Parts of speech: Difference between revisions
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*** ex. "dog food" | *** ex. "dog food" | ||
*** see [http://myenglishgrammar.com/lesson-12-modifiers/4-nouns-as-modifiers.html Nouns as Modifiers (meg.com)] | *** see [http://myenglishgrammar.com/lesson-12-modifiers/4-nouns-as-modifiers.html Nouns as Modifiers (meg.com)] | ||
== verbs == | == verbs == | ||
* express action | * express action | ||
* verb phrases | * verb phrases | ||
* verb forms | * verb forms | ||
=== transitive and intransitive verbs === | |||
* transitive verbs act upon a direct object | |||
** ex. "The soccer player kicked the ball" | |||
* intransitive verbs do not have a direct object | |||
** ex. "The soccer player played hard" | |||
<< to complete / expand | |||
=== infinitives === | === infinitives === | ||
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** except "base form" of a verb includes infinitive and simple present forms of the verb | ** except "base form" of a verb includes infinitive and simple present forms of the verb | ||
=== | === present tense forms === | ||
* denotes a single action that is repeated, always happens, or the present condition of something | *'''simple present''' | ||
* examples | ** denotes a single action that is repeated, always happens, or the present condition of something | ||
** repeated action: "I eat lunch at noon." | ** examples | ||
** action that always (or, in the negative, never) happens: "I can't speak Latin" | *** repeated action: "I eat lunch at noon." | ||
*** action that always (or, in the negative, never) happens: "I can't speak Latin" | |||
** denotes the condition or state of something: "The car is clean" or "I feel great!" | ** denotes the condition or state of something: "The car is clean" or "I feel great!" | ||
* simple present form is also considered as a "base" verb form | ** simple present form is also considered as a "base" verb form | ||
* '''present progressive''' | |||
** = -ing form for a verb to express an ongoing action | |||
* = -ing form for a verb to express an ongoing action | *** used with "to be" conjugations ("am" "is", etc.) the -ing verb form denotes an ongoing action | ||
** used with "to be" conjugations ("am" "is", etc.) the -ing verb form denotes an ongoing action | *** ex. "She is dancing" | ||
** ex. "She is dancing" | *** see participle for the -ing form of a verb that acts as an adjective or a noun (called a gerund) | ||
** see participle for the -ing form of a verb that acts as an adjective or a noun (called a gerund) | ** note that present progressive verb forms are frequently used to combine sentences or independent clauses | ||
* note that present progressive verb forms are frequently used to combine sentences or independent clauses | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
* ex. "I went to see the sequel, and I hoped it would be as good as the first | |||
* the two independent clauses (complete sentences) can be combined by converting the "I hoped" to the present progressive form, "hoping" | |||
* "I went to see the sequel, hoping it would as good as the first" | |||
* note that "hoping" renders the second clause dependent (not a complete sentence or thought), thus employing only a comma and not a comma + conjunction | |||
* present progressive verbs subordinate clauses: | |||
** "Hoping it would be as good as the first" is not a complete sentence or thought | |||
*** thus it is a dependent or subordinate clause | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
* '''click EXPAND to see examples of present progressive verbs used to combine independent clauses | * '''click EXPAND to see examples of present progressive verbs used to combine independent clauses | ||
* see also: | * see also: | ||
** [[https://www.thoughtco.com/present-participles-vs-present-progressives-1689701 present participles vs present progressives (thoughtco.com]] | ** [[https://www.thoughtco.com/present-participles-vs-present-progressives-1689701 present participles vs present progressives (thoughtco.com]] | ||
* '''present perfect''' | |||
** indicates an action that happened at one point or that just happened and that consequences on the present | |||
** usually uses the "has" or "have" forms of a verb | |||
*** "Yes, I have eaten dinner already" | |||
*** "I have played soccer since I was five" | |||
*** "I haven't seen her in years" | |||
=== | === past tense forms === | ||
* | * '''past simple''' | ||
** | ** an action that happened in the past | ||
* | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> past simple examples | ||
** | *** "I ate before they showed up" | ||
*** "I played soccer yesterday" | |||
*** "I lived in Spain." | |||
</div> | |||
* click Expand for past simple examples | |||
* '''past progressive''' | |||
** actions that were ongoing at some point in the past or that were repeated in the past | |||
** uses the -ing form of a verb | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> past progressive examples: | |||
*** "I was eating when they showed up" | |||
*** "I was playing soccer all last year" | |||
*** "I was living in Spain" | |||
* '''past perfect''' | |||
* an action that happened before something else happened (both in the past) | |||
* uses "had" to show the earlier event | |||
** and compares it to another even with "before", "because" or "by the time", etc. | |||
** "I had already eaten when they showed up" | |||
** "I had played soccer long before I learned rugby" | |||
** "Because I had lived in Spain, I already knew some Spanish" | |||
=== future tense forms === | |||
* '''future simple''' | |||
** an action that will take place in the future, usually with "will" | |||
*** "I will eat after they show up" | |||
*** I will play soccer tomorrow" | |||
*** I will live in Spain next year" | |||
** future simple also indicates a promise to do something in the future | |||
*** "I will play harder next time" | |||
* '''future progressive''' | |||
** an action that will be ongoing in the future, usually with "will" and "-ing" | |||
** usually | |||
*** "I will be eating with them when they show up" | |||
*** "I will be playing soccer again after my ankle heals" | |||
*** "I will be living in Spain all next year" | |||
* '''future perfect''' | |||
** an action that will happen before something else, usually with "will have" | |||
** future perfect combines the future "will" with a past tense verb form | |||
*** "I will have eaten before they show up" | |||
*** "I will have played much better by the time we got to the playoffs" | |||
*** "I will have lived in Spain by the end of next summer" | |||
** future perfect also indicates an ongoing future state or condition | |||
*** "If they show up late, I will have been eating already." | |||
*** "By next year, I will have played soccer for 12 years" | |||
*** "I will have lived in Spain a full year as of next week" | |||
* '''future ''' | |||
** | |||
=== participles and gerunds === | === participles and gerunds === |
Revision as of 20:45, 13 March 2021
Parts of Speech
nouns[edit | edit source]
- persons, places, things
- proper nouns
- nouns as modifiers
- ex. "dog food"
- see Nouns as Modifiers (meg.com)
- nouns as modifiers
verbs[edit | edit source]
- express action
- verb phrases
- verb forms
transitive and intransitive verbs[edit | edit source]
- transitive verbs act upon a direct object
- ex. "The soccer player kicked the ball"
- intransitive verbs do not have a direct object
- ex. "The soccer player played hard"
<< to complete / expand
infinitives[edit | edit source]
- infinitives use "to"
- ex. "I go to see the game"
- root forms act like infinitives but without the "to"
- infinitive and base forms are generally interchangeable:
- ex. "He helped her clean her desk" (root form)
- v. "He helped her to clean her desk" (infinitive form)
- note that "root" and "base" forms are used interchangeably
- except "base form" of a verb includes infinitive and simple present forms of the verb
present tense forms[edit | edit source]
- simple present
- denotes a single action that is repeated, always happens, or the present condition of something
- examples
- repeated action: "I eat lunch at noon."
- action that always (or, in the negative, never) happens: "I can't speak Latin"
- denotes the condition or state of something: "The car is clean" or "I feel great!"
- simple present form is also considered as a "base" verb form
- present progressive
- = -ing form for a verb to express an ongoing action
- used with "to be" conjugations ("am" "is", etc.) the -ing verb form denotes an ongoing action
- ex. "She is dancing"
- see participle for the -ing form of a verb that acts as an adjective or a noun (called a gerund)
- note that present progressive verb forms are frequently used to combine sentences or independent clauses
- = -ing form for a verb to express an ongoing action
- ex. "I went to see the sequel, and I hoped it would be as good as the first
- the two independent clauses (complete sentences) can be combined by converting the "I hoped" to the present progressive form, "hoping"
- "I went to see the sequel, hoping it would as good as the first"
- note that "hoping" renders the second clause dependent (not a complete sentence or thought), thus employing only a comma and not a comma + conjunction
- present progressive verbs subordinate clauses:
- "Hoping it would be as good as the first" is not a complete sentence or thought
- thus it is a dependent or subordinate clause
- "Hoping it would be as good as the first" is not a complete sentence or thought
- click EXPAND to see examples of present progressive verbs used to combine independent clauses
- see also:
- present perfect
- indicates an action that happened at one point or that just happened and that consequences on the present
- usually uses the "has" or "have" forms of a verb
- "Yes, I have eaten dinner already"
- "I have played soccer since I was five"
- "I haven't seen her in years"
past tense forms[edit | edit source]
- past simple
- an action that happened in the past
past simple examples
- "I ate before they showed up"
- "I played soccer yesterday"
- "I lived in Spain."
- click Expand for past simple examples
- past progressive
- actions that were ongoing at some point in the past or that were repeated in the past
- uses the -ing form of a verb
past progressive examples:
- "I was eating when they showed up"
- "I was playing soccer all last year"
- "I was living in Spain"
- past perfect
- an action that happened before something else happened (both in the past)
- uses "had" to show the earlier event
- and compares it to another even with "before", "because" or "by the time", etc.
- "I had already eaten when they showed up"
- "I had played soccer long before I learned rugby"
- "Because I had lived in Spain, I already knew some Spanish"
future tense forms[edit | edit source]
- future simple
- an action that will take place in the future, usually with "will"
- "I will eat after they show up"
- I will play soccer tomorrow"
- I will live in Spain next year"
- future simple also indicates a promise to do something in the future
- "I will play harder next time"
- an action that will take place in the future, usually with "will"
- future progressive
- an action that will be ongoing in the future, usually with "will" and "-ing"
- usually
- "I will be eating with them when they show up"
- "I will be playing soccer again after my ankle heals"
- "I will be living in Spain all next year"
- future perfect
- an action that will happen before something else, usually with "will have"
- future perfect combines the future "will" with a past tense verb form
- "I will have eaten before they show up"
- "I will have played much better by the time we got to the playoffs"
- "I will have lived in Spain by the end of next summer"
- future perfect also indicates an ongoing future state or condition
- "If they show up late, I will have been eating already."
- "By next year, I will have played soccer for 12 years"
- "I will have lived in Spain a full year as of next week"
- future
participles and gerunds[edit | edit source]
- verb forms that act like an adjective or a noun
- types:
- present participle:
- verb form using -ing that acts as an adjective
- past participle:
- past tense verb form that acts as an adjective
- gerund
- verb form using -ing that acts as a noun
- present participle:
- present participle
- uses the -ing form of a verb as an adjective
present participles as adjectives examples:
- "The boiling water is hot" (describes the water)
- "This trip is exciting" (modifies or describes the trip)
- "The directions are confusing" (modifies the directions)
Click EXPAND to see examples of present participles
- past participle
- verbs in the past tense used as an adjective
- where the simple past tense of a verb is used to show a condition of something
- typically are -ed -en and -t forms
- includes irregular verbs in the past tense, such as "to be" "to go" etc.
past participles as adjectives examples:
- "Boiled water is sanitized" ("boiled" and "sanitized" describe the water)
- "The glass was broken when I found it" ("was broken" describes the glass)
- "The cut flowers are pretty" ("cut -
Click EXPAND to see examples of past participles
- gerunds
- verbs that act as nouns
- use the -ing form of the verb
gerund (participles as nouns) examples:
- "to swim" + -ing = "swimming" = a noun for the act of swimming
- "Swimming is fun"
- "Boiling water sanitizes it" ("boiling" is an act, therefore a noun, from the verb "to boil")
Click EXPAND to see examples of gerunds
- Note:
- gerunds are often interchangeable with infinitives
- "I hate doing math" versus "I hate to do math"
- however, note that gerunds and infinitives may act differently in terms of the object of the sentence
- gerunds are often interchangeable with infinitives
- Note:
how gerunds and infinitives change the meaning of a sentence:
"Burland advocated using soil extraction:"
- A) NO CHANGE
- "Burland advocated using..." = he advocates for the use of soil extraction (he advocates the the object)
- B) advocated to use
- "Burland advocated to use..." = he advocates "to use" (he advocates the action)
- A) NO CHANGE is correct because it is the object of the sentence, "soil extraction," that Burland advocates, not the action of its use (to use")
- Click EXPAND to see an example from College Board Practice Test 6, Writing Q21
- See
- Click EXPAND to see participles definitions and types
conjugations[edit | edit source]
adverbs[edit | edit source]
adjectives[edit | edit source]
- modify nouns
articles[edit | edit source]
- definite
- the
- refers to a specific noun, usually already stated or defined
- indefinite
- a or an
- refers to a general noun, usually not already stated or defined
- indefinite articles are not used to refer to a general noun or one that cannot be counteed
- ex. "water" cannot be counted, so "a water" is incorrect
- "may I have a water" should be instead "may I have some water"
- ex. "water" cannot be counted, so "a water" is incorrect
- zero articles
- when the noun represents a generic idea, the article can be omitted
- ex.
- "They went on vacation" as opposed to "they went on a vacation "
- see
- [https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/grammar/using_articles.html Purdue OWN Using Articles}
- What Are Articles?
pronouns[edit | edit source]
- "pro" = for; "noun"
- refer to a noun in oder to avoid repetition
- pronoun forms
- subject
- object
- possessive
- comparisons
- see How to Pick Pronouns for Comparisons (Dummies)
prepositions[edit | edit source]
- express relationship in time, place, or sequence
interjections[edit | edit source]
- aside remarks or interruptions
- exclamation
- expresses a spontaneous reaction or emotion
examples of exclamations:
- "no!"
- "okay"
- "damn!"
- "heh!"
- click EXPAND to see full definitions and examples of participles and gerunds