Participle phrase & infinitive phrase: Difference between revisions
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*** ex. ''to be'', ''to play'', ''to believe'' | *** ex. ''to be'', ''to play'', ''to believe'' | ||
*** infinitives can act as a noun, adjective, or adverb | *** infinitives can act as a noun, adjective, or adverb | ||
* non- | * non-finite verb | ||
** a verb that does not have a subject | ** a verb that does not have a subject | ||
** and it therefore does not act as a verb, and instead acts as a noun (called "gerund"), adjective, or adverb | ** and it therefore does not act as a verb, and instead acts as a noun (called "gerund"), adjective, or adverb | ||
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!Verb | !Verb | ||
!Complements | !Complements | ||
!Participle | !Participle or Infinitive | ||
(non-finite verb) | (non-finite verb) | ||
!Participle | !Participle / Infinitive | ||
Complement | Complement | ||
|- | |- | ||
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* Grammatical forms: | * Grammatical forms: | ||
{{#mermaid: graph LR | {{#mermaid: graph LR | ||
S(subject<br>non-finite verb)-->V(complement<br>of infinitive)-->FV(finite verb)-->C2(complement | S(subject<br>non-finite verb)-->V(complement<br>of infinitive)--->FV(finite verb)-->C2(subject complement) | ||
}} | }} | ||
* Parts of speech: | * Parts of speech: | ||
{{#mermaid: graph LR | {{#mermaid: graph LR | ||
S(non-finite verb<br>infinitive noun)-->V(prepositional phrase)-->FV(verb)-->C2(subject complement<br>adjective) | S(non-finite verb<br>infinitive noun)-->V(prepositional phrase)--->FV(verb)-->C2(subject complement<br>adjective) | ||
}} | }} | ||
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* Parts of speech: | * Parts of speech: | ||
{{#mermaid: graph LR | {{#mermaid: graph LR | ||
S( noun )-->NFV(participle<br>adjective)-->C2(prepositional phrase)-->V(verb) | S( noun )-->NFV(participle<br>adjective)--->C2(prepositional phrase)-->V(verb)-->C(object) | ||
}} | }} | ||
Latest revision as of 23:41, 12 June 2024
Terminology[edit | edit source]
- clause
- a part of a sentence that contains a finite verb (a verb that has a subject)
- complement
- a word, phrase, or dependent clause that adds information to a subject or verb (as part of the predicate)
- finite verb
- a verb that has a subject
- it is "finite" because it is "bound to" or associated with a subject
- infinitive
- the "to" form of a verb
- ex. to be, to play, to believe
- infinitives can act as a noun, adjective, or adverb
- the "to" form of a verb
- non-finite verb
- a verb that does not have a subject
- and it therefore does not act as a verb, and instead acts as a noun (called "gerund"), adjective, or adverb
- non-finite verbs are either participles or infinitives
- (note: not all participles are non-finite)
- non-finite verbs are either participles or infinitives
- object
- a noun or noun phrase that is the recipient of a verb or preposition
- ex.
- She kicked the ball ("ball" = object or "kicked")
- He ran to school ("to school" = prepositional phrase complement of the verb "ran")
- ex.
- a noun or noun phrase that is the recipient of a verb or preposition
- participle
- the -ing or -ed form of a verb
- phrase
- two or more words that do not have a finite verb
- participle phrases and infinitive phrases are formed by the non-finite forms of verbs as either participles or infinitives
- sentence
- a grammatically complete thought
- grammatically complete = contains a finite verb (subject-verb)
- logically complete = does not need more information to complete the thought
- a grammatically complete thought
Finite and Non-Finite Verbs & their complements[edit | edit source]
Non-finite verbs & complements[edit | edit source]
- "complements" are words or phrases that "complement" or "go along with" a subject or verb
- verbs have complements in the forms of
- objects
- adverbs
- prepositional phrases
- dependent or "subordinate" clauses
- the idea is the the "verb complement" adds information to the predicate (which is the verb and its complements)
Finite & Non-Finite verbs and complements[edit | edit source]
| Participle
(non-finite verb) |
Participle
Complement |
Subject | Verb | Complements | Participle or Infinitive
(non-finite verb) |
Participle / Infinitive
Complement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (The) student | reads | a textbook on his own | ||||
| (The) student | reads | a textbook on his own | to learn | more effectively | ||
| (The) student | reads | a textbook on his own | , learning | more effectively | ||
| To learn | more effectively | (the) student | reads | a textbook on his own | ||
| Reading | a textbook on his own | (the) student | learns | more effectively | ||
| (The) student | learns | on his own | reading | after school | ||
| (The) student | learns | after school | reading | on his own |
Participle phrase placement[edit | edit source]
- participle = the -ing or -ed forms of a verb
- participles may serve as finite (take a subject) or non-finite (no subject)
- finite forms of participles are
- -ing present participle = present continuous tense
- It is snowing'; They are playing
- -ed past participle = simple past tense
- It snowed'; They played
- -ing present participle = present continuous tense
- non-finite forms of participles are
- -ing present participle adjective
- Snowing all day, the car was buried'; The boys playing around got in trouble
- -ing "gerund" (present participle noun)
- Snowing out makes me happy; Playing in the show is fun
- -ed past participle adjective
- The snowed in car was stuck'; The team played
- -ing present participle adjective
- participle phrase
- a participle phrase is two or more words that have a non-finite verb (i.e., no subject)
- (note: if a finite verb is present (subject-verb), it is a clause)
- participle phrases add information to another word or clause
- ex.>:
- present participle phrase: Playing hard, they lost anyway
- past participle phrase: Played poorly, they lost the game
Participle phrase example 1[edit | edit source]
- Sentence:
Students read the textbook studying for the test
- Grammatical forms:
- Parts of speech:
Participle phrase example 2[edit | edit source]
- Sentence:
Studying for the test, students read the textbook
- Grammatical forms:
- Parts of speech:
Participle phrase example 3[edit | edit source]
- Sentence:
Students studying for the test read the textbook
- Grammatical forms:
- Parts of speech:
Infinitive phrase[edit | edit source]
- infinitive = the -to form of a verb
- infinitives are never finite (take a subject)
- they serve as a adjective, adverb or noun
- adjective
- A good game to play is snooker
- adverb
- We practice to get better at it
- noun
- To play beats not to play
- adjective
Infinitive phrase placement[edit | edit source]
Infinitive phrase example 1[edit | edit source]
- Sentence:
Studying helps to take a test
- Grammatical forms:
- Parts of speech:
Infinitive phrase example 2[edit | edit source]
- Sentence:
To study for a test is wise
- Grammatical forms:
- Parts of speech:
Infinitive phrase example 2[edit | edit source]
- Sentence:
Studying for the test, students read the textbook
- Grammatical forms:
- Parts of speech:
Infinitive phrase example 3[edit | edit source]
- Sentence:
Students studying for the test read the textbook
- Grammatical forms:
- Parts of speech: