AP US History vocabulary list: Difference between revisions
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:laissez-faire| from French for "to leave alone"; used as reference to government non-intervention in the economy, usually regarding corporations; "laissez-faire" has a negative connotation, whereas supporters of government non-interference in the economy refer to that point of view as "libertarian"}}<li>landmark court case<li>legitimacy</ul> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:laissez-faire| from French for "to leave alone"; used as reference to government non-intervention in the economy, usually regarding corporations; "laissez-faire" has a negative connotation, whereas supporters of government non-interference in the economy refer to that point of view as "libertarian"}}<li>landmark court case<li>legitimacy</ul> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:mercantilism| colonial mother-country policy of controlling or regulating trade so as to require that colonial possessions only purchase from and sell to the mother country, with the aim to maintain a trade-surplus for the mother country; the philosophy was that economic "stakeholders" were home-country farms, businesses, and land owners, and therefore colonial holdings were to serve and benefit those interests}}<li>{{#tip-text:nativism| "ethnocentric" belief in the dominant ethnicity and culture of a nation, particularly as regards immigration (called "chauvanisme" in French)}}</ul> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:mercantilism| colonial mother-country policy of controlling or regulating trade so as to require that colonial possessions only purchase from and sell to the mother country, with the aim to maintain a trade-surplus for the mother country; the philosophy was that economic "stakeholders" were home-country farms, businesses, and land owners, and therefore colonial holdings were to serve and benefit those interests}}<li>{{#tip-text:nativism| "ethnocentric" belief in the dominant ethnicity and culture of a nation, particularly as regards immigration (called "chauvanisme" in French)}}</ul> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:nullify / nullification| the theory that since the Constitution is a "compact" (agreement) of the states, the authority to withhold that agreement or parts of it remains with the states; | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:nullify / nullification| the theory or assertion that since the Constitution is a "compact" (agreement) of the states, the authority to withhold that agreement or parts of it remains with the states; thus states can "nullify" or annul (delete, erase, disregard) a or part of a federal law; nullification violates the "Supremacy Clause" of the Constitution (found in Article VI that states that all federal law will be "supreme" over state law); the "Nullification Crisis" occurred in 1832 when South Carolina refused to abide to the federal tariff laws of 1828 and 1832; other nullification crises include the 1798 Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions, which asserted the power of nullification over Adams-era and just before the outbreak of the Civil War when some southern states passed laws "nullifying" federal laws, and in the 1950s when several southern states refused to desegregate public schools and passed laws refusing to follow the ''Brown v. Board of Education'' Supreme Court decision (1954)}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Old World v. New World| "Old" = Europe; "New" = Americas}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Old World v. New World| "Old" = Europe; "New" = Americas}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:political|from Greek ''polis'' for "city"; governance or organization of a group of people; operates at all levels, as in local, state or national "politics" }}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:political|from Greek ''polis'' for "city"; governance or organization of a group of people; operates at all levels, as in local, state or national "politics" }}</ul></li> | ||
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:salutary neglect|a phrase coined during the Revolutionary period by British politician and philosopher Edmund Burke who argued that the "neglect" of the colonies exercised by the British government prior to the French-Indian War was "salutary", or healthy; and that the post-French-Indian War interventions in the colonies were not productive for either side; Burke was sympathetic to the Colonial cause, but did not overtly align himself with them}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:salutary neglect|a phrase coined during the Revolutionary period by British politician and philosopher Edmund Burke who argued that the "neglect" of the colonies exercised by the British government prior to the French-Indian War was "salutary", or healthy; and that the post-French-Indian War interventions in the colonies were not productive for either side; Burke was sympathetic to the Colonial cause, but did not overtly align himself with them}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:slave codes|local and colonial rules and laws that limited the rights and economic liberties of slaves and free blacks; the codes were first imposed in Barbados and Jamaica, and first adopted in Virginia and South Carolina, then spread to other colonies; the codes limited rights of blacks and reduced or annulled penalties on whites who abused or murdered blacks; restrictions on slavves and blacks included not recognizing baptism, prohibiting teaching slaves to read, and limiting their movement; the British government did not impose any slave codes upon the colonies, although it allowed them in the colonies}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:slave codes|local and colonial rules and laws that limited the rights and economic liberties of slaves and free blacks; the codes were first imposed in Barbados and Jamaica, and first adopted in Virginia and South Carolina, then spread to other colonies; the codes limited rights of blacks and reduced or annulled penalties on whites who abused or murdered blacks; restrictions on slavves and blacks included not recognizing baptism, prohibiting teaching slaves to read, and limiting their movement; the British government did not impose any slave codes upon the colonies, although it allowed them in the colonies}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:William Penn|}}</ul></li> | [[File:Penncolony.png|thumb|Map of the Province of Pennsylvania|alt=Map of the Province of Pennsylvania]] | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:William Penn| Quaker English noble who in 1681 was granted extensive landholdings in the mid-Atlantic ("the Province of Pennsylvania") to pay debts due to his father from King Charles II. As a "propriety" colony, Penn and his descendants ruled Pennsylvania until the American Revolution (and when Delaware was created as a separate state); Penn organized the government under the "Frame of Government of Pennsylvania," an important document in colonial self-governance, granting legislative powers to an assembly made up of "inhabitants, freeholders and proprietors" of the colony; the Penn family was largely an "absentee landlord" (not living there) and profited from rents and taxes collected on their lands, which was resented by residents, especially non-Quaker immigrants}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:yeoman|independent farmers and landowners, who lived and farmed independently but without amassing great wealth; the "yeoman society" contrasted with the legacies of Old World feudal structures in which great landowners had tenant farmers; the yeoman ideal was independence, land ownership and local self-government, especially in New England; in Virginia the yeoman farmers contrasted with and political opposed plantation owners}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:yeoman|independent farmers and landowners, who lived and farmed independently but without amassing great wealth; the "yeoman society" contrasted with the legacies of Old World feudal structures in which great landowners had tenant farmers; the yeoman ideal was independence, land ownership and local self-government, especially in New England; in Virginia the yeoman farmers contrasted with and political opposed plantation owners}}</ul></li> | ||
</div><br> | </div><br> | ||
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== French Indian War (Seven Years War) == | == French Indian War (Seven Years War) == | ||
1754-1763 | 1754-1763 | ||
=== Origins and indirect causes of the French-Indian War === | |||
* <u>Long term causes</u>: | |||
** French colonial expansion across the Great Lakes, the Ohio Valley and along the Mississippi River | |||
** English colonial expansion in western New York and Pennsylvania | |||
* Indirect causes: | |||
** English v. French rivalry over easter and central North American lands and trade routes | |||
** Treaty of Utrecht, 1713: France ceded Nova Scotia to the British and abandoned its claims to Newfoundland | |||
** Indian rivalries and warfare, especially between French-aligned Algonquins and British-aligned Iroquois tribes and nations | |||
== Direct causes of the French-Indian War === | |||
* the immediate cause of the war was the growing presence of English colonials across the Appalachian Mountains and into the Ohio Valley | * the immediate cause of the war was the growing presence of English colonials across the Appalachian Mountains and into the Ohio Valley | ||
** the French and their Indian allies opposed these settlements | ** the French and their Indian allies opposed these settlements | ||
** 1753-54: Virginia militia expeditions sent to challenge French expansion in the Ohio Valley via building of a series of forts | |||
* May 1754: fighting breaks out at Ft. Duquesne and Ft. Necessity | |||
** a site of considerable contention was Fort Duquesne at present-day Pittsburg, as the location was at the confluence of two major rivers leading into the Ohio River | ** a site of considerable contention was Fort Duquesne at present-day Pittsburg, as the location was at the confluence of two major rivers leading into the Ohio River | ||
* sparked by an unsuccessful British and colonial attacks on French forts in Pennsylvania | * sparked by an unsuccessful British and colonial attacks on French forts in Pennsylvania | ||
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[[File:1754 French and Indian War.png|thumb|<small>French and British positions at the start of the War British North America and New France and Allies. This Map also shows both the Iroquois and Wabanaki Confederacies, who were both influential in the war on the British and French sides respectively.</small>]] | [[File:1754 French and Indian War.png|thumb|<small>French and British positions at the start of the War British North America and New France and Allies. This Map also shows both the Iroquois and Wabanaki Confederacies, who were both influential in the war on the British and French sides respectively.</small>]] | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Albany Conference, 1754|or Albany Congress; at the start of the French-Indian War, a gathering of representatives of seven, northeastern colonial legislatures in Albany , New York, with the purpose to manage relations with Indian tribes and create collective defense against the French; Albany was at the time an important city but "western" in that it was not coastal; although called for by Great Britain with the specific goal of mending relations with the Iroquois Confederacy in order to fend against the French and their Indian allies, the Conference was the first convention of colonial legislatures; the Congress adopted Benjamin Franklin's "Albany Plan", but it was rejected by the British and colonial governments}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Albany Conference, 1754|or Albany Congress; at the start of the French-Indian War, a gathering of representatives of seven, northeastern colonial legislatures in Albany , New York, with the purpose to manage relations with Indian tribes and create collective defense against the French; Albany was at the time an important city but "western" in that it was not coastal; although called for by Great Britain with the specific goal of mending relations with the Iroquois Confederacy in order to fend against the French and their Indian allies, the Conference was the first convention of colonial legislatures; the Congress adopted Benjamin Franklin's "Albany Plan", but it was rejected by the British and colonial governments}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Albany Plan|proposed by Benjamin Franklin at the 1854 Albany Congress to create a central colonial government that would have powers of treaty-making, taxation, and self-defense; the Albany Plan is considered a precursor to the Articles of Confederation}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Albany Plan| proposed by Benjamin Franklin at the 1854 Albany Congress to create a central colonial government that would have powers of treaty-making, taxation, and self-defense; the Albany Plan is considered a precursor to the Articles of Confederation}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Algonquian Indians|with associated Great Lakes region tribes, such as the Huron, allied with the French through trade and control of trade routes; the Algonquian and allied tribes were able to disrupt British and fought against British rule (see Pontiac's Rebellion), but eventually submitted to British rule in Canada}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Algonquian Indians| with associated Great Lakes region tribes, such as the Huron, allied with the French through trade and control of trade routes; the Algonquian and allied tribes were able to disrupt British and fought against British rule (see Pontiac's Rebellion), but eventually submitted to British rule in Canada}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Annus Mirabilis of 1759|"Wonderful Year" of 1759 during which the British won significant victories over France and its allies in Europe and the New World: the war started badly for Britain (even leading to fears of a French invasion of England), but under leadership of William Pitt the Elder, in 1759 Britain won battles in Germany, India, Canada capture of Quebec) and in the Caribbean(notably M). The war continued through 1762 (a second "Annus Mirabilis" for the British), at which point both sides were depleted financially and militarily, but with Britain having seized the upper hand across the globe.}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Annus Mirabilis of 1759| "Wonderful Year" of 1759 during which the British won significant victories over France and its allies in Europe and the New World: the war started badly for Britain (even leading to fears of a French invasion of England), but under leadership of William Pitt the Elder, in 1759 Britain won battles in Germany, India, Canada capture of Quebec) and in the Caribbean(notably M). The war continued through 1762 (a second "Annus Mirabilis" for the British), at which point both sides were depleted financially and militarily, but with Britain having seized the upper hand across the globe.}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Fort Duquesne|French fort at modern Pittsburg where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers join as they joint and become the Ohio River; the location provided control of trade and movement in the region that was contested by English and French colonial claims}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Fort Duquesne| French fort at modern Pittsburg where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers join as they joint and become the Ohio River; the location provided control of trade and movement in the region that was contested by English and French colonial claims}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Iroquois Confederacy|allied with the British, but under pressure from constant westward push of colonials; the Iroquois were aligned with the British more to assist their attacks against their Algonquian enemies, whom they pushed westward, then for mutual benefit of trade, etc., as was the case with the French and their Indian allies}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Iroquois Confederacy| allied with the British, but under pressure from constant westward push of colonials; the Iroquois were aligned with the British more to assist their attacks against their Algonquian enemies, whom they pushed westward, then for mutual benefit of trade, etc., as was the case with the French and their Indian allies}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Proclamation of 1763| | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Ohio Company of 1748|in 1748 the Ohio Company received Royal land grant of 200,000 acres in the Ohio Valley, which included parts of modern Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia; the Company was owned by wealthy Virginia planters and London Merchants, and served as an opening for American colonial expansion across the Appalachian Mountains and the Ohio Valley, which was land disputed by the French; the Company was required to build and maintain a fort to protect against the French and Indians, which helped spark the French-Indian War)}}</ul><li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Treaty of Paris of 1763|by 1762, British gains across the world forced the French to capitulate; depleted, as well the British seized the opportunity to secure new territories, while also giving up others that were less strategically important to them (such as French sugar growing colonies, which British merchants wanted to remain in French hands to maintain their monopolistic control over trade with them); in North America, Britain now controlled all lands east of the Mississippi River, including "Spanish Florida" (everything west of the MS River remained in Spanish control)}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Proclamation of 1763| essentially a policy statement, not a law, King George III's "proclamation" to the American colonies asserted British rule over all the pre-existing and new colonial possessions following the Treaty of Paris (1763); most importantly, the King forbade white colonials from settling to the west of the Appalachians, reserving that land for the Indians (over the next few years, treaties with the tribes allocated portions of those lands to colonial settlement); the Proclamation was largely in response to Pontiac's Rebellion; note that a factor in continued Western expansion over the mountains was that American officers were paid in "land warrants", which, like George Washington, they exercised over the mountains}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Paxton Boys|Pennsylvanian settlers, mostly Scotch-Irish, who had before the war objected to Quaker leadership that refused their demands to expel Indians; after the French-Indian War, in 1763, the Paxton Boys massacred a group of Indians and seized their land; the Governor sought to prosecute them, but about 250 armed settlers marched on Philadelphia in protest; Benjamin Franklin met them along the way and arranged a truce; these settlers long resented Quaker rule of Pennsylvania, as the Quakers refused to protect settlers against Indian attack, all the while Penn-family rule was more concerned with land ownership and "rents" than with the interests of the settlers)}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Treaty of Paris of 1763| by 1762, British gains across the world forced the French to capitulate; depleted, as well the British seized the opportunity to secure new territories, while also giving up others that were less strategically important to them (such as French sugar growing colonies, which British merchants wanted to remain in French hands to maintain their monopolistic control over trade with them); in North America, Britain now controlled all lands east of the Mississippi River, including "Spanish Florida" (everything west of the MS River remained in Spanish control)}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Paxton Boys| Pennsylvanian settlers, mostly Scotch-Irish, who had before the war objected to Quaker leadership that refused their demands to expel Indians; after the French-Indian War, in 1763, the Paxton Boys massacred a group of Indians and seized their land; the Governor sought to prosecute them, but about 250 armed settlers marched on Philadelphia in protest; Benjamin Franklin met them along the way and arranged a truce; these settlers long resented Quaker rule of Pennsylvania, as the Quakers refused to protect settlers against Indian attack, all the while Penn-family rule was more concerned with land ownership and "rents" than with the interests of the settlers)}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:William Pitt|British Cabinet minister and leader who led Britain to victory in the Seven Years War; Pitt was Prime Minister, 1766-1768, and, growing old and soon lost power; Pitt defended British powers over the colonies but argued that the Stamp Act was unjust and illegitimately imposed "internal taxes" on the colonies; his opposition to the Act led to its repeal}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:William Pitt|British Cabinet minister and leader who led Britain to victory in the Seven Years War; Pitt was Prime Minister, 1766-1768, and, growing old and soon lost power; Pitt defended British powers over the colonies but argued that the Stamp Act was unjust and illegitimately imposed "internal taxes" on the colonies; his opposition to the Act led to its repeal}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Regulators|similar to the Paxton Boys, rural, "western" (west of the coast) settlers in South Carolina, mostly Scottish and English, who demanded land, lower taxes, and greater representation in the colony's Assembly; during the French-Indian War, these settlers fought Cherokee tribes mostly for land, and organized to assert their rights through "vigilantism" (citizen policing/militia without public authority)}}</ul> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Regulators|similar to the Paxton Boys, rural, "western" (west of the coast) settlers in South Carolina, mostly Scottish and English, who demanded land, lower taxes, and greater representation in the colony's Assembly; during the French-Indian War, these settlers fought Cherokee tribes mostly for land, and organized to assert their rights through "vigilantism" (citizen policing/militia without public authority)}}</ul> | ||
-------------------- | -------------------- | ||
</div></div> | |||
<div style="clear:both;"></div> | |||
== American Revolution == | == American Revolution == | ||
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| Example || Example | | Example || Example | ||
|} | |} | ||
Notes on the American Revolution | Notes on the American Revolution | ||
* the "American Revolution" refers generally to the period between the French-Indian War and, either the breakout (1775/76) or end of the Revolutionary War (1781/83) | * the "American Revolution" refers generally to the period between the French-Indian War and, either the breakout (1775/76) or end of the Revolutionary War (1781/83) | ||
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=== Revolutionary War flowchart === | === Revolutionary War flowchart === | ||
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR | {{#mermaid:flowchart LR | ||
CO[Colonial Organization]-->CC1[1774: First | CC[Committee on Correspondence]-->CO[Colonial Organization]-->PR[Colonial boycotts and protests] | ||
CP[Colonial Protests]--anti-Parliament-->TP[1775: Paine's | TP[Boston Tea Party]-->IN[Intolerable Acts]-->CC1[1774: First Continental Congress, 1774] | ||
LX[Battles of Lexington and Concord, April 1775]-->CC2[Second Continental Congress]-->WAS[Formation of Continental Army with George Washington as Commander] | |||
}} | |||
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR | |||
CP[Colonial Protests]--anti-Parliament-->TP[1775: Paine's Common Sense]--anti-King-->DI[1776: Declaration of Independence] | |||
}} | }} | ||
------------- | ------------- | ||
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:judicial review|the idea that the courts have the power to settled disputes, including over the meaning of laws and the Constitution; see Marbury v. Madison}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:judicial review|the idea that the courts have the power to settled disputes, including over the meaning of laws and the Constitution; see Marbury v. Madison}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Judiciary Act of 1789|established the structure of the federal courts and, most importantly, gave the Supreme Court appellate power, or the to decide on cases arising in state courts or between states, thus ensuring the supremacy of the Supreme Court over state courts}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Judiciary Act of 1789|established the structure of the federal courts and, most importantly, gave the Supreme Court appellate power, or the to decide on cases arising in state courts or between states, thus ensuring the supremacy of the Supreme Court over state courts}}</ul></li> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div style="clear:both;"></div> | <div style="clear:both;"></div> | ||
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ST1[States]-->FD[Federal Government] | ST1[States]-->FD[Federal Government] | ||
}} | }} | ||
=== For / Against National Bank === | === For / Against National Bank === | ||
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<div style="clear:both;"></div> | |||
== Adams presidency == | |||
While Adams was elected Washington's Vice President for both terms, and Adams was elected President in 17986 by | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Alien & Sedition Acts|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:British-French conflict & Napoleonic Wars|in 1792, the new French Republic attacked Austria and Netherlands, and in 1795 Prussia and Italy; by the Napoleon Bonaparte had taken control of the French Army and began his attempted conquest of all of Europe; the wars united the French, who felt threatened by and who in turn threatened the monarchs of Europe; the British opposed the French expansionism, especially through its superior Navy, and, eventually, on land during the Napoleonic Wars; Americans were politically divided in their sympathies for France or Britain, nominally between Jefferson (for France) v. Adams/Hamilton (for Britain)}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:impressment|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Midnight Appointments| just before close of his presidency, Adams made last minute appointments of federal officers and magistrates, including that of John Marshall to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; Jeffersonians mocked the appointments as "Midnight Judges"; and refused to deliver any remaining appointments when he took office, including that of William Marbury}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Principles of '98| reference to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 that protested the extension of federal powers to enforce the Alien and Sedition Acts; the Principles of '98 were never officially adopted by any state, and several states specifically objected to them, upholding the Supremacy Clause, especially regarding the power of the Supreme Court to rule on federal law}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions| in opposition to the Alien and Sedition acts, the states of Virginia and Kentucky issued statements condemning the Acts and calling them unconstitutional; authored in secret by Madison and Jefferson, the Resolutions outlined the theory of nullification that the Federal government was a compact of states, so the states could withhold their agreement to that or part of that compact; it also argued that the federal government only had the power to enforce crimes specifically outlined in the Constitution (which much of the Alien and Sedition Acts exceeded); George Washington was appalled by the Resolutions, and presciently warned that if pursued they would lead to dissolution of the union}}</ul></li> | |||
</div> | |||
<div style="clear:both;"></div> | <div style="clear:both;"></div> | ||
== Jefferson era == | == Jefferson era == | ||
* Aaron Burr | |||
* Louisiana Purchase | * Louisiana Purchase | ||
* Revolution of 1800: | |||
== Marshall Court == | |||
* Marbury v. Madison (1804) | * Marbury v. Madison (1804) | ||
* McColloch v. Maryland (1819) | * McColloch v. Maryland (1819) | ||
* Dartmouth v New Hampshire | |||
< others | |||
== Madison & Monroe == | === Madison & Monroe === | ||
=== War of 1812 === | === War of 1812 === | ||
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:War Hawks|western Jeffersonians (Republicans) who blamed Britain for violating treaties and inciting indian attacks on American settlers and outposts; the British did arm tribes, including the Shawnee under chief Tecumseh}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:War Hawks|western Jeffersonians (Republicans) who blamed Britain for violating treaties and inciting indian attacks on American settlers and outposts; the British did arm tribes, including the Shawnee under chief Tecumseh}}</ul></li> | ||
* War of 1812 | * War of 1812 | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Whigs|led by Henry Clay, the party replaced the Federalist Party, which was disgraced for its opposition to the War of 1812; the Whig Party was essentially Hamiltonian in its support of the "American System" of investment in infrastructure, tariffs, the national bank, and support ofr industry; the Whig party dissolved in the 1850s after having largely opposed, including Henry Clay, the Mexican-American War (1846-48) and due to the failures of the Compromise of 1850}}</ul</li> | |||
=== Monroe presidency === | === Monroe presidency === | ||
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* eminent domain | * eminent domain | ||
* Lancaster Turnpike | * Lancaster Turnpike | ||
* mills|from 1809 to 1817, the number of "spinner mills" (just one type of mill) grew from 8,000 to 330,000; spinner mills created yarn from wool and replaced hand-run spinners | * mills|from 1809 to 1817, the number of "spinner mills" (just one type of mill) grew from 8,000 to 330,000; spinner mills created yarn from wool and replaced hand-run spinners | ||
* Mill Dam Act of 1795|Massachusetts law that granted dam owners rights to build dams that flooded farmland, forcing them to accept "fair compensation" for the lost land, without possibility of stopping the dam itself | * Mill Dam Act of 1795|Massachusetts law that granted dam owners rights to build dams that flooded farmland, forcing them to accept "fair compensation" for the lost land, without possibility of stopping the dam itself | ||
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=== Social changes === | === Social changes === | ||
* aristocracy|built on primogeniture, which passes "titles" -- social, economic and political ranks granted by a king -- to the first born son; the end of primogeniture dissolved the ability to pass on large estates to a single child (75% under the English custom) and spread inherited wealth across all male, and, eventually, female, children | * aristocracy| built on primogeniture, which passes "titles" -- social, economic and political ranks granted by a king -- to the first born son; the end of primogeniture dissolved the ability to pass on large estates to a single child (75% under the English custom) and spread inherited wealth across all male, and, eventually, female, children | ||
* companionate marriage: marriage by choice and not family arrangement; marks dramatic change based upon the "democratic" principle of equality and pursuit of happiness; the idea that marriage is a choice also led to a growing acceptance of divorce within legal and social norms (a long process) | * companionate marriage: marriage by choice and not family arrangement; marks dramatic change based upon the "democratic" principle of equality and pursuit of happiness; the idea that marriage is a choice also led to a growing acceptance of divorce within legal and social norms (a long process) | ||
* democratic society|reflects the idea that all men are born equal (originally, white males) and so social choices and reputations are based not upon one's birth but one's personal reputation | * democratic society| reflects the idea that all men are born equal (originally, white males) and so social choices and reputations are based not upon one's birth but one's personal reputation | ||
* demographic transition| the early Republic experienced dramatic decreases in the overall birthrate due to westward migration by young men, economic and market growth which reduced the need for large families | |||
* sentimentalism|movement of early 1800s that emphasized personal happiness over social obligations and roles | * sentimentalism| movement of early 1800s that emphasized personal happiness over social obligations and roles | ||
* primogeniture | * primogeniture | ||
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=== Antebellum people === | === Antebellum people === | ||
* John Quincy Adams | * John Quincy Adams | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Calhoun|1782-150; longtime Senator from South Carolina and Vice President under presidents John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson (first term); he started his political career as a war hawk during the War of 1812 (was Secretary of War under Monroe) and a strong nationalist who supported the National Bank and protective tariffs; however, as Vice President he became a leading proponent of states-rights, anti-tariffs, and limited federal government, including to support state nullification of federal tariff laws; he owned slaves and asserted the legitimacy of the institution of slavery as a "positive good"; Calhoun, however, was an effective congressional leader and along with Clay and Webster was one of the "Great Triumvirate" who negotiated the Compromises of 1820 and 1850, although Calhoun opposed the Compromise of 1850.}}</ul></li> | |||
* Henry Clay | * Henry Clay | ||
* Andrew Jackson | * Andrew Jackson | ||
* Martin Van Buren | * Martin Van Buren | ||
* Daniel Webster | * Daniel Webster | ||
=== Jacksonian period === | === Jacksonian period === | ||
* Bank War | * Bank War | ||
* Corrupt Bargain | * Corrupt Bargain | ||
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* Postal Service | * Postal Service | ||
* Panic of 1837 | * Panic of 1837 | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Second Party System| term for the new political order that arose with Jackson's presidency; the System was marked by higher voter interest and participation and the dominance of the Democratic and Whig parties and their machinery which included partisan newspapers, rallies, and election-day vote drives}}</ul></li> | |||
* Tariff of 1833 | * Tariff of 1833 | ||
* Trail of Tears | * Trail of Tears | ||
* Worcester v. Georgia | * Worcester v. Georgia | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
------------------- | ------------------- | ||
[[File:U.S. Vote for President as Population Share.png|thumb|U.S. presidential election popular vote totals as a percentage of the total U.S. population. Note the surge in 1828 (extension of suffrage to non-property-owning white men), the drop from 1890 to 1910 (when Southern states disenfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites), and another surge in 1920 (extension of suffrage to women).]] | |||
=== Jacksonian democracy === | |||
* party machine | |||
* spoils system | |||
* universal (white) male suffrage | |||
<br> | |||
------------------- | |||
</div> | |||
<div style="clear:both;"></div> | |||
<div style="column-count:2"> | <div style="column-count:2"> | ||
Line 1,073: | Line 1,089: | ||
=== Economics === | === Economics === | ||
* cotton gin | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:artisanal republicanism"| the ideal of agricultural-based, independence through self-sufficiency and independent farms}}</ul></li> | ||
* banks | |||
* cotton gin| invented by Eli Whitney, the "gin" | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:division of labor| as the economy expanded through growing population, connected markets (roads, canals and, eventually, railroads), the traditional artisanal economy that was self-sufficiency (building everything locally) yielded to specialized labor and skills that were used for only certain aspects of industrial and commercial production; so, rather than one person making a cabinet, multiple sets of workers would specialize in certain aspects of that production (metal or wood, working, painting, etc.); specialized labor, or "division of labor" led to set wages for types of jobs, with low-skilled jobs getting paid the least; the system challenged the Jeffersonian belief in "artisanal republicanism"}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Erie Canal | started in 1817 by the state of New York, connected the Hudson River with Lake Erie, thus joining New York City and its coastal and ocean trade networks to the Midwest, which provided markets for industrial goods, raw materials for factories, and movement of people and ideas; the Erie canal was a huge investment, thus needed financing from the state and its banking partners; the canal's economic importance is tremendous, although it and other canals were eclipsed by railroads due to the faster speed of railroads and their geographic flexibility; note that river-transportation is more efficient than on canals, especially with steamboats (that can move upstream), so rivers remain significant carriers of commercial traffic today}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:hub city| traditionally, cities arose on sea and major river ports that were geographically advantageous for settlement and trade; the rise of canals, roads, and railroads led to the rise of inland "hub cities" that usually grew along these routes or at intersections of them; the railroads and canals significantly contributed to the rising importance of "hub cities" on traditional river/ coastal locations, as they contributed to their commercial exchange:}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:journeyman| skilled worker who can earn wages in exchange for that expertise or skill; contrasted with unskilled workers}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:labor theory of value| a theory promoted by labor union organizers that the workers should profit from the goods they produce more than the owners of the factories}}</ul></li> | |||
* land speculation | * land speculation | ||
* | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Francis Cabot Lowell| American industrialists who toured English factories in 1811 and implemented their designs in US factories; American mechanic Paul Moody improved on those designs, which Lowell and his partners used to build textile factories in Waltham MA;}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:machine tools| an industry that specialized in making machines and tools for use in other factories; these industries became expert at mechanical production, especially using metals}}</ul></li> | |||
* market revolution | | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:mineral-based economy| into the 1830s, the growing use of coal to power mills and factories supplemented the need for water mills; growing mining expertise and use of "furnaces" (smelters to melt metals) led to production of metals and metal-based items, including machines, household goods, etc.}}</ul></li> | |||
* Cyrus McCormick | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:middling class| 19th century term for what today we call the "middle class"; made up of farmers, artisans, mechanics, merchants, surveyors, lawyers, the "middling class" constituted about 30% of antebellum society; as these professions prospered, the middling class became important parts of the overall economy for production and consumption, especially of consumer goods, houses, carriages, etc.}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:self-made man| a term for someone who rises from poverty or the working class to build his own business or profession; the "self-made man" was a democratic ideal of the idea that all men are created equal and can thus be whatever they want to be}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Samuel Sellars & Sellers family| Philadelphia industrialists who invented a machine to produce yarn, then created mills and machines to mass produce leather, paper, and wire, and, ultimately, railroad locomotives; the family helped found the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia that published technical papers, provided instructions for teaching math and science, and organized exhibits of industrial products and technologies}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Samuel Slater| English mechanic who in 1789 immigrated to the United States, bringing with him textile machinery and manufacturing techniques that were adopted by cotton mills in Rhode Island and, alter, elsewhere; Slater's importance, along with Francis Lowell, who also brought British industrial techniques to the US, is that he helped American factories compete with those of the British}}</ul></li> | |||
* stock market | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:transportation revolution| before canals, roads and railroads, cities and commerce were dependent on useful natural routes, such as rivers, coastlines and natural paths; canals connected larger waterways; developed roads created more efficient paths across land, and railroads created the ability to move large loads across the land; these developments connected markets, attracted investment and development of land, and fueled the economic, political and demographic growth of the nation}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:unions| or "trade unions"; unions are workers, especially in factories, who organize as a group in order to negotiate with employers and to provide benefits for their own members; antebellum unionization was not extensive, and only important in industrial New England}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:unskilled worker| workers earn low wages for work that does not require training for particular skills}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Waltham-Lowell System| Francis Lowell's textile mill in Waltham MA improved upon English textile machine designs to increase efficiency, and, then, Lowell reduced cost of labor by employing young women as workers in his large textile mills; most women came from farms, and took the jobs under the assurance that the factories would care for them with oversight over behaviors and mandatory church attendance; starting in 1820s in Boston, the system spread to other factories in MA and NH ; the system provided a degree of independence to these young women, as well as to earn money for their families}}</ul></li> | |||
* Eli Whitney | |||
=== Slavery === | === Slavery === | ||
* abolition/ abolitionism/ abolitionist | * abolition/ abolitionism/ abolitionist | ||
* American Anti-Slavery Society| | * <nowiki>American Anti-Slavery Society| starting in 1830s, dedicated to ending slavery; the Society held conventions and published literature and pamphlets, which it distributed across the South in the "great postal campaign" of 1835; in 1840 William Lloyd Garrison insisted that the Society embrace the cause of women's rights, which divided the movement}}</nowiki> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:amalgamation|means racial mixing and intermarriage, which most whites across the country opposed; "amalgamation" is the same as "miscegenation"; note that "anti-miscegenation" laws remained in effect in some southern states until the 1960s}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:amalgamation|means racial mixing and intermarriage, which most whites across the country opposed; "amalgamation" is the same as "miscegenation"; note that "anti-miscegenation" laws remained in effect in some southern states until the 1960s}}</ul></li> | ||
* emancipation | * emancipation | ||
Line 1,092: | Line 1,129: | ||
* Frederic Douglas | * Frederic Douglas | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:William Lloyd Garrison|prominent abolitionist and anti-slavery publisher of the "Genius of Universal Emancipation" in Baltimore in the 1820s and of "The Liberator" in Boston from 1831-1865; Garrison held that abolitionists should not obey the US Constitution's implicit protections of slavery and the Constitution was thereby invalid; Garrison helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society; Garrison extended his activism to include "universal emancipation," which was to include equal political rights for women and to abolish prisons and war}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:William Lloyd Garrison|prominent abolitionist and anti-slavery publisher of the "Genius of Universal Emancipation" in Baltimore in the 1820s and of "The Liberator" in Boston from 1831-1865; Garrison held that abolitionists should not obey the US Constitution's implicit protections of slavery and the Constitution was thereby invalid; Garrison helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society; Garrison extended his activism to include "universal emancipation," which was to include equal political rights for women and to abolish prisons and war}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Grimke sisters|Angelina and Sarah Grimke, who with Theodore Weld investigated and publicized the treatment and conditions of slaves in the South; the Grimke sisters deeply influenced the abolitionist movement}}</ul></li> | |||
* Sojourner Truth | * Sojourner Truth | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Theodore Weld|early abolitionist who with the Grimke sisters investigated and published on the horrible conditions of slaves and their treatment; Weld helped organize the American Anti-Slavery Society}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Theodore Weld| early abolitionist who with the Grimke sisters investigated and published on the horrible conditions of slaves and their treatment; Weld helped organize the American Anti-Slavery Society}}</ul></li> | ||
<br> | |||
</div> | |||
------------ | |||
<div style="clear:both;"></div> | |||
=== Social reform === | === Social reform === | ||
By the 1840s, various reform movements arose, some of which combined or overlapped, such as women's rights and abolitionism (not all abolitionists supported women's rights, or in the same way). Other movements included religious and quasi-religious social movements, as well as artistic and literary movements, that reflected the spirit of reform and social and political transformation. These included the Second Great Awakening, Mormonism and other religious cults, and transcendentalism. | By the 1840s, various reform movements arose, some of which combined or overlapped, such as women's rights and abolitionism (not all abolitionists supported women's rights, or in the same way). Other movements included religious and quasi-religious social movements, as well as artistic and literary movements, that reflected the spirit of reform and social and political transformation. These included the Second Great Awakening, Mormonism and other religious cults, and transcendentalism. | ||
Line 1,102: | Line 1,141: | ||
* Note that certain Christian ideology deeply influenced these movements, as well as abolition | * Note that certain Christian ideology deeply influenced these movements, as well as abolition | ||
* See also section above on Slavery | * See also section above on Slavery | ||
<br> | |||
------------ | ------------ | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:cult of domesticity|a term used by historians to describe changes in the role and ideals of women in families in the 19th century; the "true woman" (historians' term, not from the period) was the center of the family: wife and mother dedicated to family, purity, religious piety, and submission to her husband; note that in this view at the time, women were not to speak publicly about politics much less agitate for the vote (see "separate sphere"; over the 19th century, middle class white women (not farmers) began to have fewer children (indicating advances in medicine and health care), which allowed them more personal time which could be spent on outside activities such as church, charities, clubs, etc.}}</ul></li> | <br> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:anti-Catholicism| America was largely Protestant, and not Anglican (Church of England), which has the King at its head; Protestantism believed that anyone can find God by themselves, so they do not need a priest or higher-level church official between them and their God; in addition to the split of the Anglican Church from the Roman Catholic Church under Henry VIII, American Protestants believed that the Catholic hierarchical structure (of priests >> bishops >> pope), was undemocratic and antirepublican; thus Catholics were held to be more obedience to the Pope in Rome than to the President at Washington; anti-Catholicism contributed to the the American Revolution itself, and carried into the early Republic and antebellum period as Catholic immigration increased in the 1830-1850s from Germany and Ireland}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:cult of domesticity| a term used by historians to describe changes in the role and ideals of women in families in the 19th century; the "true woman" (historians' term, not from the period) was the center of the family: wife and mother dedicated to family, purity, religious piety, and submission to her husband; note that in this view at the time, women were not to speak publicly about politics much less agitate for the vote (see "separate sphere"; over the 19th century, middle class white women (not farmers) began to have fewer children (indicating advances in medicine and health care), which allowed them more personal time which could be spent on outside activities such as church, charities, clubs, etc.}}</ul></li> | |||
* Declaration of Sentiments | * Declaration of Sentiments | ||
<ul><li>lyceum movement<li>{{#tip-text:Nativism| anti-immigration movement that principally objected to Catholic immigrants; the discrimination was protestant anti-Catholicism as well as over economic competition, they blamed the Catholic immigrants for taking jobs}}</ul> | |||
* Philadelphia Women's Anti-Slavery Convention | * Philadelphia Women's Anti-Slavery Convention | ||
* Seneca Falls Convention | * Seneca Falls Convention | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:separate sphere|the idea that women were to confine their activities to the domestic and not public life, especially that they not engage in politics and public demonstrations}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:separate sphere| the idea that women were to confine their activities to the domestic and not public life, especially that they not engage in politics and public demonstrations}}</ul></li> | ||
* suffrage | * suffrage | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Temperance movement| anti-alcohol reform movement, which aimed to abolish use of alcohol or at least restrict its sale; "temperance" means moderation and self-restraint; the temperance movement was driven especially by certain religious denominations}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Treatise on Domestic Economy, 1841|by Catharine Beecher, a book on the "domestic economy" and how women should run their households with efficiency and "domesticity"}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Treatise on Domestic Economy, 1841|by Catharine Beecher, a book on the "domestic economy" and how women should run their households with efficiency and "domesticity"}}</ul></li> | ||
=== | === Reformers === | ||
* Lyman beehcer | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Charles Finney| Second Great Awakening Protestant evangelists who led religious revivals along the Eire Canal and into Ohio, where he founded a theology department at Oberlin College; Finney promoted the democratic idea that anyone could be "saved" by Christ, as each person was "a moral free agent" who could choose salvation; }}</ul></li> | |||
* Elizabeth Cady Stanton | * Elizabeth Cady Stanton | ||
=== Transcendentalism/ Second Great Awakening === | === Transcendentalism/ Second Great Awakening === | ||
* | * Adventist/ Adventism| religious movement started in the 1830s by a Baptist preacher (William Miller) who claimed that Christ's Second Coming would occur in 1843 or 1844; the movement is reflective of the Second Great Awakening and its democratization of religious belief | ||
* Hudson Valley artistic movement | * Hudson Valley artistic movement | ||
* Naturalism | * Naturalism | ||
* Second Great Awakening | * Second Great Awakening| a series of religious movements marked especially by "revivals," or gatherings, and "romanticism," or focus on the emotional over the rational; population growth and the extension of the frontier offered opportunity for the spread of evangelical religious movements, as well as the democratic impulse of reform | ||
* Henry David Thoreau | |||
* transcendentalism | * transcendentalism | ||
* Walden Pond | * Walden Pond |
Latest revision as of 00:41, 28 October 2024
US History and AP US History Running Vocabulary List: Terms, Concepts, Names and Events
Additional keywords: AP U.S. History, APUSH, AP us, apush, note: see Talk page for to do list and suggestions
This page may be used as an all-round study guide for the AP US History exam.
Primary goals of this study guide:
- Knowledge of periods
- Knowledge of terms, people and places
- Knowledge of dates
- See here for map review of US History
For Multiple Choice section (MCQ), students are to:
- identify document source, date, historical context
- contextuals document and not confuse it for wrong period or context in wrong possible answer
- idenify other errors in wrong possible answers
For Free Response sections (FRQ, DBQ), students are to:
- demonstrate historical factual knowledge
- provide examples, describe and explain
- write to an uninformed audience
- as in math, "show your work" -- i.e., explain everything
- contextualize through cause and effect
- compare/contrast to other periods, persons, and events
- conceptualize facts into large ideas
US History: BIG IDEAS for American self-conception and historical choices[edit | edit source]
Students may address historican themes, events, and periods using the various notions of self-conception of Americans across history. Note that these concepts change over time. A short list of topics/ core ideas includes:
the American Dream
American exceptionalism
Americanism (and What is it to be an American?)
Civil liberties
Civil Rights
"City on a Hill"
Debate
Dissent
Due process
Duty
E pluribus unam
Equality
Expansionism (including westerd expansion, overseas expansion; also economic)
Foreign non-Intervention / Intervention
Freedom/ Freedoms, esp. movement, protest, religion, speech
Freedom of conscience
Idealism
Intellectual property
Innovation
Issues focus
Justice
Limited government
Patriotism
Personal autonomy
Personal / public safety
Politics
Practicality / Self-interest
Push- / pull- factors (migration)
Regionalism
Self-reliance
Self-rule/ self-governance
Technology
War
Implications of a Democracy[edit | edit source]
In 1835, the French aristocrat, Alexis de Tocqueville published the first of two volumes, "Democracy in America". Tocqueville was intrigued by the social, cultural and political implications of a democratic society -- by which he meant, generally,
- absence of social classes or heirarchies among citizens
- members of that dominant social class consider themselves one another's equal
Tocqueville's analysis yields enormous insight into the American character of the 1830s as well as today:
- notion of equality
- individualism
- emphasis on local governance
- civic activity and associations
- spirit of religion
These characteristics of a democracy can be applied to historical analysis on the AP exam and for understanding US History generally.
American Slogans or Famous Utterances[edit | edit source]
A day that will live in infamy
A republic, if you can keep it!
The American way
Equal justice under law
Getting the government you deserve
Give me liberty or give me death!
Go west, young man!
I am a Berliner / Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!
In God we trust
Life, liberty and the pursuit of happines
Live free or die
Nothing to fear but fear itself
Of the people, by the people, for the people
Outdoing the Joneses
Remember the Alamo!
Taxation without representation
United we stand, divided we fall
We shall overcome
We the people
Historical textual analysis: approaches and strategies[edit | edit source]
When reviewing an historical document, consider:[edit | edit source]
- date / historical context
- author
- publisher
- audience
- author point of view & purpose
Review fine print, sources, in cartoons anything written, and apply your PRIOR KNOWLEDGE[edit | edit source]
- what do you know about the period?
- what came before it?
- what followed?
- what events, periods, persons may be compared or contrasted to it?
Analytical tools[edit | edit source]
HAPPy or HIPP
Historical context | (Intended) Audience | Purpose | Point of View | y |
OPVL
Origin | Perspective | Value | Limitations |
SPRITE
Social | Political | Religious | Intellectual | Technological | Economics |
General terms to know for US History[edit | edit source]
- abolitionism
- aristocratic
- authority
- blue collar v. white collar
- cession
- chain migration
- class warfare
- ''de facto'' v. ''de jure''
- delegate (as noun and verb)
- democracy
- direct tax
- disenfranchised
- dissent
- domestic
- duties
- Electoral College
- emancipation
- embargo
- equity
- excise tax
- federal
- franchise
- hegemony/hegomonic
- imperialism
- indemnity
- infringe / infringement
- intolerance
- laissez-faire
- landmark court case
- legitimacy
- mercantilism
- nativism
- nullify / nullification
- Old World v. New World
- political
- political expediency
- popular sovereignty
- precedent
- power
- prohibition
- republic
- "Republican motherhood"
- republican principles
- state
- states rights
- segregation
- socialism
- sovereignty
- suffrage
- tariff
- temperance movement
- two-party system
- unalienable
- unintended consequence
- United States
- western expansion
Wars timeline[edit | edit source]
- wars are the effect or cause of change
- knowing wars and their dates and geography provides context and points of comparison
Major Wars[edit | edit source]
- French-Indian War, 1754-1763
- American Revolutionary War, 1775-1781
- War of 1812, 1812-1815
- Mexican-American War, 1846-1848
- Civil War, 1861-1865
- Spanish-American War, 1898
- Phillipine Insurgency, 1899-1902
- World War I (U.S.), 1917-1918
- White Russian War, 1917
- World War II (U.S.) 1941-1945
- Korean War, 1950-1953
- Vietnam War, 1959-1975
- Vietnam, U.S. ground war: 1965-1972
- Gulf War, 1990-1991
- War on Terror, 2001-2021
- Afghanistan War, 2001-2021
- Iraq War, 2003-2011
- Iraqi Insurgency, 2003-2006
Colonial Wars[edit | edit source]
- Anglow-Powhatan Wars (1610-1646)
- Beaver Wars, 1609-1701 (French/Dutch)
- Jamestown Massacre, 1622
- Pequot War (1634-1638)
- King Philip's War, 1675-1678 | Metaomb's War
- King William's War, 1689-1897
- Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713
- Yamasee War, 1715-1717
- Chickasaw Wars, 1721-1763
- Dummer's War, 1722-25
- Pontiac's War, 1763-1766
- Lord Dunmore's War, 1774
American settlers or frontier wars[edit | edit source]
- Bacon's Rebellion 1676
- Regulator Insurrection, 1766-1771
- Whiskey Rebellion, 1791-1794
- Fries's Rebellion, 1799-1800
US Indian Wars[edit | edit source]
(see above for colonial-era Indian wars)
- Creek War (Tecumseh)
- Seminole Wars
- Sioux Wars (including Pine Ridge Campaign / Dance movement / Battle of Wounded Knee)
- see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Wars
Slave Revolts[edit | edit source]
- New York Slave Revolt of 1712
- Stono Rebellion, 1739
- Nat Turner's Rebellion, 1826
Minor Wars or US Military actions[edit | edit source]
- Quasi-War, 1798-1800
- First Barbary War, 1801-1805
- Second Barbary War, 1815
- Panama Revolution, 1903
- Russian White Revolution, Vladistok, 1918
- Berlin Airlift, 1946 << date?
- Greece, 1948
- Iran, 1950s
- Grenada, 1980s
- Panama, 1990 < confirm
- Syria, 2010-12
- Libya, 2012
Important non-American Wars[edit | edit source]
- Thirty Years War, 1618-1648
- Anglo-Spanish War, 1625-1630
- English Civil War, 1642-1644
- Anglo-Dutch War, 1652-1654
- Anglo-Spanish Wars, 1654-1660, 1665-1667
- Pueblo Revolt, 1680
- French Revolution, 1789-1795
- Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804
- Napoleonic Wars, 1803-1815
- Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905
- Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920
- Russian Revolution, 1917
- World War I, 1914-1918
- Japanese Invasion of Manchuria, 1931-32:
- World War II, 1939-1945
- Suez Crisis, 1957 <<confirm
See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States
Vocabulary, Terms, and Periods[edit | edit source]
Pre-Columbian[edit | edit source]
- Algonquian
- Hopewell tradition
- indigenous
- Iroquois
- Iroquois Confederacy
- Mississippian period/ culture
- Mound Builders
- reciprocal relations
- Woodland Period
Colonial periods[edit | edit source]
Age of Exploration[edit | edit source]
- caravel
- Henry Hudson
- conquistador</ul
- St. Lawrence River
- asiento
- De Las Casas
- casta (system)
- encomienda
- Florida (or Spanish Florida)
- hacienda
- Mit'a (Inca)
- New Laws of 1542
- Jesuits
- Pueblo Revolt
- repartimiento
- Saint Augustine
- Sepúlveda
- Spanish social hierarchies (terms)
- Treaty of Tordesillas
- Beaver War
- ''couriers de bois''
- fur trade
- New Amsterdam
- New France
- Middle Passage
- Olaudah Equiano
- seasoning camps
- triangle trade
Spanish colonialism[edit | edit source]
Dutch and French colonialism[edit | edit source]
African slave trade[edit | edit source]
Early Colonial period flowcharts[edit | edit source]
English Colonial Migration Push factors[edit | edit source]
English Colonial Migration Pull factors[edit | edit source]
** Note that French push/pull factors were more directly related to trade, economic opportunity and Catholic evangelization
English colonial period[edit | edit source]
Note:
- Britain held colonial possessions in the Caribbean region, as well as the thirteen colonies and portions of Canada
- following smaller wars and the worldwide French-Indian War (Seven Years War), Britain sequentially took France's Canadian possessions as well as its landholdings between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.
- Levels of British control of the colonies rose and fell according to domestic British politics and its international priorities.
- The American Revolution was largely the result of the exercise of direct control of colonial affairs that followed the French-Indian War.
Colonial political, economic and social[edit | edit source]
Types of Colonies[edit | edit source]
- Corporate Charter
- Proprietary Colony
- Royal Colony
Colony Characteristics[edit | edit source]
- Maryland
- Massachusetts Bay Colony
- Pennsylvania
- Virginia
British colonial period terms & events[edit | edit source]
- Appalachian Mountains
- Bacon’s Rebellion
- Deism
- Jonathan Edwards
- the Great Awakening
- headright system
- House of Burgesses
- indentured servitude
- Jamestown
- redemptioner system
- John Rolfe
- John Smith
- Joint Stock Company
- King Philip’s War, 1675-1678
- Lord Baltimore
- "Lost Colony"
- Massachusetts Bay Colony
- migration push/ pull factors
- Native American & English relations
- Navigation Acts, 1663, 1673, 1696
- New England town meetings
- Pequot War, 1636-37
- Puritan/s
- Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713|}}
- salutary neglect
- slave codes
- William Penn
- yeoman
French Indian War (Seven Years War)[edit | edit source]
1754-1763
Origins and indirect causes of the French-Indian War[edit | edit source]
- Long term causes:
- French colonial expansion across the Great Lakes, the Ohio Valley and along the Mississippi River
- English colonial expansion in western New York and Pennsylvania
- Indirect causes:
- English v. French rivalry over easter and central North American lands and trade routes
- Treaty of Utrecht, 1713: France ceded Nova Scotia to the British and abandoned its claims to Newfoundland
- Indian rivalries and warfare, especially between French-aligned Algonquins and British-aligned Iroquois tribes and nations
Direct causes of the French-Indian War =[edit | edit source]
- the immediate cause of the war was the growing presence of English colonials across the Appalachian Mountains and into the Ohio Valley
- the French and their Indian allies opposed these settlements
- 1753-54: Virginia militia expeditions sent to challenge French expansion in the Ohio Valley via building of a series of forts
- May 1754: fighting breaks out at Ft. Duquesne and Ft. Necessity
- a site of considerable contention was Fort Duquesne at present-day Pittsburg, as the location was at the confluence of two major rivers leading into the Ohio River
- sparked by an unsuccessful British and colonial attacks on French forts in Pennsylvania
- in 1753, George Washington 1753 delivered a message to the French at another Fort in Pennsylvania demanding French evacuation from the region
- on July 3, 1754, as a colonel in the Virginia Militia, Washington led an attack upon the French Ford Necessity; he lost and had to surrender
- British regular Army, along with colonial militias (and including Washington), reorganized and attacked another French fort, Fort Duquesne on Sept. 14, 1758, and also lost
- there were 500 French and Indian soldiers
- and 400 British regulars and 350 colonial militia
- the British eventually took Ft. Duquesne in 1758 (renaming it Ft. Pitt), and the focus of the war moved toward Canada and the St. Lawrence River waterways, particularly the French city Quebec.
- the American-sparked war turned global as Britain and France squared off against one another and their allies in Continental Europe, the Caribbean, Africa, India and China
- after going well for France and its allies at first, the British scored significant victories starting 1758 and, especially, in 1759 ("Annus Mirabillus") and 1762.
- depleted financially and in resources, both France and England met at Paris to negotiate an end to the War, resulting in the Treaty of Paris of 1763, which divided up colonial holdings, giving Britain control of North America east of the Mississippi.
- the French-Indian War and the British government response to its aftermath set the conditions for the American Revolution.
French-Indian War terms[edit | edit source]
- Albany Conference, 1754
- Albany Plan
- Algonquian Indians
- Annus Mirabilis of 1759
- Fort Duquesne
- Iroquois Confederacy
- Ohio Company of 1748
- Proclamation of 1763
- Treaty of Paris of 1763
- Paxton Boys
- William Pitt
- Regulators
American Revolution[edit | edit source]
Year | Major Events |
---|---|
Example | Example |
Example | Example |
Example | Example |
Notes on the American Revolution
- the "American Revolution" refers generally to the period between the French-Indian War and, either the breakout (1775/76) or end of the Revolutionary War (1781/83)
- the war itself is called "The Revolutionary War"
- the logic for the terminology is that the pre-War period was "revolutionary" in the sense that the colonists went from identifying as "Englishmen" (subjects of the King of England) to an independent "American" people;
- their choices, rebellions, self-identity, philosophy, etc. went through a "revolutionary" change
- "revolution" is from Latin revolvere for "turn, roll back" and in its political sense means a "great change in affairs" or "overthrow of an established political order"
- students will be expected to evaluate the origins, causes and consequences of the American Revolution
- and, less importantly but expected nonetheless, of the events and outcomes of the Revolutionary War
Influence of Enlightenment thought and thinkers[edit | edit source]
- Enlightnment
- John Locke
- Montesquieu
- natural rights
- Social contract
American Revolution general terms[edit | edit source]
- ABC Boards
- Boston Massacre
- Boston Tea Party
- Circulatory Letter
- committees of correspondence
- Common Law
- Common Sense
- Continental Association
- Continental Congresses
- Continental Association
- Declaration of Independence
- direct representation
- Enlightenment philosophers
- First Continental Congress
- Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
- Dunmore's War
- ''Gaspee'' affair
- Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer
- Lexington/Concord
- Loyalist
- Minutemen
- Navigation Acts
- Nonimportation movement
- Olive Branch Petition
- Patriot
- Popular Sovereignty
- Revolutionary flags
- social contract theory
- Sons of Liberty
- Stamp Act Congress
- Vice admiralty courts
- Vice admiralty court
- virtual representation
- Writs of Assistance
British Laws & Regulations[edit | edit source]
The laws passed by Parliament following the French-Indian War were designed for two primary purposes:
- raise revenue from the colonies in order to defer the costs of the Seven Years War
- exercise greater control over colonial affairs and governance
Notably, new taxes and rules marked a shift away from "mercantilism," which was designed to trade relations between the Britain and the colonies would benefit Britain. Instead, these new taxes were intended to maximize revenue, which meant many of them were actually lower than before (under the theory that lower taxes would result in greater compliance and less smuggling and corruption).
Year | Act |
---|---|
1763 | Sugar Act |
1764 | Currency Act |
1765 | Stamp Act |
1765 | Quartering Act |
1766 | Declaratory Act |
1767 | Townshend Acts |
1767 | Revenue Act |
1773 | Tea Act |
1774 | Quebec Act |
1775 | Coervice Acts
("Intolerable Acts") |
Below are these acts, alphabetically. Students should memorize their dates and chronology (thus the definition list does not immediately show dates) in order to build a strong sense of causality between them and the larger context of the American Revolution as it turned into the Revolutionary War.
- Coercive Acts
- Currency Acts
- Declaratory Act
- Intolerable Acts
- Quartering Act
- Quebec Act
- Stamp Act
- Revenue Act
- Sugar Act
- Tea Act
- Townshend Acts
Revolutionary Era people[edit | edit source]
English[edit | edit source]
Leader | Dates | Policy |
---|---|---|
Pitt the Elder | prosecution of Seven Years War | |
Lord Bute | 1760-1763 | mild reform |
George Grenville | strong reform | strong reform |
Lord Rockingham | 1765-1766 | compromise |
William Pitt (the younger) & Charles Townshend | 1766-1770 | strong reform |
Lord North | 1770-1782 | coercion |
|
English leaders who played important roles in the American Revolution
- George Grenville
- Lord North
- Charles Townshend
American Revolutionary Era leaders[edit | edit source]
- John Adams
- Samuel Adams
- John Dickinson
- Lord Dunmore
- Benjamin Franklin
- Thomas Jefferson
- Thomas Paine
- George Washington
American Revolution flowcharts[edit | edit source]
Origins[edit | edit source]
British & Colonial responses[edit | edit source]
Cycle of Escalation[edit | edit source]
Repeal of Stamp Act to Boston Massacre[edit | edit source]
Repeal Townsend Acts to Boston Tea Party[edit | edit source]
Intolerable Acts to Colonial Organization[edit | edit source]
Revolutionary War battles[edit | edit source]
names are usually preceded with "Battle of..."
- Bunker Hill
- Lexington and Concord
- Long Island
- Saratoga
- Valley Forge
- Yorktown
Revolutionary War flowchart[edit | edit source]
Creation of the United States: Articles of Confederation & U.S. Constitution[edit | edit source]
- "united States" was first used (or prominently used) in the Declaration of Independence
- but the term "united" was a modifier, not proper noun.
- The Second Continental Congress officially adopted the name "united Colonies" (lower case "united") on Sept. 9, 1776,
- as it was also termed in the Declaration of Independence (" The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America").
- the Articles of Confederation, first drafted in June, 1776, then when adopted in 1781, stated, "The stile of this confederacy shall be 'The United States of America'" (capitalized "United", and so now a proper noun).
- on March 4, 1789, when the Constitution was formally adopted , the named the country "United States" and called the Constitution, "this Constitution for the United States of America."
Articles of Confederation Period[edit | edit source]
- Articles of Confederation
- proposed in June, 1776, adopted by the various states starting with Virginia in Dec., 1777, officially adopted with Maryland's ratification on Feb 2, 1781 (Delaware ratified it Feb 1, 1779; all other states ratified it across 1778).
- Shay’s Rebellion
- confederation
- sovereignty
- supermajority
- unicameral
U.S. Constitution[edit | edit source]
- 3/5ths Compromise
- amendment process
- anti-Federalists
- bicameral
- Bill of Rights
- checks and balances
- Connecticut Compromise
- Constitution
- elastic clause
- electoral college
- Federalists
- Federalism
- Federalist no. 10
- Federalist no. 51
- Federalist Papers
- Federalists
- George Washington
- Great Compromise
- impeachment
- James Madison
- New Jersey Plan
- Northwest Ordinance
- preamble
- preamble to the Constitution
- ratification
- separation of powers
- strict vs. loose interpretation
- unwritten Constitution
- Virginia Plan
Early Republic[edit | edit source]
>> this list to be sorted between periods and themes
- Northwest Territory
Early Republic people[edit | edit source]
- George Washington
- Alexander Hamilton
Early Republic and Washington's presidency[edit | edit source]
- American System
- Cabinet
- Citizen Genet affair
- Democratic-Republican Party
- Federalist party
- "foreign entanglements"
- French Revolution
- internal improvements
- Jacobins
- Jay's Treaty
- Jeffersonians/ Jeffersonianism
- National Bank
- Pinckney's Treaty
- political parties
- Proclamation of Neutrality
- Report on the Public Credit
- Report on Manufactures
- Republican motherhood
- republicanism
- Treaty of Greenville
- Whiskey Rebellion
- Washington's Farewell Address
Judiciary/ Judicial terms[edit | edit source]
- 11th Amendment
- 12th Amendment
- Bill of Rights
- judicial review
- Judiciary Act of 1789
Early Republic flow charts[edit | edit source]
Second Continental Congress[edit | edit source]
Articles of Confederation[edit | edit source]
For / Against National Bank[edit | edit source]
Economic Interests v. Policy[edit | edit source]
- Note:
- farmers want low interest rates (bank loans) and "soft money" (paper money = inflationary)
- bankers and manufacturers wand "hard money" (gold/silver & bank instruments based on them = stable and higher return on investment)
Adams presidency[edit | edit source]
While Adams was elected Washington's Vice President for both terms, and Adams was elected President in 17986 by
- Alien & Sedition Acts
- British-French conflict & Napoleonic Wars
- impressment
- Midnight Appointments
- Principles of '98
- Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Jefferson era[edit | edit source]
- Aaron Burr
- Louisiana Purchase
- Revolution of 1800:
Marshall Court[edit | edit source]
- Marbury v. Madison (1804)
- McColloch v. Maryland (1819)
- Dartmouth v New Hampshire
< others
Madison & Monroe[edit | edit source]
War of 1812[edit | edit source]
Following border tensions, frontier disputes over the British arming of native tribes, and outrage at British impressment of American sailors, American militia and naval forces attacked British Canada. The British attached Baltimore and Washington DC, which was burned in retaliation for American burning of the Canadian capital at Ottawa. The war ended a parity with not major advantage to either side. But despite a clear victory, the Americans considered it a great success for having fended off the strongest empire in the world, and the war led to greater American unity and the "Era of Good Feelings."
- Battle of Tippecanoe
- Hartford Convention 1814-15
- impressment
- <il>Treaty of Ghent
- War Hawks
- War of 1812
- Whigs</ul
- Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819
- Compromise of 1820
- Era of Good Feelings
- Missouri Compromise
- Monroe Doctrine
- Panic of 1819|as the nation grew, banks issued more and more "unsecured" loans (i.e. loans that were not directly backed by bank deposits), which went most dominantly towards land acquisition and farming expansion; following the end of the Napoleonic Wars, agricultural prices dropped as production exceeded demand, and farm commodity prices collapsed (especially cotton and wheat); as a result, farmers could not pay back loans and sold land and lower and lower prices to cover their debts}}
Monroe presidency[edit | edit source]
Era of Good Feelings[edit | edit source]
- Alexis de Tocqueville
- Democracy in America
- 50th Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
- LaFayette tour
Economic changes[edit | edit source]
The Appalachian watershed provided almost unlimited opportunity for building of mills and dams to serve them. In Massachusetts,
- commercial versus sustenance farming|into the 1800s, farming became more connected to markets and thus more specialized; rather than farming to meet a family's needs, which would require both crops and animals, farms increasingly specialized in one or the other, and sold their production in exchange for (via currency) other food and goods; canals, dams, mills, rivers and roads provided access for these farmers to markets for their goods
- Commonwealth system|favorable laws, loans and public policy withing states towards transportation, industrial enterprises, etc. under the idea that such preferences were "for the common welfare"
- dams
- eminent domain
- Lancaster Turnpike
- mills|from 1809 to 1817, the number of "spinner mills" (just one type of mill) grew from 8,000 to 330,000; spinner mills created yarn from wool and replaced hand-run spinners
- Mill Dam Act of 1795|Massachusetts law that granted dam owners rights to build dams that flooded farmland, forcing them to accept "fair compensation" for the lost land, without possibility of stopping the dam itself
- turnpikes
Social changes[edit | edit source]
- aristocracy| built on primogeniture, which passes "titles" -- social, economic and political ranks granted by a king -- to the first born son; the end of primogeniture dissolved the ability to pass on large estates to a single child (75% under the English custom) and spread inherited wealth across all male, and, eventually, female, children
- companionate marriage: marriage by choice and not family arrangement; marks dramatic change based upon the "democratic" principle of equality and pursuit of happiness; the idea that marriage is a choice also led to a growing acceptance of divorce within legal and social norms (a long process)
- democratic society| reflects the idea that all men are born equal (originally, white males) and so social choices and reputations are based not upon one's birth but one's personal reputation
- demographic transition| the early Republic experienced dramatic decreases in the overall birthrate due to westward migration by young men, economic and market growth which reduced the need for large families
- sentimentalism| movement of early 1800s that emphasized personal happiness over social obligations and roles
- primogeniture
Antebellum period[edit | edit source]
"Antebellum" means "before war", i.e. period before or leading up to the Civil War
Antebellum people[edit | edit source]
- John Quincy Adams
- John Calhoun
- Henry Clay
- Andrew Jackson
- Martin Van Buren
- Daniel Webster
Jacksonian period[edit | edit source]
- Bank War
- Corrupt Bargain
- Force Bill
- Great Triumvirate
- Jacksonian democracy
- Indian Removal Act
- Nullification Crisis
- Petticoat affair
- Postal Service
- Panic of 1837
- Second Party System
- Tariff of 1833
- Trail of Tears
- Worcester v. Georgia
Jacksonian democracy[edit | edit source]
- party machine
- spoils system
- universal (white) male suffrage
Antebellum Events, people, politics[edit | edit source]
- Gadsden Purchase
- Gold Rush of 1849
- Know Nothings
- manifest destiny
- Mexican American War
- Republic of Texas
- sectionalism
- Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Economics[edit | edit source]
- artisanal republicanism"
- banks
- cotton gin| invented by Eli Whitney, the "gin"
- division of labor
- Erie Canal
- hub city
- journeyman
- labor theory of value
- land speculation
- Francis Cabot Lowell
- machine tools
- market revolution |
- mineral-based economy
- Cyrus McCormick
- middling class
- self-made man
- Samuel Sellars & Sellers family
- Samuel Slater
- stock market
- transportation revolution
- unions
- unskilled worker
- Waltham-Lowell System
- Eli Whitney
Slavery[edit | edit source]
- abolition/ abolitionism/ abolitionist
- American Anti-Slavery Society| starting in 1830s, dedicated to ending slavery; the Society held conventions and published literature and pamphlets, which it distributed across the South in the "great postal campaign" of 1835; in 1840 William Lloyd Garrison insisted that the Society embrace the cause of women's rights, which divided the movement}}
- amalgamation
- emancipation
- gag rule
- Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
- manumission
- Nat Turner's Rebellion|1831
- Uncle Tom’s Cabin
- Underground Railroad
Anti-slavery activists/ people[edit | edit source]
- Frederic Douglas
- William Lloyd Garrison
- Grimke sisters
- Sojourner Truth
- Theodore Weld
Social reform[edit | edit source]
By the 1840s, various reform movements arose, some of which combined or overlapped, such as women's rights and abolitionism (not all abolitionists supported women's rights, or in the same way). Other movements included religious and quasi-religious social movements, as well as artistic and literary movements, that reflected the spirit of reform and social and political transformation. These included the Second Great Awakening, Mormonism and other religious cults, and transcendentalism.
- Other reform movements included improving education, prisons and treatment of the insane
- Note that certain Christian ideology deeply influenced these movements, as well as abolition
- See also section above on Slavery
- anti-Catholicism
- cult of domesticity
- Declaration of Sentiments
- lyceum movement
- Nativism
- Philadelphia Women's Anti-Slavery Convention
- Seneca Falls Convention
- separate sphere
- suffrage
- Temperance movement
- Treatise on Domestic Economy, 1841
Reformers[edit | edit source]
- Lyman beehcer
- Charles Finney
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Transcendentalism/ Second Great Awakening[edit | edit source]
- Adventist/ Adventism| religious movement started in the 1830s by a Baptist preacher (William Miller) who claimed that Christ's Second Coming would occur in 1843 or 1844; the movement is reflective of the Second Great Awakening and its democratization of religious belief
- Hudson Valley artistic movement
- Naturalism
- Second Great Awakening| a series of religious movements marked especially by "revivals," or gatherings, and "romanticism," or focus on the emotional over the rational; population growth and the extension of the frontier offered opportunity for the spread of evangelical religious movements, as well as the democratic impulse of reform
- Henry David Thoreau
- transcendentalism
- Walden Pond
- Ralph Waldo Emerson
pre-Civil War[edit | edit source]
The Antebellum period goes all the way to the Civil War, however in the 1850s decade leading up to the Civil War, events accelerated and more direct causes for the War become apparent
- American Party
- Bloody Kansas
- Compromise of 1850
- Jefferson Davis
- Dred Scott decision
- John Brown
- Kansas-Nebraska Act
- Lincoln-Douglas Debates
- popular sovereignty
Latter 19th Century[edit | edit source]
Civil War[edit | edit source]
- 1860 Election
- Anaconda Plan
- Antietam
- Appomattox
- Confederacy
- Copperheads
- Emancipation Proclamation
- Ft. Sumter
- Gettysburg
- Gettysburg Address
- Robert E. Lee
- Lincoln’s pre-war stance on slavery
- Sherman’s March
- Vicksburg
- U.S. Grant
- Union
Reconstruction[edit | edit source]
- 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
- black codes
- "bloody shirt"
- Compromise of 1877
- 40 acres and a mule
- Freedman’s Bureau
- grandfather clause
- homestead
- Jim Crow laws Klu Klux Klan
- land grant
- literacy tests
- Morill Land-Grant Act (1862)
- Plessy v. Ferguson
- poll taxes
- Radical Republicans
- Reconstruction Act of 1867
- Reconstruction programs:
- Lincoln's plan
- Johnson's program
- Congressional program
Post-Reconstruction[edit | edit source]
- Susan B. Anthony
- Battle of Wounded Knee
- Chinese Exclusion Act
- Dawes Act /assimilation
- Gentlemen’s Agreement
- Great Migration
- Homestead Act of 1862
- melting pot
- nativism
- National Suffrage Movement
- Sand Creek Massacre
- Women's Christian Temperance Union
Economic & Political[edit | edit source]
- Andrew Carnegie
- bimetallism
- economies of scale
- Coinage Act of 1873
- "free silver"
- Grange, the
- hard money
- laissez-faire capitalism
- monopoly
- Nelson Rockefeller
- political bosses
- political machine
- Populist Party
- robber barons
- Sherman Anti-trust Act
- silver
- social Darwinism
- soft money
- specie
- Standard Oil
- transcontinental railroad
- U.S. Steel
Imperialism[edit | edit source]
- Battle of Manila
- “Big Stick Policy”
- Cuba
- de Lôme Letter,
- imperialism
- William McKinley
- Open Door Policy
- Panama Canal
- Roosevelt Corollary
- Spanish-American War
- yellow journalism
- USS Maine
First half 20th Century[edit | edit source]
Labor[edit | edit source]
- craft union
- American Federation of Labor (AFL)
- Eugene Debs (155-1926)
- industrial union
- industrial union
- Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
- Samuel Gompers (1850-1924)
- term
Progressive Era[edit | edit source]
- "Square Deal”
- 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th Amendments
- Bull Moose Party
- Elkins Act (1903)
- Eugene V. Debs
- Direct democracy
- Federal Reserve Act (1913)
- Gifford Pinchot
- Hepburn Act
- initiative
- Jacob Riis
- Jane Addams
- Meat Inspection Act
- muckrakers
- New Freedom
- New Nationalism
- Newlands Act of 1902
- Progressive Party
- Progressives / progressivism
- Pure Food and Drug Act
- recall
- referendum
- Rule of Reason
- Settlement houses
- socialism
- Square Deal
- Upton Sinclair
- Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt
- "Three Cs": Conservation, Corporate law, Consumer protections
- William Howard Taft
World War I era[edit | edit source]
WWI[edit | edit source]
Notes:
- Bolsheviks
- Espionage (1917) and Sedition (1918) Acts
- "He kept us out of the war" (1916)
- Jones Act (1916)
- Liberty Loans
- Lusitania sinking (1915)
- Pancho Villa (1914)
- Russian Revolution
- Sussex Pledge (1916)
- U-Boats
- Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 (TWEA)
- War bonds
- War Industries Board
- Zimmerman Note
WWI aftermath[edit | edit source]
- Collective Security
- Depression of 1920-1921
- Fourteen Points
- League of Nations
- Senate Foreign Relations Committee
- Treaty of Versailles
post-WWI & 1920s[edit | edit source]
- "America First"
- Black Tuesday
- Court-packing scheme
- deficit spending
- Dust Bowl
- Harlem Renaissance
- Hoover
- Immigration Act of 1924
- League of Nations
- Lusitania/Zimmerman Note
- National Origins Act
- New Deal
- Palmer Raids
- Proclamation of Neutrality
- prohibition
- pump-priming
- Red Scare
- Return to ‘normalcy’
- Roarding Twenties
- Sacco and Vanzetti
- Scopes Trial
- Teapot Dome Scandal
- Wilsonianism
1920s[edit | edit source]
- automobiles
- consumerism
- credit
- Bathtub gin
- Harlem Renaissance
- Jazz Age
- Klu Klux Klan
- Margin buying
- radio
- refrigerators
- Scopes "Monkey" Trial
Great Depression & FDR[edit | edit source]
Stock Market Crash & Hoover Administration[edit | edit source]
Notes:
- the value of the New York Stock Exchange was measured in value by the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA, also known as "the DOW"; it is still used, but among other measures);
- the market rose from about 150 in January of 1927 to a peak of 381 in August of 1929.
- it started dropping through September into October, before its precipitous drop to 237 on Oct 29
- it stabilizied in early 1930, then in May continued a long drop to its low of 41 on July 8, 1932; the DOW did not reach 381 until 1954
- Black Thursday
- Black Monday
- Black Tuesday
- "buying on margin"
- Hawley-Smoot Tariff
- Hoovervilles
- margin call
-
- speculative bubble
- 100 Days
- 20th Amendment
- 21st Amendment
- bank run
- Brain Trust
- Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO, started 1938)
- fireside chats
- Harry Hopkins
- NRA
- "New Deal"
- Francis Perkins
- Social Security
- Supreme Court
- "We have nothing to fear but fear itself"
- Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933
FDR Administration & Great Depression[edit | edit source]
New Deal legislation & Federal Agencies[edit | edit source]
World War II[edit | edit source]
pre-WWII[edit | edit source]
- A Philip Randolph
- America First Committee
- appeasement
- Battle of Britain
- “cash and carry”
- election of 1940
- isolationism
- Lend-Lease Act
- Lindburgh
- Maginot Line
- Munich Agreement
- "Peace for our time"
- Poland invasion
- Sudetenland
- U.S. Neutrality Acts
- "war footing"
- war preparations
WWII[edit | edit source]
- "arsenal of democracy"
- D-Day
- Eastern Front
- Hiroshima, Nagasaki
- Homefront
- Island Hopping
- Japanese Internment Camps
- Korematsu v. U.S.
- Manhattan Project
- mechanized warfare
- propaganda
- rationing
- recycling
- Rosie the Riviter
- Truman’s decision
- "Victory Gardens"
- war bonds
Post-War plans/ conferences
- Potsdam Conference
- Tehran Conference
- Yalta Conference
End of WWII[edit | edit source]
- 22nd amendment
- Nuremburg Trials
- United Nations
Latter-half 20th Century[edit | edit source]
Notes:
- WWII was the last conflict entered by official Declaration of War by Congress
- all other post-WWII "wars" have been without actual declaration of war
- the U.S. has entered most of these wars through a combination of Executive Action and Congressional approval, either for a military action or funding thereof
- a key component of post-WWII US History for students to grapple with is the dramatic change to worldwide involvement and/or adventurism and the various justifications for them
- students should understand American "hegemony" and reaons for American worlwdide dominance and the extent to which it may be considered economic, political cultural imperialism
Early Cold War Foreign Affairs[edit | edit source]
- Berlin crisis / Berlin airlift
- Bretton Woods Conference
- capitalism
- Chiang Kai-shek
- China, loss of
- communism
- containment policy
- George F. Kennan
- Greek Civil War
- ideology/ ideological
- Iron Curtain / Iron Curtain speech
- Israel/ Palestine
- Long Telegram / Article “X”
- Mao Zedong
- Marshall Plan
- NATO
- NATO/Warsaw Pact
- NSC-68
- proxy war
- SEATO
- sphere/s of influence
- Suez Canal Crisis
- Truman Doctrine
- Turkey
- United Nations
- UK sterling crisis
- Warsaw Pact
Atomic age[edit | edit source]
- atmospheric testing
- atomic testing
- bombers
- A-bomb
- Chinese bomb (Taiwan incident)
- German scientists
- H-bomb
- brinkmanship
- ICBM
- Nike missile system
- MAD/ mutually-assured destruction
- anti-ballistic missile
- nuclear shield
Korean War[edit | edit source]
- Truman v. Gen. MacArthur
- Chinese Revolution
Cold War diplomacy[edit | edit source]
- East, the
- hegemony / hegemonic power
- nation-building
- Palestine partition
- Security Council
- Third World
- unaligned nations
- United Nations
- West, The
Eisenhower period[edit | edit source]
- CIA
- containment
- containment in Asia
- containment in Europe
- containment in Latin America
- containment in the Middle East
- Cuba
- Domino Theory
- Dwight Eisenhower
- Eisenhower Doctrine
- HUAC Committee
- Joseph McCarthy
- Marshall Plan
- McCarthyism
- "military industrial complex" (1958/9?)
- Suez crisis
Domestic US Cold War[edit | edit source]
- Executive Order 9835
- Second Red Scare
- McCarthyism
- HUAC
- Hollywood 10
- McCarren Act
- Rosenbergs
- Alger Hiss
- Space Race
Kennedy[edit | edit source]
- Bay of Pigs Invasion
- Berlin Wall
- CIA activity under Kennedy
- Cuban Missile Crisis
- Domino Theory
- Bay of Pigs
- Hot-Line
- Robert F. Kennedy
- Limited Test Ban Treaty
- quarantine v. blockade
- Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
- Peace Corps
Vietnam War[edit | edit source]
- French involvement, 1954-1955
- US involvement, 1959-1973
Eisenhower period of Vietnam War[edit | edit source]
- Dien Bien Phu
Kennedy period of Vietnam War[edit | edit source]
- JFK
- Robert McNamara
- "Whiz Kids"
- “flexible response”
- advisors
- Camelot
- assassination
Johnson period of Vietnam War[edit | edit source]
- bombing campaigns
- escalation
- Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964)
- Tet Offensive (1968)
- Walter Cronkite
- U.S. public opinion
- Vietnamization
- War Powers Acts
- Gulf of Tonkin
- Attrition
- Hearts and Minds
- Rolling Thunder
- My Lai Massacre
- Escalation
Nixon period of Vietnam War[edit | edit source]
- China
- Operation Linebacker II
- Christmas bombings
- "silent majority”
- Paris Peace Accords
- Bombing of Laos and Cambodia
- Paris Peace Accords
- opening of China
- Kissinger
- Pentagon Papers
- White House protests
Vietnam War protest movements[edit | edit source]
- draft, the
- hippies
- protests
- Kent State
- Jackson State
post-Nixon[edit | edit source]
- Fall of Saigon
- Cambodian genocide
- Pol Pot
post-WWII Domestic U.S[edit | edit source]
1950s culture[edit | edit source]
- baby boom
- "Fair Deal" (1945-49)
- suburbia
- rock'n'roll
- conformity
- Interstate Highway Act
Civil Rights[edit | edit source]
- “Little Rock Nine”
- Brown v. Board of Education
- civil disobedience
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Executive Order 9981
- Jackie Robinson
- Malcolm X
- March on Washington
- Martin Luther King, Jr.
- Montgomery bus boycott
- nonviolence
- Voting Rights Act of 1965
- George Wallace
Other Civil Rights and Political Movements[edit | edit source]
- American Indian Movement (AIM)
- Cesar Chavez
- Chicano Movement
- environmentalism
- Grapes Boycott
- Michael Harrington
- "Incorporation" Cases
- Roe v. Wade
- Silent Spring
- women’s liberation movement (NOW)
- Wounded Knee Incident
Johnson[edit | edit source]
- Great Society
- War on Poverty
1970s: Nixon, Ford & Carter[edit | edit source]
- Watergate
- pardoning of Nixon
- stagflation
- Afghanistan
- Olympic boycott
- Iranian hostage crisis
- OPEC
- oil embargo
- Camp David Accords
Reagan era[edit | edit source]
- Iran-Contra Affair
- John Stockton
- Reykjavík Summit
- Berlin speech
- Landslide
- Star Wars
- "Reagan Revolution”
- Reaganomics
- Supply-side economics
End of the Cold War[edit | edit source]
- George HW Bush
- Military spending cuts
- Gulf War
- Bill Clinton
- Peace Dividend
- NAFTA
- "end of history"
- service sector economy
- New Immigration
- Haiti
- Yugoslavia and Bosnia
- Rwanda
21st Century[edit | edit source]
War on Terror[edit | edit source]
- September 11th
- Al Queda
- Afghanistan War
- Iraq
- Patriot Act
Obama Administration[edit | edit source]
- Great Recession
- ISIS
- Affordable Care Act
- Obama Care
- DREAM Act
Third Party movements[edit | edit source]
- notes
- third parties represent political movements that the major parties do not accommodate
- or a split within them
- elections through to the 1830s had multiple candidates from the same party, so were not technically "third parties)
- or they were divided geographically and/or over a particular issue or political position
- third parties represent political movements that the major parties do not accommodate
Party | Election | % of Popular Vote | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Anti-Masonic Party | 1832 | 7.8% |
|
Liberty Party | 1844 | 2.3% |
|
Free Soil | 1848 | 10.1% |
|
1852 | 4.9% | ||
Know Nothing (American Party) | 1856 | 21.6% |
|
Four-way split | 1860 |
| |
Liberal Republican | 1872 | 43.8% |
|
Greenback Party | 1876 | 0.99% |
|
1880 | 3.35% | ||
Prohibition Party | 1884 | 1.5% |
|
1888 | 2.2% | ||
1896 | .094% | ||
1900 | 1.51% | ||
1904 | 1.92% | ||
1912 | 1.38% | ||
1916 | 1.19% | ||
Populist Party | 1892 | 8.5% |
|
Socialist Party | 1904 | 2.98% |
|
1908 | 2.83% | ||
1912 | 6% | ||
1916 | 3.19% | ||
1920 | 3.41% | ||
1932 | 2.23% | ||
Progressive Party | 1912 | 27% |
|
Progressive | 1924 | 16.6% |
|
Dixiecrat
Progressive |
1948 | 2.4%
2.4% |
|
American Independent | 1968 | 13.5% |
|
John Anderson (Independent candidate) | 1980 | 6.6% |
|
Ross Pero (Independent candidate/ Reform Party) | 1992 | 18.9% |
|
1996 | 8.4% | ||
Green Party | 2000 | 2.74% |
|
Libertarian | 2016 | 3.28% |
|
Robert F. Kennedy (independent candidate) | 2024 | ? |
|
Economic crises[edit | edit source]
Mississippi Company | 1720 | French company had Royal grant for trading rights to French colonies in Americas
|
|
Panic of 1792 | 1792 | Short-lived panic caused by sudden credit expansion following the formation of the Bank of the United States, which led to land speculation
|
|
Land bubble 1796 | 1996 | Land speculation bubble that collapsed following specie payments suspension by the Bank of England, caused by a rush of bank withdrawals in England out of fear of a war with France
|
|
Panic of 1819 | 1819-1821 | Financial crisis sparked by land speculation bubble, excess paper money, and issuance of bank notes unbacked by gold by the Second Bank of the United States
|
|
Panic of 1837 | 1837-1843 | Major depression in which prices, profits, wages, and financial activity was severely curtailed
|
|
Panic of 1857 | 1857-1859 | National financial crisis sparked by British change in requirements for gold and silver reserves for paper money
|
|
Crédit Mobilier scandal | 1864-1867 | A railoard company created by the Union Pacific Railroad to build the eastern portion of the transcontinental railroad inflated its costs by $44 million dollars and paid bribes to politicians for laws and regulatory ruilings in its favor
|
|
Panic of 1873 | 1873-1877 |
|
|
Panic of 1893 | 1893-1897 | Econoic depression that was sparked by the failure of an Argentine bank, Baring Brothers, which collapsed over crops price collapse,
|
Resources[edit | edit source]
Suffrage, voting, democracy[edit | edit source]
- American Democracy | National Museum of American History (si.edu)
- Winning the Vote: A History of Voting Rights | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History