and Reconstruction, as well as later policies}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"bloody shirt"| from the apocryphal (likely but not true) story of Rep. Benj. Butler in 1871 holding up a blood-stained shirt on the floor of the House of Representatives, which was supposedly from a carpetbagger who had been whipped by the KKK; Butler's speech was condemned by southerners who mocked the speech for having "waved the bloody shirt" in a pathetic appeal; the term was used subsequently to accuse Republicans of trying to gain sympathy for their stances on the Civil War and Reconstruction, as well as later policies}}</ul>
* Compromise of 1877
* Compromise of 1877
* 40 acres and a mule
* 40 acres and a mule
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* Radical Republicans
* Radical Republicans
* Reconstruction Act of 1867
* Reconstruction Act of 1867
* Reconstruction programs:
</div>
=== Comparison of post-Civil War Reconstruction Plans ===
----------
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Reconstruction Plans
|+ Reconstruction Plans in US Government (not southern states)
|-
|-
! Lincoln !! Johnson !! Radical Republicans !! Actual
!President
! Lincoln !! Johnson !! Radical Republicans
'''(in Congress)'''
! Results in Congress
|-
|-
| Lenient || Lenien|| Punitive|| Mixed
|Degree of punishment of South
| Lenient || Lenient|| Punitive|| Mixed
|-
|-
|Plans
| Lincoln proposed the "10 Percent Plan" under which, once 10% of voters, based on the 1860 election results, swore an oath of allegiance and accepted emancipation, the state could rejoin the union || Johnson wanted to follow Lincoln's plan but he also wanted to pardon former Confederates and allow them to reorganize their governments. He opposed the Civil Rights Act, which was passed over his veto || Wanted complete Northern military control of the south in order to establish new governments that ensured full civil rights and political freedoms for former slaves, while restricting the voting rights of Confederate leaders and soldiers|| The Civil Rights Act of 1866 did not include the right to vote for freed male slaves, and along with the Reconstruction Act of 1867, which banned voting by Confederates soldiers, these acts had no meaningful enforcement mechanisms; by 1872, support for Reconstruction was waning, and Congress passed the Amnesty Act of 1872, which allowed former Confederate soldiers to vote
| Lincoln proposed the "10 Percent Plan" under which, once 10% of voters, based on the 1860 election results, swore an oath of allegiance and accepted emancipation, the state could rejoin the union || Johnson wanted to follow Lincoln's plan but he also wanted to pardon former Confederates and allow them to reorganize their governments. He opposed the Civil Rights Act, which was passed over his veto || Wanted complete Northern military control of the south in order to establish new governments that ensured full civil rights and political freedoms for former slaves, while restricting the voting rights of Confederate leaders and soldiers|| The Civil Rights Act of 1866 did not include the right to vote for freed male slaves, and along with the Reconstruction Act of 1867, which banned voting by Confederates soldiers, these acts had no meaningful enforcement mechanisms; by 1872, support for Reconstruction was waning, and Congress passed the Amnesty Act of 1872, which allowed former Confederate soldiers to vote
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|Results
| Lincoln assassinated so we do not know what would have happened under his leadership|| Johnson was a pro-Union, pro-slavery democrat, who did not care about the rights of the freed slaves|| colspan="2" | Radical Republicans were able to push through significant legislation and three Constitutional Amendments: 13th: abolished slavery; 14th: provided citizenship and protection of rights of freed slaves; 15th the vote for black men. However, southern whites were able to quickly erode the freedoms of the former slaves and the federal laws were enforced only as far as the US Army was present.
|}
|}
</div>
-------------------
-------------------
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=== Economic & Political ===
=== Economic & Political ===
* Andrew Carnegie
* Andrew Carnegie
*
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:bimetallism|the policy of fixing the value of silver and gold so taht if one went up or down, the relative value of the other would stay the same; in the late 19th century, bimetallism was used politically to oppose the gold standard, especially by Wm. Jennings Bryan, who more largely argued for "free silver" but used bimetallism as a supposed compromise between gold and silver, although it would essential tie Gold to the decreasing value of silver, which was Bryan[s purpose}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:bimetallism|the policy of fixing the value of silver and gold so taht if one went up or down, the relative value of the other would stay the same; in the late 19th century, bimetallism was used politically to oppose the gold standard, especially by Wm. Jennings Bryan, who more largely argued for "free silver" but used bimetallism as a supposed compromise between gold and silver, although it would essential tie Gold to the decreasing value of silver, which was Bryan[s purpose}}</ul></li>
* economies of scale
* economies of scale
Latest revision as of 20:48, 10 December 2024
US History and AP US History Running Vocabulary List: Terms, Concepts, Names and Events
Additional keywords: AP U.S. History, APUSH, AP us, apush, note: see Talk page for to do list and suggestions
This page may be used as an all-round study guide for the AP US History exam.
Primary goals of this study guide:
Knowledge of periods
Knowledge of terms, people and places
Knowledge of dates
See here for map review of US History
For Multiple Choice section (MCQ), students are to:
US History: BIG IDEAS for American self-conception and historical choices[edit | edit source]
Students may address historican themes, events, and periods using the various notions of self-conception of Americans across history. Note that these concepts change over time. A short list of topics/ core ideas includes:
the American Dream
American exceptionalism
Americanism (and What is it to be an American?)
Civil liberties
Civil Rights
"City on a Hill"
Debate
Dissent
Due process
Duty
E pluribus unam
Equality
Expansionism (including westerd expansion, overseas expansion; also economic)
In 1835, the French aristocrat, Alexis de Tocqueville published the first of two volumes, "Democracy in America". Tocqueville was intrigued by the social, cultural and political implications of a democratic society -- by which he meant, generally,
absence of social classes or heirarchies among citizens
members of that dominant social class consider themselves one another's equal
Tocqueville's analysis yields enormous insight into the American character of the 1830s as well as today:
notion of equality
individualism
emphasis on local governance
civic activity and associations
spirit of religion
These characteristics of a democracy can be applied to historical analysis on the AP exam and for understanding US History generally.
The pre-Columbian period is that period prior to the Spanish contact with the Americas starting in 1492. Having been peopled by hunter-gatherers during the late states of the last Ice Age, the Americas were subsequently isolated from the rest of the world (there was some continued migration back and forth between modern Alaska and Siberia). While there was contact with Viking explorers along the coast of northeastern North America, there was no continual European or other presence until Columbus.
As a result, the societies of the Americas evolved independently of the rest of the world. That is, they started with the same beliefs and technologies of hunter-gatherers, but developed from there entirely on their own, developing agriculture and complex governance in certain areas, principally Mesoamerica and Peru. When Columbus arrived, the Americas had not yet developed metallurgy, and because the original inhabitants had hunted them to extinction rather than domesticating them, as happened in Eurasia c. 3000 BC, they had no horses.
The "Columbian Exchange" was an uniquely accelerated moment of cultural, political, economic, technological, and biological exchange that was devastating to and/or massively transforming of the people of the Americas, who had never encountered many of the Afro-Eurasian diseases, technologies and political forms.
Algonquian
Cahokia
Hopewell tradition
indigenous
Iroquois
Iroquois Confederacy
Mississippian period/ culture
Mound Builders
Navajo
Pueblo culture
Plains Indians
reciprocal relations
"Three Sisters" crops
Woodland Period
Pre-Columbian Americas Timeline
Pre-Columbian Americas Timeline
Dates
Event
Notes
29,000 BC
Evidence of human activity of Yana River area in Siberia (regions not under the ice sheets due to lack of precipitation)
Near Baltic Sea
26,000-23,000
Last Glacial Maximum (greatest extent of ice sheets
24,000
Footprints dating
13,000-3,000
Peopling of the Americas
called the "first wave" (of three); most indigenous Americans in South, Central and North America are descended from these groups
12,000
Clovis culture introduced in North America
6,000
domestication of maize (corn) in Mesoamerica
600-1140 AD
Pueblo culture thrives in American Southwest; moved from cliff dwellings to complex villages, 700-900 AD;
droughts starting 1130 led to decline and abandonment of Chaco Canyon
1000-1350
Mississippian culture; decline in urbanization starting 1250, possibly as result of disease, warfare, deforestation, and climate change (Little Ice Age droughts)
1325
Aztec capital established at Tenochtitlán (modern Mexico City)
Britain held colonial possessions in the Caribbean region, as well as the thirteen colonies and portions of Canada
following smaller wars and the worldwide French-Indian War (Seven Years War), Britain sequentially took France's Canadian possessions as well as its landholdings between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.
Levels of British control of the colonies rose and fell according to domestic British politics and its international priorities.
The American Revolution was largely the result of the exercise of direct control of colonial affairs that followed the French-Indian War.
Origins and indirect causes of the French-Indian War[edit | edit source]
Long term causes:
French colonial expansion across the Great Lakes, the Ohio Valley and along the Mississippi River
English colonial expansion in western New York and Pennsylvania
Indirect causes:
English v. French rivalry over easter and central North American lands and trade routes
Treaty of Utrecht, 1713: France ceded Nova Scotia to the British and abandoned its claims to Newfoundland
Indian rivalries and warfare, especially between French-aligned Algonquins and British-aligned Iroquois tribes and nations
Direct causes of the French-Indian War =[edit | edit source]
the immediate cause of the war was the growing presence of English colonials across the Appalachian Mountains and into the Ohio Valley
the French and their Indian allies opposed these settlements
1753-54: Virginia militia expeditions sent to challenge French expansion in the Ohio Valley via building of a series of forts
May 1754: fighting breaks out at Ft. Duquesne and Ft. Necessity
a site of considerable contention was Fort Duquesne at present-day Pittsburg, as the location was at the confluence of two major rivers leading into the Ohio River
sparked by an unsuccessful British and colonial attacks on French forts in Pennsylvania
in 1753, George Washington 1753 delivered a message to the French at another Fort in Pennsylvania demanding French evacuation from the region
on July 3, 1754, as a colonel in the Virginia Militia, Washington led an attack upon the French Ford Necessity; he lost and had to surrender
British regular Army, along with colonial militias (and including Washington), reorganized and attacked another French fort, Fort Duquesne on Sept. 14, 1758, and also lost
there were 500 French and Indian soldiers
and 400 British regulars and 350 colonial militia
the British eventually took Ft. Duquesne in 1758 (renaming it Ft. Pitt), and the focus of the war moved toward Canada and the St. Lawrence River waterways, particularly the French city Quebec.
the American-sparked war turned global as Britain and France squared off against one another and their allies in Continental Europe, the Caribbean, Africa, India and China
after going well for France and its allies at first, the British scored significant victories starting 1758 and, especially, in 1759 ("Annus Mirabillus") and 1762.
depleted financially and in resources, both France and England met at Paris to negotiate an end to the War, resulting in the Treaty of Paris of 1763, which divided up colonial holdings, giving Britain control of North America east of the Mississippi.
the French-Indian War and the British government response to its aftermath set the conditions for the American Revolution.
French and British positions at the start of the War British North America and New France and Allies. This Map also shows both the Iroquois and Wabanaki Confederacies, who were both influential in the war on the British and French sides respectively.
the "American Revolution" refers generally to the period between the French-Indian War and, either the breakout (1775/76) or end of the Revolutionary War (1781/83)
the war itself is called "The Revolutionary War"
the logic for the terminology is that the pre-War period was "revolutionary" in the sense that the colonists went from identifying as "Englishmen" (subjects of the King of England) to an independent "American" people;
their choices, rebellions, self-identity, philosophy, etc. went through a "revolutionary" change
"revolution" is from Latin revolvere for "turn, roll back" and in its political sense means a "great change in affairs" or "overthrow of an established political order"
students will be expected to evaluate the origins, causes and consequences of the American Revolution
and, less importantly but expected nonetheless, of the events and outcomes of the Revolutionary War
Influence of Enlightenment thought and thinkers[edit | edit source]
The laws passed by Parliament following the French-Indian War were designed for two primary purposes:
raise revenue from the colonies in order to defer the costs of the Seven Years War
exercise greater control over colonial affairs and governance
Notably, new taxes and rules marked a shift away from "mercantilism," which was designed to trade relations between the Britain and the colonies would benefit Britain. Instead, these new taxes were intended to maximize revenue, which meant many of them were actually lower than before (under the theory that lower taxes would result in greater compliance and less smuggling and corruption).
Chronology of Colonial Acts
Year
Act
1763
Sugar Act
1764
Currency Act
1765
Stamp Act
1765
Quartering Act
1766
Declaratory Act
1767
Townshend Acts
1767
Revenue Act
1773
Tea Act
1774
Quebec Act
1775
Coervice Acts
("Intolerable Acts")
Below are these acts, alphabetically. Students should memorize their dates and chronology (thus the definition list does not immediately show dates) in order to build a strong sense of causality between them and the larger context of the American Revolution as it turned into the Revolutionary War.
Creation of the United States: Articles of Confederation & U.S. Constitution[edit | edit source]
"united States" was first used (or prominently used) in the Declaration of Independence
but the term "united" was a modifier, not proper noun.
The Second Continental Congress officially adopted the name "united Colonies" (lower case "united") on Sept. 9, 1776,
as it was also termed in the Declaration of Independence (" The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America").
the Articles of Confederation, first drafted in June, 1776, then when adopted in 1781, stated, "The stile of this confederacy shall be 'The United States of America'" (capitalized "United", and so now a proper noun).
on March 4, 1789, when the Constitution was formally adopted , the named the country "United States" and called the Constitution, "this Constitution for the United States of America."
proposed in June, 1776, adopted by the various states starting with Virginia in Dec., 1777, officially adopted with Maryland's ratification on Feb 2, 1781 (Delaware ratified it Feb 1, 1779; all other states ratified it across 1778).
Following border tensions, frontier disputes over the British arming of native tribes, and outrage at British impressment of American sailors, American militia and naval forces attacked British Canada. The British attached Baltimore and Washington DC, which was burned in retaliation for American burning of the Canadian capital at Ottawa. The war ended a parity with not major advantage to either side. But despite a clear victory, the Americans considered it a great success for having fended off the strongest empire in the world, and the war led to greater American unity and the "Era of Good Feelings."
Battle of Tippecanoe
Hartford Convention 1814-15
impressment
Treaty of Ghent
War Hawks western Jeffersonians (Republicans) who blamed Britain for violating treaties and inciting indian attacks on American settlers and outposts; the British did arm tribes, including the Shawnee under chief Tecumseh
The Appalachian watershed provided almost unlimited opportunity for building of mills and dams to serve them. In Massachusetts,
commercial versus sustenance farming |into the 1800s, farming became more connected to markets and thus more specialized; rather than farming to meet a family's needs, which would require both crops and animals, farms increasingly specialized in one or the other, and sold their production in exchange for (via currency) other food and goods; canals, dams, mills, rivers and roads provided access for these farmers to markets for their goods
Commonwealth system| favorable laws, loans and public policy withing states towards transportation, industrial enterprises, etc. under the idea that such preferences were "for the common welfare"
dams
eminent domain
Lancaster Turnpike
mills| from 1809 to 1817, the number of "spinner mills" (just one type of mill) grew from 8,000 to 330,000; spinner mills created yarn from wool and replaced hand-run spinners
Mill Dam Act of 1795| Massachusetts law that granted dam owners rights to build dams that flooded farmland, forcing them to accept "fair compensation" for the lost land, without possibility of stopping the dam itself
U.S. presidential election popular vote totals as a percentage of the total U.S. population. Note the surge in 1828 (extension of suffrage to non-property-owning white men), the drop from 1890 to 1910 (when Southern states disenfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites), and another surge in 1920 (extension of suffrage to women).Bank War
By the 1840s, various reform movements arose, some of which combined or overlapped, such as women's rights and abolitionism (not all abolitionists supported women's rights, or in the same way). Other movements included religious and quasi-religious social movements, as well as artistic and literary movements, that reflected the spirit of reform and social and political transformation. These included the Second Great Awakening, Mormonism and other religious cults, and transcendentalism.
Other reform movements included improving education, prisons and treatment of the insane
Note that certain Christian ideology deeply influenced these movements, as well as abolition
Transcendentalism/ Second Great Awakening[edit | edit source]
Adventist/ Adventism| religious movement started in the 1830s by a Baptist preacher (William Miller) who claimed that Christ's Second Coming would occur in 1843 or 1844; the movement is reflective of the Second Great Awakening and its democratization of religious belief
The Antebellum period goes all the way to the Civil War, however in the 1850s decade leading up to the Civil War, events accelerated and more direct causes for the War become apparent
Seven southern states seceded before Lincoln's inauguration
Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina seceded after the battle at Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861
The key border states of Kentucky and Missouri had secession movements and conventions but they did not control those states, which maintained representation in the US Congress.
South Carolina
Confederate States of America | formed on Feb 9 1861, prior to Lincoln's inauguration in March; Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was elected president; organizing states were, in order of secession, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas; the
Terms
Crittendon Compromise | to protect states from any federal interference regarding slavery as well as re-institute the 36/30 line to the west coast; Lincoln opposed it
Ft. Sumter | location of the first hostilities between the north and south on April 12, 1861, and was the trigger for the remainder of southern states to secede; the fort was located on an island at the entrance to the Charleston, SC harbor; it was considerable but incompletely built; Federal forces moved there from another more vulnerable island fort for better protection; SC demanded the forces surrender, but President Buchanan refused and tried to reinforce it; later, Lincoln sent warships to reinforce it, but on April 12 the Southern forces began a bombardment and the Union forces surrendered and evacuated the next day
The Civil War led to significant dispossession and forced migration of Indian tribes west of the Mississippi. With the US military focused on the War, settlers formed militia to fight hostile native tribes, which led to abuse and at least one massacre at Sand Creek, Colorado.
Comparison of post-Civil War Reconstruction Plans[edit | edit source]
Reconstruction Plans in US Government (not southern states)
President
Lincoln
Johnson
Radical Republicans
(in Congress)
Results in Congress
Degree of punishment of South
Lenient
Lenient
Punitive
Mixed
Plans
Lincoln proposed the "10 Percent Plan" under which, once 10% of voters, based on the 1860 election results, swore an oath of allegiance and accepted emancipation, the state could rejoin the union
Johnson wanted to follow Lincoln's plan but he also wanted to pardon former Confederates and allow them to reorganize their governments. He opposed the Civil Rights Act, which was passed over his veto
Wanted complete Northern military control of the south in order to establish new governments that ensured full civil rights and political freedoms for former slaves, while restricting the voting rights of Confederate leaders and soldiers
The Civil Rights Act of 1866 did not include the right to vote for freed male slaves, and along with the Reconstruction Act of 1867, which banned voting by Confederates soldiers, these acts had no meaningful enforcement mechanisms; by 1872, support for Reconstruction was waning, and Congress passed the Amnesty Act of 1872, which allowed former Confederate soldiers to vote
Results
Lincoln assassinated so we do not know what would have happened under his leadership
Johnson was a pro-Union, pro-slavery democrat, who did not care about the rights of the freed slaves
Radical Republicans were able to push through significant legislation and three Constitutional Amendments: 13th: abolished slavery; 14th: provided citizenship and protection of rights of freed slaves; 15th the vote for black men. However, southern whites were able to quickly erode the freedoms of the former slaves and the federal laws were enforced only as far as the US Army was present.
the value of the New York Stock Exchange was measured in value by the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA, also known as "the DOW"; it is still used, but among other measures);
the market rose from about 150 in January of 1927 to a peak of 381 in August of 1929.
it started dropping through September into October, before its precipitous drop to 237 on Oct 29
it stabilizied in early 1930, then in May continued a long drop to its low of 41 on July 8, 1932; the DOW did not reach 381 until 1954
WWII was the last conflict entered by official Declaration of War by Congress
all other post-WWII "wars" have been without actual declaration of war
the U.S. has entered most of these wars through a combination of Executive Action and Congressional approval, either for a military action or funding thereof
a key component of post-WWII US History for students to grapple with is the dramatic change to worldwide involvement and/or adventurism and the various justifications for them
students should understand American "hegemony" and reaons for American worlwdide dominance and the extent to which it may be considered economic, political cultural imperialism
third parties represent political movements that the major parties do not accommodate
or a split within them
elections through to the 1830s had multiple candidates from the same party, so were not technically "third parties)
or they were divided geographically and/or over a particular issue or political position
Party
Election
% of Popular Vote
Notes
Anti-Masonic Party
1832
7.8%
opposed "Freemasonry" (elitist secret society that was opposed by mainstream religous groups);
the movement started wit hthe "Morgan affair", when a former Mason show spoke out against the society was murdered
Freemasons were accused of secretly controlling the government
Liberty Party
1844
2.3%
abolitionist, anti-slavery party
Free Soil
1848
10.1%
opposed expansion of slavery into new territories
former president Martin Van Buren was candidate in 1848
formed after the Mexican-American War over concerns about the expansion of slavery
the Free Soil party was mostly former Whigs who joined the Republican Party when they merged in 1854
1852
4.9%
Know Nothing (American Party)
1856
21.6%
anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic
largely made up of Whigs after the collapse of that party
the party also appealed to reformers, standing for rights of women, regulation of industry and labor, prefiguring the progressive movement
former president Millard Filmore was candidate
Four-way split
1860
Republican (Abraham Lincolon): 39.8%
Southern Democrat (John Breckinridge): 18.1%
Constitutional Union (John Bell): 12.6%
Democratic (Stephen Douglas): 29.5%
Liberal Republican
1872
43.8%
candidate Horace Greeley, publisher of the New York Tribune
opposed President Grant as corrupt and his Reconstruction policies as too harsh (wanted removal of US Army from the South)
opposed the high tariff and promoted civil service reform
the Democratic party had no national organization, so Greeley hoped to attrack their vote, but failed
Greenback Party
1876
0.99%
soft money platform, originally associated with the Grange (agricultural organization, cooperative)
anti-monopoly, anti-railroads
1880
3.35%
Prohibition Party
1884
1.5%
single issue: temperance
persisted longer than most third-party movements and influenced larger politics, with ultimate victory in the 18th amendment
1888
2.2%
1896
.094%
1900
1.51%
1904
1.92%
1912
1.38%
1916
1.19%
Populist Party
1892
8.5%
agrarian, anit-business/railroad movement
pro-soft money
Socialist Party
1904
2.98%
Eugene Debs was the candidate in 1904, 1908, 1912 & 1920 elections
1908
2.83%
1912
6%
1916
3.19%
1920
3.41%
1932
2.23%
Progressive Party
1912
27%
Teddy Roosevelt's party after split with Republican Party following its convention in 1912
Roosevelt took more votes than the Republican incumbant Taft (23.2%)
with the Republican vote split, Wilson won with 41.8% of the popular voate
Progressive
1924
16.6%
a diferent orgniazaiton form the Teddy Roosevelt's Progressive Party, which he abandoned after 1912 (he was nominated in 1916 but refused)
former Republican Robert La Follette, a progressive how refused to back Roosevelt, reformed the party in 1924
Dixiecrat
Progressive
1948
2.4%
2.4%
independent movements that were splinter factions from FDR's Democratic coalition that fell apart under Truman
Dixiecrats were souther segregationists
Progressives were FDR Democrats led by his former Vice President Henry Wallace
American Independent
1968
13.5%
led by southern Democrat George Wallace, populist, segregationist governore of Alabama who opposed Johnson's support of the Civil Rights movement
John Anderson (Independent candidate)
1980
6.6%
Republican John Anderson split from the Republican Party and ran as a "moderate" alternative to Reagan
Ross Pero (Independent candidate/ Reform Party)
1992
18.9%
populist businessman Ross Perot opposed Bush and Clinton and gained widespread support
in 1996, Perot ran on the Reform Party ticket, which he formed after 1992
1996
8.4%
Green Party
2000
2.74%
Envronmentalist and consumer activist Ralph Nader ran on the Green Party ticket and likely threw the close 2000 election to Bush, as he drew support from the Democratic left
Libertarian
2016
3.28%
Libertarian party candidate Gary Johnson gained national support for his opposition to Obama's regulatory state and in opposition to Donald Trump's candidacy as a Republican
Robert F. Kennedy (independent candidate)
2024
?
son of former Senator and assassinated 1968 presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy
running as a third-party alternative to Biden and Trump
French company had Royal grant for trading rights to French colonies in Americas
to cover French government debt over Louis XIV's wars, the government allowed the compan to issue paper money backed by national debt
speculation in shares of the company led to more paper money issued, which was then put back into company shares, which led to the second largest bubble in economic history ($6.5 trillion peak value in current dollars, behind only the Dutch East India Company bubble)
Panic of 1792
1792
Short-lived panic caused by sudden credit expansion following the formation of the Bank of the United States, which led to land speculation
a group of bankers tried to drive up pricies of securities (stocks, contracts) but failed to meet their loans, causing a bank run
Alexander Hamilton stabilized the market with stock purchases by the government
Land bubble 1796
1996
Land speculation bubble that collapsed following specie payments suspension by the Bank of England, caused by a rush of bank withdrawals in England out of fear of a war with France
the imnpact and connection of London banks to the American economy worried
Panic of 1819
1819-1821
Financial crisis sparked by land speculation bubble, excess paper money, and issuance of bank notes unbacked by gold by the Second Bank of the United States
after annulment of the First National Bank in 1811, states granted charters to banks, many of which were speculative and underfinanced
the Second Bank of the United States, established in 1816, reacted to the crisis by first expanding than drastically retracting credit, which exacerbated the crisis
as Europe recovered from the Napoleonic Wars, its agricultural product increased and led to price drops, which hurt American producers, who, in turn, were unable to pay back loans
the Panic came amidst implementation of the "American System" of canal and road building and tariffs, which were blamed for the downturn
Panic of 1837
1837-1843
Major depression in which prices, profits, wages, and financial activity was severely curtailed
led to mass unemployment
impacted westward expansion and led t collapse in agricultural prices, especially cotton
started with bank runs in New York when investors demanded their deposits from banks who could not back then in gold or silver
was the worst financial crisis up until the Great Depression
the panic followed a speculative boom that was fueled by land sales, cotton exports, and extensive inflows of silver from the US, Mexico and China
President Jackson's dismantling of the Second Bank of the United States led to a disorderly unwinding of its assets and operations;
however, the Bank itself contributed to the speculative bubble through issuance of paper money and loose oversight
the Jackson administration's "Specie Circular of 1836," which was intended to halt speculation in land sales, dried up credit and helped spark the Panic
Panic of 1857
1857-1859
National financial crisis sparked by British change in requirements for gold and silver reserves for paper money
the influx of gold from the California Gold Rush greatly expanded the money supply but was also inflationary and led to excessive speculation
in the US, a finanical panic followed the collapse of a major investment company (Ohio Life Insurance and Trust)
speculation in railroads had exploded, and many were fraudulent, and after the Ohio Life company failed, prices collapsed
grain prices also experienced a bubble in the mid 1850s, which led to farmland speculation, both of which also collapsed in the Panic
Crédit Mobilier scandal
1864-1867
A railoard company created by the Union Pacific Railroad to build the eastern portion of the transcontinental railroad inflated its costs by $44 million dollars and paid bribes to politicians for laws and regulatory ruilings in its favor
the scandal was broken by a newspaper during the 1874 presidential campaign and led to a political crisis for certain members of Congress and the Republican Party in general
which along with other
Panic of 1873
1873-1877
bank runs in New York
financial crisis due to inflation and speculative investments especially in railroads
huge discoveries of silver in the west led to decline in the value of silver and the "demonitization of silver" in 1873 (Coinage Act of 1873), which lowered silver prices and thus impacted anyone invested in silver and silver mining
it led to a reduction in the money supply and higher interest rates, which hurt debtors, especially farmers
impacted Europe
started the "Long Depression," 1873-1879
Panic of 1893
1893-1897
Econoic depression that was sparked by the failure of an Argentine bank, Baring Brothers, which collapsed over crops price collapse,
which led to a run on American gold reserves by European investors who were facing losses there and in South Africa and Australia
a railroad company collepse just before Grover Cleveland's 2nd inauguration led him to ask Congress to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which had forced the Government to purchase Silver in order to prop up its value, which was depleting the Government's gold reserves
bank and railroad failures followed, with subsequent securities (stocks) and commodities price drops
in 1895 the Government issued "Treasury bonds" which were purchased, by arrangement, by banks, especially the Morgan Bank of New York, but which helped stabilize Government gold reserves and general economic confidence
