Parts of speech: Difference between revisions

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*** ex. "dog food"
*** ex. "dog food"
*** see [http://myenglishgrammar.com/lesson-12-modifiers/4-nouns-as-modifiers.html Nouns as Modifiers (meg.com)]
*** see [http://myenglishgrammar.com/lesson-12-modifiers/4-nouns-as-modifiers.html Nouns as Modifiers (meg.com)]
== verbs ==
== verbs ==
* express action
* express action
* verb phrases
* verb phrases
* verb forms
* verb forms
=== transitive and intransitive verbs ===
* transitive verbs act upon a direct object
** ex. "The soccer player kicked the ball"
* intransitive verbs do not have a direct object
** ex. "The soccer player played hard"
<< to complete / expand


=== infinitives ===
=== infinitives ===
Line 22: Line 30:
** except "base form" of a verb includes infinitive and simple present forms of the verb
** except "base form" of a verb includes infinitive and simple present forms of the verb


=== simple present ===
=== present tense forms ===
* denotes a single action that is repeated, always happens, or the present condition of something
*'''simple present'''
* examples
** denotes a single action that is repeated, always happens, or the present condition of something
** repeated action: "I eat lunch at noon."
** examples
** action that always (or, in the negative, never) happens: "I can't speak Latin"
*** repeated action: "I eat lunch at noon."
*** action that always (or, in the negative, never) happens: "I can't speak Latin"
** denotes the condition or state of something: "The car is clean" or "I feel great!"
** denotes the condition or state of something: "The car is clean" or "I feel great!"
* simple present form is also considered as a "base" verb form
** simple present form is also considered as a "base" verb form
 
* '''present progressive'''
=== present progressive ===
** = -ing form for a verb to express an ongoing action
* = -ing form for a verb to express an ongoing action
*** used with "to be" conjugations ("am" "is", etc.) the -ing verb form denotes an ongoing action
** used with "to be" conjugations ("am" "is", etc.) the -ing verb form denotes an ongoing action
*** ex. "She is dancing"
** ex. "She is dancing"
*** see participle for the -ing form of a verb that acts as an adjective or a noun (called a gerund)
** see participle for the -ing form of a verb that acts as an adjective or a noun (called a gerund)
** note that present progressive verb forms are frequently used to combine sentences or independent clauses
* note that present progressive verb forms are frequently used to combine sentences or independent clauses
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
** ex. "I went to see the sequel, and I hoped it would be as good as the first
* ex. "I went to see the sequel, and I hoped it would be as good as the first
** the two independent clauses (complete sentences) can be combined by converting the "I hoped" to the present progressive form, "hoping"
* the two independent clauses (complete sentences) can be combined by converting the "I hoped" to the present progressive form, "hoping"
** "I went to see the sequel, hoping it would as good as the first"
* "I went to see the sequel, hoping it would as good as the first"
** note that "hoping" renders the second clause dependent (not a complete sentence or thought), thus employing only a comma and not a comma +  conjunction
* note that "hoping" renders the second clause dependent (not a complete sentence or thought), thus employing only a comma and not a comma +  conjunction
** present progressive verbs subordinate clauses:
* present progressive verbs subordinate clauses:
*** "Hoping it would be as good as the first" is not a complete sentence or thought
** "Hoping it would be as good as the first" is not a complete sentence or thought
**** thus it is a dependent or subordinate clause
*** thus it is a dependent or subordinate clause
</div>
</div>
* '''click EXPAND to see examples of present progressive verbs used to combine independent clauses
* '''click EXPAND to see examples of present progressive verbs used to combine independent clauses
* see also:
* see also:
** [[https://www.thoughtco.com/present-participles-vs-present-progressives-1689701 present participles vs present progressives (thoughtco.com]]
** [[https://www.thoughtco.com/present-participles-vs-present-progressives-1689701 present participles vs present progressives (thoughtco.com]]
* '''present perfect'''
** indicates an action that happened at one point or that just happened and that consequences on the present
** usually uses the "has" or "have" forms of a verb
*** "Yes, I have eaten dinner already"
*** "I have played soccer since I was five"
*** "I haven't seen her in years"


=== transitive and intransitive verbs ===
=== past tense forms ===
* transitive verbs act upon a direct object
* '''past simple'''
** ex. "The soccer player kicked the ball"
** an action that happened in the past
* intransitive verbs do not have a direct object
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">  past simple examples
** ex. "The soccer player played hard"
*** "I ate before they showed up"
*** "I played soccer yesterday"
*** "I lived in Spain."
</div>
* click Expand for past simple examples
* '''past progressive'''
** actions that were ongoing at some point in the past or that were repeated in the past
** uses the -ing form of a verb
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> past progressive examples:
*** "I was eating when they showed up"
*** "I was playing soccer all last year"
*** "I was living in Spain"
* '''past perfect'''
* an action that happened before something else happened (both in the past)
* uses "had" to show the earlier event
** and compares it to another even with "before", "because" or "by the time", etc.  
** "I had already eaten when they showed up"
** "I had played soccer long before I learned rugby"
** "Because I had lived in Spain, I already knew some Spanish"
 
=== future tense forms ===
* '''future simple'''
** an action that will take place in the future, usually with "will"
*** "I will eat after they show up"
*** I will play soccer tomorrow"
*** I will live in Spain next year"
** future simple also indicates a promise to do something in the future
*** "I will play harder next time"
* '''future progressive'''
** an action that will be ongoing in the future, usually with "will" and "-ing"
** usually
*** "I will be eating with them when they show up"
*** "I will be playing soccer again after my ankle heals"
*** "I will be living in Spain all next year"
* '''future perfect'''
** an action that will happen before something else, usually with "will have"
** future perfect combines the future "will" with a past tense verb form
*** "I will have eaten before they show up"
*** "I will have played much better by the time we got to the playoffs"
*** "I will have lived in Spain by the end of next summer"
** future perfect also indicates an ongoing future state or condition
*** "If they show up late, I will have been eating already."
*** "By next year, I will have played soccer for 12 years"
*** "I will have lived in Spain a full year as of next week"
* '''future '''
**


=== past simple ===
* an action that happened in the past
** "I played soccer yesterday"
** "I lived in Spain."


=== participles and gerunds ===
=== participles and gerunds ===

Revision as of 20:45, 13 March 2021

Parts of Speech

nouns[edit | edit source]

verbs[edit | edit source]

  • express action
  • verb phrases
  • verb forms

transitive and intransitive verbs[edit | edit source]

  • transitive verbs act upon a direct object
    • ex. "The soccer player kicked the ball"
  • intransitive verbs do not have a direct object
    • ex. "The soccer player played hard"

<< to complete / expand

infinitives[edit | edit source]

  • infinitives use "to"
    • ex. "I go to see the game"
  • root forms act like infinitives but without the "to"
    • infinitive and base forms are generally interchangeable:
    • ex. "He helped her clean her desk" (root form)
    • v. "He helped her to clean her desk" (infinitive form)
  • note that "root" and "base" forms are used interchangeably
    • except "base form" of a verb includes infinitive and simple present forms of the verb

present tense forms[edit | edit source]

  • simple present
    • denotes a single action that is repeated, always happens, or the present condition of something
    • examples
      • repeated action: "I eat lunch at noon."
      • action that always (or, in the negative, never) happens: "I can't speak Latin"
    • denotes the condition or state of something: "The car is clean" or "I feel great!"
    • simple present form is also considered as a "base" verb form
  • present progressive
    • = -ing form for a verb to express an ongoing action
      • used with "to be" conjugations ("am" "is", etc.) the -ing verb form denotes an ongoing action
      • ex. "She is dancing"
      • see participle for the -ing form of a verb that acts as an adjective or a noun (called a gerund)
    • note that present progressive verb forms are frequently used to combine sentences or independent clauses
  • ex. "I went to see the sequel, and I hoped it would be as good as the first
  • the two independent clauses (complete sentences) can be combined by converting the "I hoped" to the present progressive form, "hoping"
  • "I went to see the sequel, hoping it would as good as the first"
  • note that "hoping" renders the second clause dependent (not a complete sentence or thought), thus employing only a comma and not a comma + conjunction
  • present progressive verbs subordinate clauses:
    • "Hoping it would be as good as the first" is not a complete sentence or thought
      • thus it is a dependent or subordinate clause
  • click EXPAND to see examples of present progressive verbs used to combine independent clauses
  • see also:
  • present perfect
    • indicates an action that happened at one point or that just happened and that consequences on the present
    • usually uses the "has" or "have" forms of a verb
      • "Yes, I have eaten dinner already"
      • "I have played soccer since I was five"
      • "I haven't seen her in years"

past tense forms[edit | edit source]

  • past simple
    • an action that happened in the past
past simple examples
      • "I ate before they showed up"
      • "I played soccer yesterday"
      • "I lived in Spain."
  • click Expand for past simple examples
  • past progressive
    • actions that were ongoing at some point in the past or that were repeated in the past
    • uses the -ing form of a verb
past progressive examples:
      • "I was eating when they showed up"
      • "I was playing soccer all last year"
      • "I was living in Spain"
  • past perfect
  • an action that happened before something else happened (both in the past)
  • uses "had" to show the earlier event
    • and compares it to another even with "before", "because" or "by the time", etc.
    • "I had already eaten when they showed up"
    • "I had played soccer long before I learned rugby"
    • "Because I had lived in Spain, I already knew some Spanish"

future tense forms[edit | edit source]

  • future simple
    • an action that will take place in the future, usually with "will"
      • "I will eat after they show up"
      • I will play soccer tomorrow"
      • I will live in Spain next year"
    • future simple also indicates a promise to do something in the future
      • "I will play harder next time"
  • future progressive
    • an action that will be ongoing in the future, usually with "will" and "-ing"
    • usually
      • "I will be eating with them when they show up"
      • "I will be playing soccer again after my ankle heals"
      • "I will be living in Spain all next year"
  • future perfect
    • an action that will happen before something else, usually with "will have"
    • future perfect combines the future "will" with a past tense verb form
      • "I will have eaten before they show up"
      • "I will have played much better by the time we got to the playoffs"
      • "I will have lived in Spain by the end of next summer"
    • future perfect also indicates an ongoing future state or condition
      • "If they show up late, I will have been eating already."
      • "By next year, I will have played soccer for 12 years"
      • "I will have lived in Spain a full year as of next week"
  • future


participles and gerunds[edit | edit source]

  • verb forms that act like an adjective or a noun
  • types:
    • present participle:
      • verb form using -ing that acts as an adjective
    • past participle:
      • past tense verb form that acts as an adjective
    • gerund
      • verb form using -ing that acts as a noun
  • present participle
    • uses the -ing form of a verb as an adjective
present participles as adjectives examples:
    • "The boiling water is hot" (describes the water)
    • "This trip is exciting" (modifies or describes the trip)
    • "The directions are confusing" (modifies the directions)

Click EXPAND to see examples of present participles

  • past participle
    • verbs in the past tense used as an adjective
    • where the simple past tense of a verb is used to show a condition of something
    • typically are -ed -en and -t forms
    • includes irregular verbs in the past tense, such as "to be" "to go" etc.
past participles as adjectives examples:
    • "Boiled water is sanitized" ("boiled" and "sanitized" describe the water)
    • "The glass was broken when I found it" ("was broken" describes the glass)
    • "The cut flowers are pretty" ("cut -

Click EXPAND to see examples of past participles

  • gerunds
    • verbs that act as nouns
    • use the -ing form of the verb
gerund (participles as nouns) examples:
    • "to swim" + -ing = "swimming" = a noun for the act of swimming
    • "Swimming is fun"
    • "Boiling water sanitizes it" ("boiling" is an act, therefore a noun, from the verb "to boil")

Click EXPAND to see examples of gerunds

      • Note:
        • gerunds are often interchangeable with infinitives
          • "I hate doing math" versus "I hate to do math"
        • however, note that gerunds and infinitives may act differently in terms of the object of the sentence
how gerunds and infinitives change the meaning of a sentence:

"Burland advocated using soil extraction:"

  • A) NO CHANGE
    • "Burland advocated using..." = he advocates for the use of soil extraction (he advocates the the object)
  • B) advocated to use
    • "Burland advocated to use..." = he advocates "to use" (he advocates the action)
  • A) NO CHANGE is correct because it is the object of the sentence, "soil extraction," that Burland advocates, not the action of its use (to use")
  • Click EXPAND to see participles definitions and types

conjugations[edit | edit source]

adverbs[edit | edit source]

adjectives[edit | edit source]

  • modify nouns

articles[edit | edit source]

  • definite
    • the
    • refers to a specific noun, usually already stated or defined
  • indefinite
  • a or an
    • refers to a general noun, usually not already stated or defined
    • indefinite articles are not used to refer to a general noun or one that cannot be counteed
      • ex. "water" cannot be counted, so "a water" is incorrect
        • "may I have a water" should be instead "may I have some water"
    • zero articles
      • when the noun represents a generic idea, the article can be omitted
      • ex.
        • "They went on vacation" as opposed to "they went on a vacation "
  • see

pronouns[edit | edit source]

prepositions[edit | edit source]

  • express relationship in time, place, or sequence

interjections[edit | edit source]

  • aside remarks or interruptions
  • exclamation
    • expresses a spontaneous reaction or emotion
examples of exclamations:
        • "no!"
        • "okay"
        • "damn!"
        • "heh!"
  • click EXPAND to see full definitions and examples of participles and gerunds

Categories[edit | edit source]