Pre-Columbian Americas: Difference between revisions

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See  
See also: [[Prehispanic Mesoamerica]]  
* [[Prehispanic Mesoamerica]]
* [[Pre-Columbian Americas]]
 
 
== pre-pottery Andean civilization ==
== pre-pottery Andean civilization ==
* west-slope of the Andes  
* also called "Archaic period"
* changes in elevation within close proximity
* settlements on the west-slope of the Andes
** provided multiple ecological environments  
* advantages of the location:
** variety of  
** changes in elevation within close proximity of the ocean
** access to the ocean
*** provided multiple ecological environments
*** variety of plants (each adapted to the different elevation)
*** access to the ocean, especially for fishing
* population growth along three river valleys
* population growth along three river valleys
** Fortaleza, Pativilca, Caral-Supe rivers
** Fortaleza, Pativilca, Caral-Supe rivers
Line 17: Line 15:


=== City of Caral ===
=== City of Caral ===
{| border="1" align="right" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E8E8E8; font-size:90%;" cellpadding="5"
|+
City of Caral timeline
|-
| '''Period'''
| '''Stage'''
|-
| 2800 BC
| early settlement in Picu valley
|-
| 2600 BC
| rowspan="2" | First constructions
|-
| 2400 BC
|-
| 2200 BC
| rowspan="2" | Enlarged and reconstructed
|-
| 2000 BC
|-
| 1800 BC
| city abandoned
|-
|+ align="bottom" |source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caral
|}
[[File:PiramidesdeCaral.JPG|thumb|Pyramids at Caral-Supe]]
[[File:PiramidesdeCaral.JPG|thumb|Pyramids at Caral-Supe]]
* the oldest city in the Americas is "Caral-Supe" or "Caral" in Peru
* the oldest city in the Americas is "Caral-Supe" or "Caral" in Peru
Line 40: Line 63:
** disrupted fisheries
** disrupted fisheries


{| border="1" align="right" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E8E8E8; font-size:90%;" cellpadding="5"
== Amazon civilizations ==
|+
Casarabe Culture, 500-1400 AD
 
* agriculture-based society in Amazon region of modern Bolivia (Llanos de Mojos) and southwestern Brazil
** watery-region
* created urban centers with elevated terraces, monumental buildings and pyramid-shaped mounds
* water control via canals, reservoirs, causeways and islands
* pimary cities: Landivar and Cotoca
 
see


===Predynastic Egypt Timeline===
* [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/lost-cities-of-the-amazon-discovered-from-the-air-180980142/ Lost Cities of the Amazon Discovered from the Air (Smithsonian)]
!colspan="2" | '''Stone Age to early Civilization'''
|-
| Event
| Date
|-
| Paleolithic Hunter-Gatherers with
semi-nomadic dwellings along Nile
| 30,000- 10,000 BC
|-
| Neolithic period commences along Nile
| 9,000 - 5,500 BC
|-
| boats with sails depicted on rocks
| 6,000 BC
|-
| Egyptian calendar established with the
first recorded date being
| 4241 BC
|-  
| trade with Middle East;
linen weaving, household goods;
| 4,000's BC
|-
| Sahara desertification causes
migration to Nile river valley by
| 3,900 BC
|-
| extensive use of copper
| 3,600 BC
|-
| donkey domesticated by
| 3,400 BC
|-
| separate Upper and Lower Egypt
kingdoms solidify
| 3300 BC
|-
| unification of Egypt under Menes
or "Narmer"
| 3100 BC
|-
| Hieroglyphic Writing developed
| 3100 BC
|-
|+ align="bottom" |sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predynastic_Period_of_Egypt
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.9_kiloyear_event
|}


* [[wikipedia:Llanos_de_Moxos_(archaeology)|Llanos de Moxos (wikipedia)]]


== misc notes / to do ===
== Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Americas==


* Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Americas per region:  
* Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Americas per region:  
** North America: no smelting
** North America: no smelting
*** copper readily available, malleable by hammering
*** copper readily available, malleable by hammering
*** iron ore used to make jewelry, simple tools  << confirm
**** easily exploitable in Great Lakes regions
**** but not applied to metallurgy
** South America developed smelting
** South America developed smelting
** Mesoamerica metallurgy via South American diffusion
** Mesoamerica metallurgy via South American diffusion
Line 132: Line 119:
****
****
[[Category:World History]]
[[Category:World History]]
[[Americas]]
 
== Writing in pre-Columbian Americas ==
 
* quipu
** see : [[wikipedia:Quipu|Quipu - Wikipedia]]
 
== Aztecs / Aztec Empire ==
engineering
 
writing system
 
=== vocabulary ===
 
* aqueducts
* canals
* chinampas
* dikes
* hieroglyphs
* obsidian
* quetzal
** tropical bird that Aztecs use for their feathers
* slash and burn agriculture
* tribute

Latest revision as of 22:54, 21 January 2023

See also: Prehispanic Mesoamerica

pre-pottery Andean civilization[edit | edit source]

  • also called "Archaic period"
  • settlements on the west-slope of the Andes
  • advantages of the location:
    • changes in elevation within close proximity of the ocean
      • provided multiple ecological environments
      • variety of plants (each adapted to the different elevation)
      • access to the ocean, especially for fishing
  • population growth along three river valleys
    • Fortaleza, Pativilca, Caral-Supe rivers

Norte Chico civilization, 3500-1800 BC[edit | edit source]

City of Caral[edit | edit source]

City of Caral timeline
Period Stage
2800 BC early settlement in Picu valley
2600 BC First constructions
2400 BC
2200 BC Enlarged and reconstructed
2000 BC
1800 BC city abandoned
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caral
Pyramids at Caral-Supe
  • the oldest city in the Americas is "Caral-Supe" or "Caral" in Peru
    • "Caral" is the city
    • "Supe" = the valley
  • built approx. 3,000 BC
    • contemporaneous (same time) with Ancient Egypt
  • population was approx, 3,000
    • other similar sites suggest overall regional population of up to 20,000
  • consists of ceremonial, monumental and administrative buildings/ structures
  • city layout shows signs of social classes
    • large residential complexes near to ceremonial structures
    • small rooms in other areas
  • built pyramids
  • created the pattern of urban design in the Andes through to the Inca
  • shows no signs of warfare of defensive structures

Collapse[edit | edit source]

  • earthquakes
  • wind-blown sand and sediment from wind shift towards inland from the sea
    • disrupted agriculture
    • disrupted fisheries

Amazon civilizations[edit | edit source]

Casarabe Culture, 500-1400 AD

  • agriculture-based society in Amazon region of modern Bolivia (Llanos de Mojos) and southwestern Brazil
    • watery-region
  • created urban centers with elevated terraces, monumental buildings and pyramid-shaped mounds
  • water control via canals, reservoirs, causeways and islands
  • pimary cities: Landivar and Cotoca

see

Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Americas[edit | edit source]

  • Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Americas per region:
    • North America: no smelting
      • copper readily available, malleable by hammering
      • iron ore used to make jewelry, simple tools << confirm
        • easily exploitable in Great Lakes regions
        • but not applied to metallurgy
    • South America developed smelting
    • Mesoamerica metallurgy via South American diffusion
  • see: Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America - Wikipedia
    • iron readily available
    • gold / silver / copper
      • gold hammered
      • tumbaga: copper-gold alloy
        • used for casting
    • gems used extensively / jade
    • obsidian used for edges/ knives/ cutting
      • ability to cut stone
      • but not wood
      • source: The Minerals of Pre-Columbian America | Rock & Gem Magazine (rockngem.com)
      • Andes region alloy use
        • tin used for specific but not general purposes >> "wirework bells"
          • tin deposits avail, not exploited
      • copper smelting in drafted furnaces
      • mercury
      • platinum developed in Andes region
        • copper, gold, silver alloys
        • technology adopted by Spanish
      • sinnabar
    • wood less useful
      • charcoal not developed
      • planks not exploited for buildings / ships

Writing in pre-Columbian Americas[edit | edit source]

Aztecs / Aztec Empire[edit | edit source]

engineering

writing system

vocabulary[edit | edit source]

  • aqueducts
  • canals
  • chinampas
  • dikes
  • hieroglyphs
  • obsidian
  • quetzal
    • tropical bird that Aztecs use for their feathers
  • slash and burn agriculture
  • tribute
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