AP US History vocabulary list: Difference between revisions

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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:disenfranchised|not allowd to vote; can be ''de jure'' (legal voting restrictions) or ''de facto'' (forcible, if illegal, voting restrictions}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:disenfranchised|not allowd to vote; can be ''de jure'' (legal voting restrictions) or ''de facto'' (forcible, if illegal, voting restrictions}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:dissent|to disagree or protest, usually in terms of a standing law or political opinion; in the Supreme Courts, a "dissenting" judge disagrees with the marjoity opinion}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:dissent|to disagree or protest, usually in terms of a standing law or political opinion; in the Supreme Courts, a "dissenting" judge disagrees with the marjoity opinion}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:domestic|related to national as opposed to overseas or international affairs}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:domestic|related to national as opposed to overseas or international affairs}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:duties| taxes on importation or sale of goods; "duties" usually refers to taxes on imported goods; note that "duties" constituted the largest source of revenue for the federal government up until the mid-20th century, when the personal and corporate income taxes were imposed at higher rates than when first introduced in 1914; after the Civil War up until that time, import duties constituted about half of federal revenues, with excise taxes (taxes on sale of certain goods) were about 40% of federal revenue; prior to the Civil War, import duties were the source of up to 90% of federal income; note the federal government also received significant revenue from land sales, mineral rights, etc.) }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:duties| taxes on importation or sale of goods; "duties" usually refers to taxes on imported goods; note that "duties" constituted the largest source of revenue for the federal government up until the mid-20th century, when the personal and corporate income taxes were imposed at higher rates than when first introduced in 1914; after the Civil War up until that time, import duties constituted about half of federal revenues, with excise taxes (taxes on sale of certain goods) were about 40% of federal revenue; prior to the Civil War, import duties were the source of up to 90% of federal income; note the federal government also received significant revenue from land sales, mineral rights, etc.) }}<li>Electoral College</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:emancipation|the act or process of freeing slaves (abolition)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:emancipation|the act or process of freeing slaves (abolition)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:embargo| to block or restrict access to something (Embargo Act of 1807, which restricted trade with Britain and France); embargo is usually in reference to a practical or legal exclusion of trade, or of a physical "naval blockade", such as the US embargo of Cuba in 1926; a naval blockade may be considered an act of war}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:embargo| to block or restrict access to something (Embargo Act of 1807, which restricted trade with Britain and France); embargo is usually in reference to a practical or legal exclusion of trade, or of a physical "naval blockade", such as the US embargo of Cuba in 1926; a naval blockade may be considered an act of war}}</ul></li>
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:infringe / infringement | to violate, or undermine, especially in law}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:infringe / infringement | to violate, or undermine, especially in law}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:intolerance| unwillingness to accept views, beliefs or persons different from oneself; in international affairs; the "Intolerable Acts" was a name given by the American colonists who opposed a series of Acts of Parliament called by England the "Coercive Acts"}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:intolerance| unwillingness to accept views, beliefs or persons different from oneself; in international affairs; the "Intolerable Acts" was a name given by the American colonists who opposed a series of Acts of Parliament called by England the "Coercive Acts"}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:laissez-faire| from French for "to leave alone"; used as reference to government non-intervention in the economy, usually regarding corporations; "laissez-faire" has a negative connotation, whereas supporters of government non-interference in the economy refer to that point of view as "libertarian"}}<li>legitimacy</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:laissez-faire| from French for "to leave alone"; used as reference to government non-intervention in the economy, usually regarding corporations; "laissez-faire" has a negative connotation, whereas supporters of government non-interference in the economy refer to that point of view as "libertarian"}}<li>landmark court case<li>legitimacy</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:mercantilism| colonialist policy of controling or regulating trade so as to require that colonial possessions only purchase from and sell to the mnother country; the philosophy was that economic "stakeholders" were home-country farms, businesses, and land owners}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:mercantilism| colonialist policy of controling or regulating trade so as to require that colonial possessions only purchase from and sell to the mnother country; the philosophy was that economic "stakeholders" were home-country farms, businesses, and land owners}}<li>{{#tip-text:nativism| "ethnocentric" belief in the dominant ethnicity and culture of a nation, particularly as regards immigration (called "chauvanisme" in French)}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:nativism| "ethnocentric" belief in the dominant ethnicity and culture of a nation, particularly as regards immigration (called "chauvanisme" in French)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:nullify / nullification| the theory that since the Constitution is a "compact" (agreement) of the states, the authority to withhold that agreement or parts of it remains with the states;  
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:nullify / nullification| the theory that since the Constitution is a "compact" (agreement) of the states, the authority to withhold that agreement or parts of it remains with the states;  
as in the "Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions" and the Nullification Crisis of 1830s)}}</ul></li>
as in the "Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions" and the Nullification Crisis of 1830s)}}</ul></li>
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:popular sovereignty|1850s political stance that held that territories and states should accept or not accept the practice of slavery based upon a vote of the people (i.e., "popular"; sovereignty = rule}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:popular sovereignty|1850s political stance that held that territories and states should accept or not accept the practice of slavery based upon a vote of the people (i.e., "popular"; sovereignty = rule}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:precedent| the judicial practice of adhereing to prior or "preceding" decisions; decisions that change "precedent" are considered "landmark"}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:precedent| the judicial practice of adhereing to prior or "preceding" decisions; decisions that change "precedent" are considered "landmark"}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:prohibition| >>definition here }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:prohibition| >>definition here }}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"Republican motherhood"| the Early Republic belief that the role of a patriotic mother was to raise their sons as good "republicans," i.e. members of a self-governed society (not the political party)>>definition here }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"Republican motherhood"| the Early Republic belief that the role of a patriotic mother was to raise their sons as good "republicans," i.e. members of a self-governed society (not the political party)>>definition here }}<li>republican principles</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:state|a sovereign political unit; in the "United States" the states are independent political entities that have yielded certain powers or sovereignties to the central government; internationally, a "state" is a country or nation (thus the "State Department" as the executive department that represents the country)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:state|a sovereign political unit; in the "United States" the states are independent political entities that have yielded certain powers or sovereignties to the central government; internationally, a "state" is a country or nation (thus the "State Department" as the executive department that represents the country)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:states rights| sovereignty and powers of states; generally, the belief that the federal government should not "infringe" }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:states rights| sovereignty and powers of states; generally, the belief that the federal government should not "infringe" }}</ul></li>
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:sovereignty|rule or "rule over"; government authority or rule is called its "soveriegnty", thus a monarch is also called a "soveriegn"|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:sovereignty|rule or "rule over"; government authority or rule is called its "soveriegnty", thus a monarch is also called a "soveriegn"|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:suffrage| the right to vote; "suffragettes" were women activitists who promoted the right for women to vote}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:suffrage| the right to vote; "suffragettes" were women activitists who promoted the right for women to vote}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:tariff| taxes on imports; also called "duties" }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:tariff| taxes on imports; also called "duties" }}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:temperance movement| social and political movement to ban production and use of alcohol}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:temperance movement| social and political movement to ban production and use of alcohol}}<li>two-party system</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:unalienable| not divisible, cannot be taken away; thus in the Declaration, "unalienable rights" are those that people are born with and cannot be taken away; unalienable rights can be violated, but under the theory of "natural law" any violation of those rights is illegitimate; note: "unalienable" = same as "inalienable" }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:unalienable| not divisible, cannot be taken away; thus in the Declaration, "unalienable rights" are those that people are born with and cannot be taken away; unalienable rights can be violated, but under the theory of "natural law" any violation of those rights is illegitimate; note: "unalienable" = same as "inalienable" }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:unintended consequence|effects of a policy, decision or action that are unexpected or unanticipated}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:unintended consequence|effects of a policy, decision or action that are unexpected or unanticipated}}</ul></li>
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* Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713
* Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Yamasee War, 1715-1717|frontier/ land disputes and conflicts between settlers and Native Americans in the Carolinas}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Yamasee War, 1715-1717|frontier/ land disputes and conflicts between settlers and Native Americans in the Carolinas}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Chickasaw Wars, 1721-1763|Chickasaw tribes suppported by the British v. French & allied tribes along the Mississippi Valley over access to the Mississippi River; the wars ended with conlcusion of the French-Indian Wars}}</ul></il>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Chickasaw Wars, 1721-1763|Chickasaw tribes suppported by the British v. French & allied tribes along the Mississippi Valley over access to the Mississippi River; the wars ended with conlcusion of the French-Indian Wars}}</ul>
* Dummer's War, 1722-25
* Dummer's War, 1722-25
* Pontiac's War, 1763-1766
* Pontiac's War, 1763-1766
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* cult of domesticity
* cult of domesticity
* Declaration of Sentiments
* Declaration of Sentiments
* Frederic Douglas
* emancipation
* emancipation
* Ralph Waldo Emerson
* Ralph Waldo Emerson
* Second Great Awakening
* Second Great Awakening
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* John Calhoun
* John Calhoun
* Compromise of 1850
* Compromise of 1850
* Jefferson Davis
* Dred Scott decision
* Dred Scott decision
* Gadsden Purchase
* Gadsden Purchase
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* Anaconda Plan
* Anaconda Plan
* Appomattox
* Appomattox
* Fre
* Emancipation Proclamation
* Emancipation Proclamation
* Ft. Sumter
* Ft. Sumter
* Gettysburg
* Gettysburg
* Gettysburg Address
* Gettysburg Address
* Robert E. Lee
* Lincoln’s pre-war stance on slavery
* Lincoln’s pre-war stance on slavery
*
* Sherman’s March
* Sherman’s March
* U.S. Grant
* U.S. Grant
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** Congressional program
** Congressional program
</div>
</div>
<br>
 
-------------------
-------------------


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* Dawes Act /assimilation
* Dawes Act /assimilation
* Gentlemen’s Agreement
* Gentlemen’s Agreement
* Grange, the
* Great Migration
* Great Migration
* hard money
* hard money
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* nonviolence
* nonviolence
* Voting Rights Act of 1965
* Voting Rights Act of 1965
* George Wallace


=== Other Civil Rights and Political Movements ===
=== Other Civil Rights and Political Movements ===
* Silent Spring
* American Indian Movement (AIM)
* Cesar Chavez
* Chicano Movement
* environmentalism
* Grapes Boycott
* Michael Harrington
* Michael Harrington
* "Incorporation" Cases
* Roe v. Wade
* Roe v. Wade
* Silent Spring
* women’s liberation movement (NOW)
* women’s liberation movement (NOW)
* Cesar Chavez
* Grapes Boycott
* Chicano Movement
* American Indian Movement (AIM)
* Wounded Knee Incident
* Wounded Knee Incident
* "Incorporation" Cases
=== Johnson ===
=== Johnson ===
* Great Society
* Great Society
* War on Poverty
* War on Poverty
=== 1970s: Nixon, Ford & Carter ===
=== 1970s: Nixon, Ford & Carter ===
* Watergate
* Watergate
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* Reaganomics
* Reaganomics
* Supply-side economics
* Supply-side economics


=== End of the Cold War ===
=== End of the Cold War ===
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</div>
</div>
<br>
<br>
== Third Party movements ==
* notes
** third parties represent political movements that the major parties do not accommodate
*** or a split within them
** elections through to the 1830s had multiple candidates from the same party, so were not technically "third parties)
*** or they were divided geographically and/or over a particular issue or political position
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Party
!Election
!% of Popular Vote
!Notes
|-
|Anti-Masonic Party
|1832
|7.8%
|
* opposed "Freemasonry" (elitist secret society that was opposed by mainstream religous groups);
* the movement started wit hthe "Morgan affair", when a former Mason show spoke out against the society was murdered
* Freemasons were accused of secretly controlling the government
|-
|Liberty Party
|1844
|2.3%
|
* abolitionist, anti-slavery party
|-
| rowspan="2" |Free Soil
|1848
|10.1%
| rowspan="2" |
* opposed expansion of slavery into new territories
* former president Martin Van Buren was candidate in 1848
* formed after the Mexican-American War over concerns about the expansion of slavery
* the Free Soil party was mostly former Whigs who joined the Republican Party when they merged in 1854
|-
|1852
|4.9%
|-
|Know Nothing (American Party)
|1856
|21.6%
|
* anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic
* largely made up of Whigs after the collapse of that party
* the party also appealed to reformers, standing for rights of women, regulation of industry and labor, prefiguring the progressive movement
* former president Millard Filmore was candidate
|-
|Four-way split
|1860
|
|
* Republican (Abraham Lincolon): 39.8%
* Southern Democrat (John Breckinridge): 18.1%
* Constitutional Union (John Bell): 12.6%
* Democratic (Stephen Douglas): 29.5%
|-
|Liberal Republican
|1872
|43.8%
|
* candidate Horace Greeley, publisher of the ''New York Tribune''
* opposed President Grant as corrupt and his Reconstruction policies as too harsh (wanted removal of US Army from the South)
* opposed the high tariff and promoted civil service reform
* the Democratic party had no national organization, so Greeley hoped to attrack their vote, but failed
|-
| rowspan="2" |Greenback Party
|1876
|0.99%
| rowspan="2" |
* soft money platform, originally associated with the Grange (agricultural organization, cooperative)
* anti-monopoly, anti-railroads
|-
|1880
|3.35%
|-
| rowspan="7" |Prohibition Party
|1884
|1.5%
| rowspan="7" |
* single issue: temperance
* persisted longer than most third-party movements and influenced larger politics, with ultimate victory in the 18th amendment
|-
|1888
|2.2%
|-
|1896
|.094%
|-
|1900
|1.51%
|-
|1904
|1.92%
|-
|1912
|1.38%
|-
|1916
|1.19%
|-
|Populist Party
|1892
|8.5%
|
* agrarian, anit-business/railroad movement
* pro-soft money
|-
| rowspan="6" |Socialist Party
|1904
|2.98%
| rowspan="6" |
* Eugene Debs was the candidate in 1904, 1908, 1912 & 1920 elections
|-
|1908
|2.83%
|-
|1912
|6%
|-
|1916
|3.19%
|-
|1920
|3.41%
|-
|1932
|2.23%
|-
|Progressive Party
|1912
|27%
|
* Teddy Roosevelt's party after split with Republican Party following its convention in 1912
* Roosevelt took more votes than the Republican incumbant Taft (23.2%)
* with the Republican vote split, Wilson won with 41.8% of the popular voate
|-
|Progressive
|1924
|16.6%
|
* a diferent orgniazaiton form the Teddy Roosevelt's Progressive Party, which he abandoned after 1912 (he was nominated in 1916 but refused)
* former Republican Robert La Follette, a progressive how refused to back Roosevelt, reformed the party in 1924
|-
|Dixiecrat
Progressive
|1948
|2.4%
2.4%
|
* independent movements that were splinter factions from FDR's Democratic coalition that fell apart under Truman
** Dixiecrats were souther segregationists
** Progressives were FDR Democrats led by his former Vice President Henry Wallace
|-
|American Independent
|1968
|13.5%
|
* led by southern Democrat George Wallace, populist, segregationist governore of Alabama who opposed Johnson's support of the Civil Rights movement
|-
|John Anderson (Independent candidate)
|1980
|6.6%
|
* Republican John Anderson split from the Republican Party and ran as a "moderate" alternative to Reagan
|-
| rowspan="2" |Ross Pero (Independent candidate/ Reform Party)
|1992
|18.9%
| rowspan="2" |
* populist businessman Ross Perot opposed Bush and Clinton and gained widespread support
* in 1996, Perot ran on the Reform Party ticket, which he formed after 1992
|-
|1996
|8.4%
|-
|Green Party
|2000
|2.74%
|
* Envronmentalist and consumer activist Ralph Nader ran on the Green Party ticket and likely threw the close 2000 election to Bush, as he drew support from the Democratic left
|-
|Libertarian
|2016
|3.28%
|
* Libertarian party candidate Gary Johnson gained national support for his opposition to Obama's regulatory state and in opposition to Donald Trump's candidacy as a Republican
|-
|Robert F. Kennedy (independent candidate)
|2024
|?
|
* son of former Senator and assassinated 1968 presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy
* running as a third-party alternative to Biden and Trump
* critical of the COVID response and medical regime
|}
== Economic crises ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
|-
|Panic of 1857
|1857-1859
|
* national financial crisis sparked by British change in requirements for gold and silver reserves for paper money
** the influx of gold from the California Gold Rush greatly expanded the money supply but was also inflationary and led to excessive speculation
* in the US, a finanical panic followed the collapse of a major investment company (Ohio Life Insurance and Trust) and declines in the railroad industry
* the downturn was also result of
|
|-
|Panic of 1873
|1873-1877
|
* bank runs in New York
* financial crisis due to inflation and speculative investments especially in railroads
* huge discoveries of silver in the west led to decline in the value of silver and the "demonitization of silver" in 1873 (Coinage Act of 1873), which lowered silver prices and thus impacted anyone invested in silver and silver mining
** it led to a reduction in the money supply and higher interest rates, which hurt debtors, especially farmers
* impacted Europe
* started the "Long Depression," 1873-1879
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|}
---------------
---------------


Revision as of 04:26, 8 May 2024

US History and AP US History Running Vocabulary List: Terms, Concepts, Names and Events

Note: see Talk page for to do list and suggestions

Historical textual analysis: approaches and strategies[edit | edit source]

When reviewing an historical document, consider:[edit | edit source]

  • date
  • author
  • publisher
  • audience

Review fine print, sources, in cartoons anything written, and apply your PRIOR KNOWLEDGE[edit | edit source]

  • what do you know about the period
  • what came before it?
  • what followed?
  • what events, periods, persons may be compared or contrasted to it?

Analytical tools include[edit | edit source]

OPVL

Origin Perspective Value Limitations

SPRITE

Social Political Religious Intellectual Technological Economics

HAPPy

Historical context Audience Purpose Point of View y

General terms to know for US History[edit | edit source]

  • abolitionism
  • aristocratic
  • authority
  • blue collar v. white collar
  • cession
  • chain migration
  • class warfare
  • ''de facto'' v. ''de jure''
  • delegate (as noun and verb)
  • direct tax
  • disenfranchised
  • dissent
  • domestic
  • duties
  • Electoral College
  • emancipation
  • embargo
  • equity
  • excise tax
  • federal
  • franchise
  • hegemony/hegomonic
  • imperialism
  • indemnity
  • infringe / infringement
  • intolerance
  • laissez-faire
  • landmark court case
  • legitimacy
  • mercantilism
  • nativism
  • nullify / nullification
  • Old World v. New World
  • political
  • political expediency
  • popular sovereignty
  • precedent
  • prohibition
  • "Republican motherhood"
  • republican principles
  • state
  • states rights
  • segregation
  • socialism
  • sovereignty
  • suffrage
  • tariff
  • temperance movement
  • two-party system
  • unalienable
  • unintended consequence
  • United States
  • western expansion

Wars timeline[edit | edit source]

  • wars are the effect or cause of change
  • knowing wars and their dates and geography provides context and points of comparison

Major Wars[edit | edit source]

  • French-Indian War, 1754-1768:
  • American Revolution, 1764-1783
  • American Revolutionary War, 1775-1781
  • War of 1812, 1812-1815
  • Mexican-American War, 1846-1848
  • Civil War, 1861-1865
  • Spanish-American War, 1898
  • Philipine Insurgeny, 1899-1902
  • World War I (U.S.), 1917-1918
  • White Russian War, 1917
  • Wolrd War II (U.S.) 1941-1945
  • Korean War, 1950-1953
  • Vietman War, 1959-1975
  • Vietnam, U.S. ground war: 1965-1972
  • Gulf War, 1990-1991
  • War on Terror, 2001-2021
  • Afghanistan War, 2001-2021
  • Iraq War, 2003-2011
  • Iraqi Insurgency, 2003-2006

Colonial Wars[edit | edit source]

  • Anglow-Powhatan Wars (1610-1646)
  • Beaver Wars, 1609-1701 (French/Dutch)
  • Jamestown Massacre, 1622
  • Pequot War (1634-1638)
  • King Philip's War, 1675-1678 | Metaomb's War
  • King William's War, 1689-1897
  • Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713
  • Yamasee War, 1715-1717
  • Chickasaw Wars, 1721-1763
  • Dummer's War, 1722-25
  • Pontiac's War, 1763-1766
  • Lord Dunmore's War, 1774

American settlers or frontier wars[edit | edit source]

  • Bacon's Rebellion 1676
  • Regulator Insurrection, 1766-1771
  • Whiskey Rebellion, 1791-1794
  • Fries's Rebellion, 1799-1800

US Indian Wars[edit | edit source]

Slave Revolts[edit | edit source]

  • New York Slave Revolt of 1712
  • Stono Rebellion, 1739
  • Nat Turner's Rebellion, 1826

Minor Wars or US Military actions[edit | edit source]

  • Quasi-War, 1798-1800
  • First Barbary War, 1801-1805
  • Second Barbary War, 1815
  • Panama Revolution, 1903
  • Russian White Revolution, Vladistok, 1918
  • Berlin Airlift, 1946 << date?
  • Greece, 1948
  • Iran, 1950s
  • Grenada, 1980s
  • Panama, 1990 < confirm
  • Syria, 2010-12
  • Libya, 2012

Important non-American Wars[edit | edit source]

  • Thirty Years War, 1618-1648
  • Anglo-Spanish War, 1625-1630
  • English Civil War, 1642-1644
  • Anglo-Dutch War, 1652-1654
  • Anglo-Spanish Wars, 1654-1660, 1665-1667
  • Pueblo Revolt, 1680
  • French Revolution, 1789-1795
  • Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804
  • Napoleonic Wars, 1803-1815
  • Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905
  • Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920
  • Russian Revolution, 1917
  • World War I, 1914-1918
  • Japanese Invasion of Manchuria, 1931-32:
  • World War II, 1939-1945
  • Suez Crisis, 1957 <<confirm

See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States


American Revolution flowcharts[edit | edit source]

Origins[edit | edit source]

British & Colonial responses[edit | edit source]

Cyle of Escalation[edit | edit source]

Repeal of Stamp Act to Boston Massacre[edit | edit source]

Repeal Townsend Acts to Boston Tea Party[edit | edit source]

Intolerable Acts to Colonial Organization[edit | edit source]

War[edit | edit source]

Vocabulary, Terms, and Periods[edit | edit source]

Pre-Columbian[edit | edit source]

  • Algonquian
  • Hopewell tradition
  • indigenous
  • Iroquois
  • Iroquois Confederacy
  • Mississippian period/ culture
  • Mound Builders
  • reciprocal relations
  • Woodland Period


Colonial Periods[edit | edit source]

Age of Exploration[edit | edit source]

  • caravel
  • Henry Hudson
  • conquistador
  • St. Lawrence River

Spanish colonialism[edit | edit source]

  • asiento
  • De Las Casas
  • encomienda
  • Florida (or Spanish Florida)
  • hacienda
  • Mit'a (Inca)
  • New Laws of 1542
  • Pueblo Revolt
  • repartimiento
  • Saint Augustine
  • Sepúlveda
  • Spanish social heirarchies (terms)
  • Treaty of Tordesillas

Dutch and French colonialism[edit | edit source]

  • Beaver War
  • ''couriers de bois''
  • fur trade
  • New Amsterdam
  • New France

African slave trade[edit | edit source]

  • Middle Passage
  • Olaudah Equiano
  • seasoning camps
  • triangle trade


English colonial periods[edit | edit source]

Note:

  • Britain held colonial possessions in the Caribbean region, as well as the thirteen colonies
  • following smaller wars and the worldwide French-Indian War (Seven Years War), Britain sequentially took France's Canadian possessions as well as its landholdings between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.
  • Levels of British control of the colonies rose and fell according to domestic British politics and its international priorities.
  • The American Revolution was largely the result of the excercise of direct control of colonial affairs that followed the French-Indian War.

Colonial political, economic and social[edit | edit source]

Types of Colonies[edit | edit source]

  • Corporate Charter
  • Proprietary Colony
  • Royal Colony

Colony Characteristics[edit | edit source]

  • Maryland
  • Massachussets Bay Colony
  • Pennsylvania
  • Virginia

British colonial period terms & events[edit | edit source]

    Appalachian Mountains
  • Bacon’s Rebellion
  • the Great Awakening
  • headright system
  • House of Burgesses
  • indentured servitude
  • Jamestown
  • John Rolfe
  • John Smith
  • Joint Stock Compnany
  • Jonathan Edwards
  • King Philip’s War, 1675-1678
  • Lord Baltimore
  • "Lost Colony"
  • Massachusetts Bay Colony
  • migration push/ pull factors
  • Native American & English relations
  • Navigation Acts, 1663, 1673, 1696
  • New England town meetings
  • Pequot War, 1636-37
  • Puritan
  • Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713
  • salutary neglect
  • slave codes
  • William Penn
  • yoeman


French Indian War[edit | edit source]

Notes:

  • 1754-1763
  • the immediate cause of the war was the growing presence of English colonials across the Appalachian Mountains and into the Ohio Valley
    • the French and their indian allies opposed these settlements
    • a site of considerable contention was Fort Duquesne at present-day Pittsburg, as the location was at the confluuence of two major rivers leading into the Ohio River
  • sparked by an unsuccessful British and colonial attacks on French forts in Pennsylvania
  • in 1753, George Washington 1753 delivered a message to the French at another Fort in Pennsylvania demanding French evacuation from the region
  • on July 3, 1754, as a colonel in the Virginia Militia, Washington led an attack upon the French Ford Necessity; he lost and had to surrender
  • British regular Army, along with colonial militias (and including Washington), reorganized and attacked another French fort, Fort Duquesne on Sept. 14, 1758, and also lost
    • there were 500 French and Indian soldiers
    • and 400 British regulars and 350 colonial militia
  • the British eventually took Ft. Dusquesne in 1758 (renaming it Ft. Pitt), and the focus of the war moved toward Canada and the St. Lawrence River waterways, particularly the French city Quebec.



French-Indian War terms[edit | edit source]

  • Albany Conference, 1754
  • Albany Plan

Annus Mirabilis of 1759

  • Fort Duquesne
  • Proclamation of 1763
  • Treaty of Paris of 1783
  • William Pitt


American Revolution[edit | edit source]

  • ABC Boards
  • Admiralty Court
  • Boston Massacre
  • Boston Tea Party
  • Circulatory Letter
  • Committees of Correspondence
  • Common Sense
  • Declaration of Independence
  • direct representation
  • Enlightenment philosophers
  • First Continental Congress
  • ''Gaspee'' affair
  • John Locke

Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer|by John Dickinson}}

  • Lexington/Concord
  • Loyalist
  • Montesquieu
  • natural rights
  • Patriot
  • Revolutionary flags
  • Battle of Saratoga
  • social contract theory
  • Sons of Liberty
  • Stamp Act Congress
  • Thomas Paine
  • Valley Forge
  • virtual representation
  • Yorktown
  • Continental Congresses

Writs of Assistance|}}

British Laws & Regulations[edit | edit source]

  • Coercive Acts
  • Intolerable Acts
  • Navigation Acts
  • Olive Branch Petition
  • Quartering Act
  • Stamp Act
  • Sugar Act
  • Townsend Acts


Early Republic[edit | edit source]

Articles of Confederation Period[edit | edit source]

  • Articles of Confederation
  • Shay’s Rebellion
  • confederation
  • sovereignty
  • supermajority
  • unicameral

U.S. Constitution[edit | edit source]

  • 3/5ths Compromise
  • amendment process
  • anti-Federalists
  • bicameral
  • Bill of Rights
  • checks and balances
  • Connecticut Compromise
  • Constitution
  • elastic clause
  • electoral college
  • Federalists
  • Federalism
  • Federalist no. 10
  • Federalist no. 51
  • Federalist Papers
  • Federalists
  • George Washington
  • Great Compromise
  • impeachment
  • James Madison
  • New Jersey Plan
  • Northwest Ordinance
  • preamble
  • preamble to the Constitution
  • ratification
  • separation of powers
  • strict vs. loose interpretation
  • unwritten Constitution
  • Virginia Plan


Early Republic[edit | edit source]

  • 12th Amendment
  • American System
  • Cabinet
  • Compromise of 1820
  • Democratic-Republicans
  • election of 1800
  • Era of Good Feelings
  • Federalists
  • George Washington
  • Hamilton
  • impressment
  • internal improvements
  • Jefferson
  • John Marshall
  • Louisiana Purchase
  • Marbury v. Madison
  • McColluch v. Maryland
  • Monroe Doctrine
  • Mossouri Compromise
  • National Bank
  • nullification
  • political parties
  • Republican motherhood
  • Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
  • War of 1812
  • Whigs
  • Whiskey Rebellion


Antebellum period[edit | edit source]

Jacksonian period[edit | edit source]

  • John Quincy Adams
  • Bank War
  • Corrupt Bargain
  • Force Bill
  • Henry Clay
  • Jacksonian democracy
  • Indian Removal Act
  • Nullification Crisis
  • Petticoat affair
  • Postal Service
  • Panic of 1837
  • Second Party System
  • spoils system
  • Tariff of 1833
  • Trail of Tears
  • Daniel Webster
  • Worcester v. Georgia



Antebellum[edit | edit source]

Social reform[edit | edit source]

  • cult of domesticity
  • Declaration of Sentiments
  • Frederic Douglas
  • emancipation
  • Ralph Waldo Emerson
  • Second Great Awakening
  • Seneca Falls Convention
  • suffrage
  • transcendentalism
  • Uncle Tom’s Cabin
  • Underground Railroad


Antebellum[edit | edit source]

  • American Party
  • Bloody Kansas
  • John Calhoun
  • Compromise of 1850
  • Jefferson Davis
  • Dred Scott decision
  • Gadsden Purchase
  • Gold Rush of 1849
  • Henry Clay
  • Kansas-Nebraska Act
  • Know Nothings
  • Lincoln-Douglas Debates
  • manifest destiny
  • Mexican American War
  • popular sovereignty
  • Republic of Texas
  • sectionalism
  • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
  • Daniel Webster


Latter 19th Century[edit | edit source]

Civil War[edit | edit source]

  • 1860 Election
  • Anaconda Plan
  • Appomattox
  • Fre
  • Emancipation Proclamation
  • Ft. Sumter
  • Gettysburg
  • Gettysburg Address
  • Robert E. Lee
  • Lincoln’s pre-war stance on slavery
  • Sherman’s March
  • U.S. Grant


Reconstruction[edit | edit source]

  • 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
  • black codes
  • Compromise of 1877
  • 40 acres and a mule
  • Freedman’s Bureau
  • grandfather clause
  • homestead
  • Jim Crow laws Klu Klux Klan
  • land grant
  • literacy tests
  • Morill Land-Grant Act (1862)
  • Plessy v. Ferguson
  • poll taxes
  • Radical Republicans
  • Reconstruction Act of 1867
  • Reconstruction programs:
    • Lincoln's plan
    • Johnson's program
    • Congressional program

Post-Reconstruction[edit | edit source]

Economic & Political[edit | edit source]

  • Andrew Carnegie
  • Battle of Wounded Knee
  • bimetallism
  • Chinese Exclusion Act
  • Dawes Act /assimilation
  • Gentlemen’s Agreement
  • Grange, the
  • Great Migration
  • hard money
  • Homestead Act of 1862
  • laissez-faire capitalism
  • melting pot
  • monopoly
  • nativism
  • Nelson Rockefeller
  • political bosses
  • political machine
  • Populist Party
  • robber barons
  • Sand Creek Massacre
  • Sherman Anti-trust Act
  • silver
  • social Darwinism
  • soft money
  • Standard Oil
  • transcontinental railroad
  • U.S. Steel


Imperialism[edit | edit source]

  • Battle of Manila
  • “Big Stick Policy”
  • Cuba
  • de Lôme Letter,
  • imperialism
  • William McKinley
  • Open Door Policy
  • Panama Canal
  • Roosevelt Corollary
  • Spanish-American War
  • yellow journalism
  • USS Maine


First half 20th Century[edit | edit source]

Labor[edit | edit source]

  • craft union
  • American Federation of Labor (AFL)
  • Eugene Debs (155-1926)
  • industrial union
  • industrial union
  • Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
  • Samuel Gompers (1850-1924)
  • term



Progressive Era[edit | edit source]

  • "Square Deal”
  • 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th Amendments
  • Bull Moose Party
  • Elkins Act (1903)
  • Eugene V. Debs
  • Direct democracy
  • Federal Reserve Act (1913)
  • Gifford Pinchot
  • Hepburn Act
  • initiative
  • Jacob Riis
  • Jane Addams
  • Meat Inspection Act
  • muckrakers
  • New Freedom
  • New Nationalism
  • Newlands Act of 1902
  • Progressive Party
  • Progressives / progressivism
  • Pure Food and Drug Act
  • recall
  • referendum
  • Rule of Reason
  • Settlement houses
  • socialism
  • Square Deal
  • Upton Sinclair
  • Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt
  • "Three Cs": Conservation, Corporate law, Consumer protections
  • William Howard Taft


World War I era[edit | edit source]

WWI[edit | edit source]

Notes:

  • Bolsheviks
  • Espionage (1917) and Sedition (1918) Acts
  • "He kept us out of the war" (1916)
  • Jones Act (1916)
  • Liberty Loans
  • Lusitania sinking (1915)
  • Pancho Villa (1914)
  • Russian Revolution
  • Sussex Pledge (1916)
  • U-Boats
  • Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 (TWEA)
  • War bonds
  • War Industries Board
  • Zimmerman Note


WWI aftermath[edit | edit source]

  • Collective Security
  • Depression of 1920-1921
  • Fourteen Points
  • League of Nations
  • Senate Foreign Relations Committee
  • Treaty of Versailles

post-WWI & 1920s[edit | edit source]

  • "America First"
  • Black Tuesday
  • Court-packing scheme
  • deficit spending
  • Dust Bowl
  • Harlem Renaissance
  • Hoover
  • Immigration Act of 1924
  • League of Nations
  • Lusitania/Zimmerman Note
  • National Origins Act
  • New Deal
  • Palmer Raids
  • Proclamation of Neutrality
  • prohibition
  • pump-priming
  • Red Scare
  • Return to ‘normalcy’
  • Roarding Twenties
  • Sacco and Vanzetti
  • Scopes Trial
  • Teapot Dome Scandal
  • Wilsonianism


1920s[edit | edit source]

  • automobiles
  • consumerism
  • credit
  • Bathtub gin
  • Harlem Renaissance
  • Jazz Age
  • Klu Klux Klan
  • Margin buying
  • radio
  • refrigerators
  • Scopes "Monkey" Trial


Great Depression & FDR[edit | edit source]

Stock Market Crash & Hoover Administration[edit | edit source]

Notes:

  • the value of the New York Stock Exchange was measured in value by the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA, also known as "the DOW"; it is still used, but among other measures);
    • the market rose from about 150 in January of 1927 to a peak of 381 in August of 1929.
    • it started dropping through September into October, before its precipitous drop to 237 on Oct 29
    • it stabilizied in early 1930, then in May continued a long drop to its low of 41 on July 8, 1932; the DOW did not reach 381 until 1954



  • Black Thursday
  • Black Monday
  • Black Tuesday
  • "buying on margin"
  • Hawley-Smoot Tariff
  • Hoovervilles
  • margin call
    • speculative bubble

    • FDR Administration & Great Depression[edit | edit source]

    • 100 Days
    • 20th Amendment
    • 21st Amendment
    • bank run
    • Brain Trust
    • Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO, started 1938)
    • fireside chats
    • Harry Hopkins
    • NRA
    • "New Deal"
    • Francis Perkins
    • Social Security
    • Supreme Court
    • "We have nothing to fear but fear itself"

    = New Deal legislation & Agencies[edit | edit source]

    • Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933


World War II[edit | edit source]

pre-WWII[edit | edit source]

  • A Philip Randolph
  • America First Committee
  • appeasement
  • Battle of Britain
  • “cash and carry”
  • election of 1940
  • isolationism
  • Lend-Lease Act
  • Lindburgh
  • Maginot Line
  • Munich Agreement
  • "Peace for our time"
  • Poland invasion
  • Sudetenland
  • U.S. Neutrality Acts
  • "war footing"
  • war preparations


WWII[edit | edit source]

  • "arsenal of democracy"
  • D-Day
  • Eastern Front
  • Hiroshima, Nagasaki
  • Homefront
  • Island Hopping
  • Japanese Internment Camps
  • Korematsu v. U.S.
  • Manhattan Project
  • mechanized warfare
  • propaganda
  • rationing
  • recycling
  • Rosie the Riviter
  • Truman’s decision
  • "Victory Gardens"
  • war bonds

Post-War plans/ conferences

  • Potsdam Conference
  • Tehran Conference
  • Yalta Conference

End of WWII[edit | edit source]

  • 22nd amendment
  • Nuremburg Trials
  • United Nations


Latter-half 20th Century[edit | edit source]

Notes:

  • WWII was the last conflict entered by official Declaration of War by Congress
    • all other post-WWII "wars" have been without actual declaration of war
    • the U.S. has entered most of these wars through a combination of Executive Action and Congressional approval, either for a military action or funding thereof
  • a key component of post-WWII US History for students to grapple with is the dramatic change to worldwide involvement and/or adventurism and the various justifications for them
    • students should understand American "hegemony" and reaons for American worlwdide dominance and the extent to which it may be considered economic, political cultural imperialism

Early Cold War Foreign Affairs[edit | edit source]

  • Berlin crisis / Berlin airlift
  • Bretton Woods Conference
  • capitalism
  • Chiang Kai-shek
  • China, loss of
  • communism
  • containment policy
  • George F. Kennan
  • Greek Civil War
  • ideology/ ideological
  • Iron Curtain / Iron Curtain speech
  • Israel/ Palestine
  • Long Telegram / Article “X”
  • Mao Zedong
  • Marshall Plan
  • NATO
  • NATO/Warsaw Pact
  • NSC-68
  • proxy war
  • SEATO
  • sphere/s of influence
  • Suez Canal Crisis
  • Truman Doctrine
  • Turkey
  • United Nations
  • UK sterling crisis
  • Warsaw Pact

Atomic age[edit | edit source]

  • atmospheric testing
  • atomic testing
  • bombers
  • A-bomb
  • Chinese bomb (Taiwan incident)
  • German scientists
  • H-bomb
  • brinkmanship
  • ICBM
  • Nike missile system
  • MAD/ mutually-assured destruction
  • anti-ballistic missile
  • nuclear shield

Korean War[edit | edit source]

  • Truman v. Gen. MacArthur
  • Chinese Revolution


Cold War diplomacy[edit | edit source]

  • East, the
  • hegemony / hegemonic power
  • nation-building
  • Palestine partition
  • Security Council
  • Third World
  • unaligned nations
  • United Nations
  • West, The

Eisenhower period[edit | edit source]

  • CIA
  • containment
  • containment in Asia
  • containment in Europe
  • containment in Latin America
  • containment in the Middle East
  • Cuba
  • Domino Theory
  • Dwight Eisenhower
  • Eisenhower Doctrine
  • HUAC Committee
  • Joseph McCarthy
  • Marshall Plan
  • McCarthyism
  • "military industrial complex" (1958/9?)
  • Suez crisis


Domestic US Cold War[edit | edit source]

  • Executive Order 9835
  • Second Red Scare
  • McCarthyism
  • HUAC
  • Hollywood 10
  • McCarren Act
  • Rosenbergs
  • Alger Hiss
  • Space Race

Kennedy[edit | edit source]

  • Bay of Pigs Invasion
  • Berlin Wall
  • CIA activity under Kennedy
  • Cuban Missile Crisis
  • Domino Theory
  • Bay of Pigs
  • Hot-Line
  • Robert F. Kennedy
  • Limited Test Ban Treaty
  • quarantine v. blockade
  • Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
  • Peace Corps


Vietnam War[edit | edit source]

  • French involvement, 1954-1955
  • US involvement, 1959-1973

Eisenhower period of Vietnam War[edit | edit source]

  • Dien Bien Phu

Kennedy period of Vietnam War[edit | edit source]

  • JFK
  • Robert McNamara
  • "Whiz Kids"
  • “flexible response”
  • advisors
  • Camelot
  • assassination

Johnson period of Vietnam War[edit | edit source]

  • bombing campaigns
  • escalation
  • Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964)
  • Tet Offensive (1968)
  • Walter Cronkite
  • U.S. public opinion
  • Vietnamization
  • War Powers Acts
  • Gulf of Tonkin
  • Attrition
  • Hearts and Minds
  • Rolling Thunder
  • My Lai Massacre
  • Escalation

Nixon period of Vietnam War[edit | edit source]

  • China
  • Operation Linebacker II
  • Christmas bombings
  • "silent majority”
  • Paris Peace Accords
  • Bombing of Laos and Cambodia
  • Paris Peace Accords
  • opening of China
  • Kissinger
  • Pentagon Papers
  • White House protests

Vietnam War protest movements[edit | edit source]

  • draft, the
  • hippies
  • protests
  • Kent State
  • Jackson State

post-Nixon[edit | edit source]

  • Fall of Saigon
  • Cambodian genocide
  • Pol Pot


post-WWII Domestic U.S[edit | edit source]

1950s culture[edit | edit source]

  • baby boom
  • "Fair Deal" (1945-49)
  • suburbia
  • rock'n'roll
  • conformity
  • Interstate Highway Act

Civil Rights[edit | edit source]

  • “Little Rock Nine”
  • Brown v. Board of Education
  • civil disobedience
  • Civil Rights Act of 1964
  • Executive Order 9981
  • Jackie Robinson
  • Malcolm X
  • March on Washington
  • Martin Luther King, Jr.
  • Montgomery bus boycott
  • nonviolence
  • Voting Rights Act of 1965
  • George Wallace

Other Civil Rights and Political Movements[edit | edit source]

  • American Indian Movement (AIM)
  • Cesar Chavez
  • Chicano Movement
  • environmentalism
  • Grapes Boycott
  • Michael Harrington
  • "Incorporation" Cases
  • Roe v. Wade
  • Silent Spring
  • women’s liberation movement (NOW)
  • Wounded Knee Incident

Johnson[edit | edit source]

  • Great Society
  • War on Poverty

1970s: Nixon, Ford & Carter[edit | edit source]

  • Watergate
  • pardoning of Nixon
  • stagflation
  • Afghanistan
  • Olympic boycott
  • Iranian hostage crisis
  • OPEC
  • oil embargo
  • Camp David Accords

Reagan era[edit | edit source]

  • Iran-Contra Affair
  • John Stockton
  • Landslide
  • Star Wars
  • "Reagan Revolution”
  • Reaganomics
  • Supply-side economics

End of the Cold War[edit | edit source]

  • George HW Bush
  • Military spending cuts
  • Gulf War
  • Bill Clinton
  • Peace Dividend
  • NAFTA
  • service sector economy
  • New Immigration
  • Haiti
  • Yugoslavia and Bosnia
  • Rwanda


21st Century[edit | edit source]

War on Terror[edit | edit source]

  • September 11th
  • Al Queda
  • Afghanistan War
  • Iraq
  • Patriot Act

Obama Administration[edit | edit source]

  • Great Recession
  • ISIS
  • Affordable Care Act
  • Obama Care
  • DREAM Act


Third Party movements[edit | edit source]

  • notes
    • third parties represent political movements that the major parties do not accommodate
      • or a split within them
    • elections through to the 1830s had multiple candidates from the same party, so were not technically "third parties)
      • or they were divided geographically and/or over a particular issue or political position
Party Election % of Popular Vote Notes
Anti-Masonic Party 1832 7.8%
  • opposed "Freemasonry" (elitist secret society that was opposed by mainstream religous groups);
  • the movement started wit hthe "Morgan affair", when a former Mason show spoke out against the society was murdered
  • Freemasons were accused of secretly controlling the government
Liberty Party 1844 2.3%
  • abolitionist, anti-slavery party
Free Soil 1848 10.1%
  • opposed expansion of slavery into new territories
  • former president Martin Van Buren was candidate in 1848
  • formed after the Mexican-American War over concerns about the expansion of slavery
  • the Free Soil party was mostly former Whigs who joined the Republican Party when they merged in 1854
1852 4.9%
Know Nothing (American Party) 1856 21.6%
  • anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic
  • largely made up of Whigs after the collapse of that party
  • the party also appealed to reformers, standing for rights of women, regulation of industry and labor, prefiguring the progressive movement
  • former president Millard Filmore was candidate
Four-way split 1860
  • Republican (Abraham Lincolon): 39.8%
  • Southern Democrat (John Breckinridge): 18.1%
  • Constitutional Union (John Bell): 12.6%
  • Democratic (Stephen Douglas): 29.5%
Liberal Republican 1872 43.8%
  • candidate Horace Greeley, publisher of the New York Tribune
  • opposed President Grant as corrupt and his Reconstruction policies as too harsh (wanted removal of US Army from the South)
  • opposed the high tariff and promoted civil service reform
  • the Democratic party had no national organization, so Greeley hoped to attrack their vote, but failed
Greenback Party 1876 0.99%
  • soft money platform, originally associated with the Grange (agricultural organization, cooperative)
  • anti-monopoly, anti-railroads
1880 3.35%
Prohibition Party 1884 1.5%
  • single issue: temperance
  • persisted longer than most third-party movements and influenced larger politics, with ultimate victory in the 18th amendment
1888 2.2%
1896 .094%
1900 1.51%
1904 1.92%
1912 1.38%
1916 1.19%
Populist Party 1892 8.5%
  • agrarian, anit-business/railroad movement
  • pro-soft money
Socialist Party 1904 2.98%
  • Eugene Debs was the candidate in 1904, 1908, 1912 & 1920 elections
1908 2.83%
1912 6%
1916 3.19%
1920 3.41%
1932 2.23%
Progressive Party 1912 27%
  • Teddy Roosevelt's party after split with Republican Party following its convention in 1912
  • Roosevelt took more votes than the Republican incumbant Taft (23.2%)
  • with the Republican vote split, Wilson won with 41.8% of the popular voate
Progressive 1924 16.6%
  • a diferent orgniazaiton form the Teddy Roosevelt's Progressive Party, which he abandoned after 1912 (he was nominated in 1916 but refused)
  • former Republican Robert La Follette, a progressive how refused to back Roosevelt, reformed the party in 1924
Dixiecrat

Progressive

1948 2.4%

2.4%

  • independent movements that were splinter factions from FDR's Democratic coalition that fell apart under Truman
    • Dixiecrats were souther segregationists
    • Progressives were FDR Democrats led by his former Vice President Henry Wallace
American Independent 1968 13.5%
  • led by southern Democrat George Wallace, populist, segregationist governore of Alabama who opposed Johnson's support of the Civil Rights movement
John Anderson (Independent candidate) 1980 6.6%
  • Republican John Anderson split from the Republican Party and ran as a "moderate" alternative to Reagan
Ross Pero (Independent candidate/ Reform Party) 1992 18.9%
  • populist businessman Ross Perot opposed Bush and Clinton and gained widespread support
  • in 1996, Perot ran on the Reform Party ticket, which he formed after 1992
1996 8.4%
Green Party 2000 2.74%
  • Envronmentalist and consumer activist Ralph Nader ran on the Green Party ticket and likely threw the close 2000 election to Bush, as he drew support from the Democratic left
Libertarian 2016 3.28%
  • Libertarian party candidate Gary Johnson gained national support for his opposition to Obama's regulatory state and in opposition to Donald Trump's candidacy as a Republican
Robert F. Kennedy (independent candidate) 2024 ?
  • son of former Senator and assassinated 1968 presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy
  • running as a third-party alternative to Biden and Trump
  • critical of the COVID response and medical regime

Economic crises[edit | edit source]

Panic of 1857 1857-1859
  • national financial crisis sparked by British change in requirements for gold and silver reserves for paper money
    • the influx of gold from the California Gold Rush greatly expanded the money supply but was also inflationary and led to excessive speculation
  • in the US, a finanical panic followed the collapse of a major investment company (Ohio Life Insurance and Trust) and declines in the railroad industry
  • the downturn was also result of
Panic of 1873 1873-1877
  • bank runs in New York
  • financial crisis due to inflation and speculative investments especially in railroads
  • huge discoveries of silver in the west led to decline in the value of silver and the "demonitization of silver" in 1873 (Coinage Act of 1873), which lowered silver prices and thus impacted anyone invested in silver and silver mining
    • it led to a reduction in the money supply and higher interest rates, which hurt debtors, especially farmers
  • impacted Europe
  • started the "Long Depression," 1873-1879
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