US History timeline & concept chart: 16th-18th centuries (to 1754) British-American colonies: Difference between revisions
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* timeline up to the French-Indian War (1754) | * timeline up to the French-Indian War (1754) | ||
== Protestant Reformation, | == Protestant Reformation, European political and religious conflicts & impacts on American colonies == | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE''' | ! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE''' | ||
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*** the Dominion was dismantled in 1689 and new charters were granted after the Glorious Revolution under William & Mary | *** the Dominion was dismantled in 1689 and new charters were granted after the Glorious Revolution under William & Mary | ||
==== | ==== mercantilism ==== | ||
* European political and economic policy of forcing colonial possessions to trade directly with the home country and not others | * European political and economic policy of forcing colonial possessions to trade directly with the home country and not others | ||
* the policy goal of Mercantilism was protection of home country economic interests and stakeholders, and not simply for revenue. | |||
** as well as maintenence of inflows of silver and gold to support the national currency | |||
** the purpose of revenue was introduced in the 1760s with the Sugar Act, which reduced the tax with the goal if maximizing revenue while allowing foreign competition | |||
** this new system of taxation is called the "imperial system" | |||
* Navigation Act of 1651 | * Navigation Act of 1651 | ||
** called "An Act for increase of Shipping, and Encouragement of the Navigation of this Nation" | |||
** was in response to English deterioration in trade following the 80 Years War (between Spain and Netherlands), which had resulted in Dutch maritime power (the Dutch Golden Age) | |||
** enacted under the Commonwealth (Parliamentarian control of England under Oliver Cromwell) | ** enacted under the Commonwealth (Parliamentarian control of England under Oliver Cromwell) | ||
** required that all trade to/from colonies had to be conducted on English ships | ** required that all trade to/from colonies had to be conducted on English ships | ||
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|} | |} | ||
== | == Timeline of migration in British-American colonies == | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:100%" | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+Timeline of Colonial Migration | |+Timeline of Colonial Migration | ||
!Period | |||
!Pattern/ Type | |||
!Notes | |||
|- | |- | ||
| cell style="width: 15%" |1609-1620s | |||
|Initial settlement | |||
|Virginia & Plymouth colonies | |||
|- | |- | ||
|1630-1642 | |1630-1642 | ||
| | | | ||
| - 16,000 migrants arrive to Massachusetts Bay colony | | | ||
- 16,000 migrants arrive to Massachusetts Bay colony | |||
- inland migration as settlers expand across New England | - inland migration as settlers expand across New England | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 565: | Line 490: | ||
| - Roger Williams creates Rhode Island (1636) | | - Roger Williams creates Rhode Island (1636) | ||
- Ann Hutchinson & associates move to Rhode Island (1638) | - Ann Hutchinson & associates move to Rhode Island (1638) | ||
|- | |||
|1645-1665 | |||
|English Civil War Royalist migration | |||
|as the Parliamentarians (protestants) gained over the Royalists (Cavaliers), royalist supporters fled England for the ROyalist-loyal colonies of Maryland and Virginia | |||
- 1649 Charles I was executed, accelerating Royalist emigration from England | |||
- 75% of them came as unskilled, indentured servants in Virginia, which became an influence leading up to Bacon's Rebellion (see [https://britishheritage.com/cavalier-flight-virginia The Cavalier flight to Virginia]) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|1665 | |1665 | ||
| | |colonial population estimates: | ||
| - total population estimated at 75,000 | | - total population estimated at 75,000 | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1680-1776 | |1680-1776 | ||
Line 584: | Line 507: | ||
- Chesapeake and Atlantic coast settlement in "tidewaters" of Maryland, Virginia and the Carolinas | - Chesapeake and Atlantic coast settlement in "tidewaters" of Maryland, Virginia and the Carolinas | ||
|- | |||
|1683 | |||
|arrival of the Concord | |||
| - considered the "German Mayflower" | |||
- had 33 German Mennonites on board; landed near Philadelphia | |||
|- | |- | ||
|1681 | |1681 | ||
|WIlliam Penn granted land by Charles II | |WIlliam Penn granted land by Charles II | ||
| - names it Pennsylvania | | - names it Pennsylvania | ||
- Quaker refuge | - Quaker refuge | ||
- settlers include Germans | - settlers include Germans | ||
|- | |- | ||
|early 1700s | |early 1700s | ||
|Mennonite settlements in | |Mennonite settlements in Pennsylvania | ||
|mostly Swiss and German religious dissenters | |mostly Swiss and German religious dissenters | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1700 | |1700 | ||
| | |colonial population estimates: | ||
| - 275,000 in all colonies | | | ||
- 275,000 in all colonies | |||
- 7,000 in Boston | - 7,000 in Boston | ||
- 5,000 in New York City | - 5,000 in New York City | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1718 | |1718 | ||
Line 610: | Line 537: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1725 | |1725 | ||
| | |black slave population: | ||
| - starting w/ first importation of African slaves in 1619 (about 20) to Jamestown | | | ||
- starting w/ first importation of African slaves in 1619 (about 20) to Jamestown | |||
- by 1725 black slave population estimated at 75,000 | - by 1725 black slave population estimated at 75,000 | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1760 | |1760 | ||
| | |colonial population estimate: | ||
| - total population est. at 1,600,000 | | - total population est. at 1,600,000 | ||
- estimated 350,000 white migrants were indentured servants | - estimated 350,000 white migrants were indentured servants | ||
Line 651: | Line 576: | ||
| colspan=3|<hr> | | colspan=3|<hr> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;"|Africa<ref>Several West African regions were the home to most African immigrants. Population from U.S. 1790 Census.</ref> | ! style="text-align:center;"|'''Africa<ref>Several West African regions were the home to most African immigrants. Population from U.S. 1790 Census.</ref>''' || '''360,000''' ||'''757,000''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;"|England* | ! style="text-align:center;"|'''England*''' || '''230,000''' ||'''2,100,000''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;"|[[Ulster]] Scots-Irish* | ! style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Ulster]] Scots-Irish*''' || '''135,000''' || '''300,000''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;"|Germany<ref>Germany in this time period consisted of a large number of separate countries, the largest of which was Prussia.</ref> | ! style="text-align:center;"|'''Germany<ref>Germany in this time period consisted of a large number of separate countries, the largest of which was Prussia.</ref>''' || '''103,000''' || '''270,000''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;"|[[Scotland]] || 48,500 || 150,000 | ! style="text-align:center;"|[[Scotland|'''Scotland''']] || '''48,500''' || '''150,000''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;"|Ireland* | ! style="text-align:center;"|'''Ireland*''' || '''8,000''' || '''(Incl. in Scot-Irish)''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;"|Netherlands | ! style="text-align:center;"|'''Netherlands''' || '''6,000''' || '''100,000''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;"|[[Wales]]* | ! style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Wales]]*''' || '''4,000''' || '''10,000''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;"|France | ! style="text-align:center;"|'''France''' || '''3,000''' || '''15,000''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;"|Jewish<ref>Jewish settlers from several European countries.</ref> | ! style="text-align:center;"|'''Jewish<ref>Jewish settlers from several European countries.</ref>''' || '''1,000''' || '''2,000''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;"|Sweden | ! style="text-align:center;"|'''Sweden''' || '''1,000''' || '''6,000''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;"|Other<ref>The ''Other'' category probably contains mostly English ancestry settlers; but the loss of several states' census records make better estimates difficult. The summaries of the 1790 and 1800 census from all states survived.</ref> | ! style="text-align:center;"|'''Other<ref>The ''Other'' category probably contains mostly English ancestry settlers; but the loss of several states' census records make better estimates difficult. The summaries of the 1790 and 1800 census from all states survived.</ref>''' ||'''50,000''' ||'''200,000''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=3|<hr> | | colspan=3|<hr> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;"|British total | ! style="text-align:center;"|'''British total''' ||'''425,500''' ||'''2,560,000''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;"|Total<ref>Total represents total immigration over the approximately 130 year span of existence of the U.S. colonies as found in the 1790 census. At the time of the [[American Revolution]], the foreign-born population was estimated to be from 300,000 to 400,000.</ref> | ! style="text-align:center;"|'''Total<ref>Total represents total immigration over the approximately 130 year span of existence of the U.S. colonies as found in the 1790 census. At the time of the [[American Revolution]], the foreign-born population was estimated to be from 300,000 to 400,000.</ref>''' ||'''950,000''' ||'''3,900,000''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Early British North American colonization == | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE''' | |||
! '''Major Events, Concepts & Themes''' | |||
! cell style="width:60%"|'''Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events''' | |||
|- style="vertical-align:top;" | |||
| | |||
* 1583: English claim Newfoundland<br><br> | |||
* 1585: first English settlement at Roanoke, VA<br><br> | |||
* 1587: "Lost colony" of Roanoke (abandoned by 1590)<br><br> | |||
* 1603: King James I crowned<br><br> | |||
* 1606 First Charter of Virginia<br><br> | |||
* 1607 Jamestown settlement<br><br> | |||
* 1608 Separatist group moves to Holland<br><br> | |||
* 1618 Great Charter (established VA self-governance)<br><br> | |||
* 1620 Mayflower Company/ Plymouth settled by Pilgrims<br><br> | |||
* 1622 Jamestown Massacre<br><br> | |||
* 1624: Virginia Company abolished; royal Colony<br><br> | |||
* 1639: Fundamental Orders of Connecticut<br><br> | |||
* 1642: House of Burgesses established<br><br> | |||
* 1651 British Navigation Act<br><br> | |||
* 1676 Bacon's Rebellion<br><br> | |||
* 1681, William Penn granted charter for Pennsylvania<br><br> | |||
* 1692 Salem Witchcraft Trials<br><br> | |||
* 1721 British policy of "Salutary Neglect"<br><br> | |||
|| | |||
'''British colonial population growth''' | |||
* 1530-1680: 200,000 immigrants arrived to the colonies | |||
'''Migration Push / Pull factors''' | |||
* conditions that "pushed" British emigration | |||
* conditions that "pulled" colonial immigration<br><br> | |||
'''Joint Stock Company''' | |||
* shared ownership for commercial venture; used by England for 1st colonies | |||
* Virginia Company: to establish colonies & find gold (didn’t) | |||
'''Headright System''' | |||
* land grant for brining laborers to colonies<br><br> | |||
'''Indentured servants'''<br><br> | |||
'''House of Burgesses''' | |||
* legislature, governing body of VA colony<br><br> | |||
'''Separatists (religious)''' | |||
* wanted autonomous congregations “separate” from Church of England | |||
* Puritans: anti-papal/ anti-Catholic, wanted to “purify” English Churches | |||
* Pilgrims: separatists group sailed to Plymouth from Holland | |||
* Mayflower Compact: Pilgrim contract for self-rule | |||
* William Bradford: became Plymouth Colony governor; wrote book “On “Plymouth Plantation”<br><br> | |||
'''John Winthrop & "city upon a hill"''' | |||
* “A Model of Christian Charity”: Winthrop sermon declaring Christian mission of the colony<br><br> | |||
'''House of Burgesses''' | |||
* elected assembly | |||
* reinforced notions of self-governance | |||
* served as training ground for Revolutionary War leadership<br><br> | |||
|| | |||
'''BIG IDEAS''' | |||
* Corporate structure & charters of British colonial enterprises | |||
* British settlements & interactions/ conflicts with Native Americans | |||
* Religious movements & motivations | |||
* Concept of self-governance expressed/ experienced: | |||
** House of Burgessses | |||
** John Winthrop | |||
** Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | |||
'''DETAILS''' | '''DETAILS''' | ||
Line 686: | Line 676: | ||
* 1625: 2,000 | * 1625: 2,000 | ||
* 1775: 2.4 million | * 1775: 2.4 million | ||
* from 1530-1680 200,000 immigrants arrived to the colonies | * from 1530-1680 200,000 immigrants arrived to the colonies | ||
* of approx 500,000 European migrants to the American colonies before 1775, approx: | * of approx 500,000 European migrants to the American colonies before 1775, approx: | ||
Line 702: | Line 691: | ||
**https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servitude#North_America | **https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servitude#North_America | ||
**https://web.viu.ca/davies/H320/population.colonies.htm | **https://web.viu.ca/davies/H320/population.colonies.htm | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+Push/Pull factors for British settlement in North America | |||
!'''Push factors''' | |||
!|'''Pull factors''' | |||
|- | |||
| cell style="width: 60%" | | |||
* population growth in England | |||
* land use focus in England went from rents (collecting rent) to sheep herding for wool, which displaced tenants | |||
* religious & political persecution | |||
* English Civil War | |||
* primogeniture (1st born inherits), so 2nd+ sons seeking opportunity | |||
* political advantage | |||
* corporate organization (formal structures for exploration & migration) | |||
* criminality | |||
| | |||
* economic opportunity | |||
* adventurism | |||
* religious freedom | |||
* political opportunity | |||
* economic opportunity | |||
* "new start" | |||
* demand for labor | |||
* slavery | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=== Early British settlements of North America === | === Early British settlements of North America === | ||
Line 730: | Line 746: | ||
** = possible source of democratic impulse among colonials | ** = possible source of democratic impulse among colonials | ||
=== | === Jamestown, 1607 === | ||
* in 1606 three ships sailed for North America, landing at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay in 1607 | * in 1606 three ships sailed for North America, landing at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay in 1607 | ||
** 105 men and boys made it to Jamestown (1 died on the voyage) | ** 105 men and boys made it to Jamestown (1 died on the voyage) | ||
Line 752: | Line 768: | ||
*** 1612 tribal leader '''Powhatan''' arranged peace, married daughter to Rolfe | *** 1612 tribal leader '''Powhatan''' arranged peace, married daughter to Rolfe | ||
*** Powhatan’s successor took anti-English position, led attacks | *** Powhatan’s successor took anti-English position, led attacks | ||
***'''Jamestown Massacre''', | ***'''Jamestown Massacre''', 1621, Indian attacks killed 400 colonials | ||
*** peace agreements by 1627-32, but English expansion westward continued, led to war in 1644, finally Treat of 1646 turned tribes into English subjects, Virginia Colony expansion | *** peace agreements by 1627-32, but English expansion westward continued, led to war in 1644, finally Treat of 1646 turned tribes into English subjects, Virginia Colony expansion | ||
==== General Assembly, 1619-1642 ==== | |||
* unicameral assembly, included the Governor, a "council of state" (appointed by the Virginial Company) and 22 locally elected representatives | |||
** those representatives constituted the first democratically elected assembly in the colonies | |||
** the Governor and Council largely ignored the assembly's powers | |||
* when the Virginia Company charter was revoked in 1624 and Virginia became a "crown colony" assembly members were appointed, not elected | |||
* following reorganization of the growing colony in 1634, Assembly members were elected by local vote (free white males only) | |||
* in 1642, Governor William Berkeley proposed creation of a bicameral legislature, creating the "House of Burgesses" as the lower house | |||
==== Council of State ==== | |||
* part of the original governing body under the Virginia Company | |||
* became the upper house of the General Assembly of the Virginia colony in 1642 | |||
* 12 members | |||
* also known as the "Governor's Council" | |||
* held legislative (shared powers w/ lower body), executive (advising body to the governor) and judicial powers | |||
* as with the governor, Council members were appointed by the king ("royal") | |||
** except during the Commonwealth, when the lower house, "House of Burgesses" selected the Council members | |||
==== House of Burgesses, 1642-1776 ==== | |||
* traditionally, "burgess" = a freeman from a "borough" or town in England | |||
* = the lower house / assembly of the General Assembly | |||
* met in Jamestown, moved to Williamsburg in 1699 | |||
* lower house: the "burgesses" | |||
** = representatives from counties who were elected by free white males (and later, only property owners) | |||
** local county officials were selected by the Governor | |||
* the House of Burgesses gained power over governors over time | |||
** representation expanded w/ colonial expansion | |||
* tension w/ British government rose after the French Indian War (1754-1763) | |||
* Burgess members served as training grounds for future revolutionary leaders, especially Patrick Henry (author of the 1765 "Virginia Resolves" that protested the Stamp Act) and Thomas Jefferson | |||
** Henry gave his "Give me liberty or give me death!" speech in 1775 to a convention of Burgess members who met in Richmond in opposition to the royal colonial governor | |||
* the House of Burgesses was dissolved in 1776 as Virginia declared independence | |||
** it was replaced by the House of Delegates, the lower body to a new General Assembly, along w/ the upper house, the Senate. | |||
* in 1779 the Assembly moved the state capital to Richmond, both for | |||
** a more central location for the growing state | |||
** protection from British attack during the War (in 1781 Richmond was burned by the British) | |||
=== Virginia "tobacco economy" === | === Virginia "tobacco economy" === | ||
Line 770: | Line 821: | ||
* 1727 Virginia created "tobacco notes" or "tobacco receipts" | * 1727 Virginia created "tobacco notes" or "tobacco receipts" | ||
* = official certificates or "receipts" representing a certain amount of tobacco stored in a government warehouse | * = official certificates or "receipts" representing a certain amount of tobacco stored in a government warehouse | ||
** instead of exchanging actual tobacco, these "receipts" were used like paper money | |||
instead of exchanging actual tobacco, these "receipts" were used | |||
* see | * see | ||
** <nowiki>https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/tobacco-money</nowiki> Tobacco As Money (Encyclopedia.com)] | |||
* <nowiki>https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/tobacco-money</nowiki> Tobacco As Money (Encyclopedia.com)] | ** Early American Colonists Had a Cash Problem. Here's How They Solved It (Time.com) | ||
* Early American Colonists Had a Cash Problem. Here's How They Solved It (Time.com) | |||
* use of tobacco as currency led to great expansion of tobacco planting and overall economy | * use of tobacco as currency led to great expansion of tobacco planting and overall economy | ||
Line 785: | Line 832: | ||
* quality of tobacco went down as farmers sought to produce more quantities | * quality of tobacco went down as farmers sought to produce more quantities | ||
=== | === Headright System/Headrights === | ||
* = grant of land to colonial settlers | * = grant of land to colonial settlers | ||
* first employed w/ VA colony, then Plymouth and others | * first employed w/ VA colony, then Plymouth and others | ||
Line 805: | Line 852: | ||
* system was used must less in New England | * system was used must less in New England | ||
=== | === Maryland === | ||
* 1634 Maryland founded | * 1634 Maryland colony founded | ||
* by Catholic George Calvert, Lord Baltimore; granted by English King Charles I | |||
* = the first proprietary colony = owned and governed by an individual | |||
* named for Queen Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I, known as "Mary" | |||
=== Rhode Island === | |||
* started by Puritan Roger Williams who was exiled from Massachusetts | |||
* Williams named Rhode Island "Providence Plantation" and established religious tolerance | |||
>> notes / todo | |||
Rhode Island & religious freedom | Rhode Island & religious freedom | ||
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 1636 Rhode Island passed acts to prohibit religious persecution of "non-Trinitarians" | <nowiki>*</nowiki> 1636 Rhode Island passed acts to prohibit religious persecution of "non-Trinitarians" | ||
<nowiki>**</nowiki> "Trinitarian" refers to believers of the "Holy Trinity", which is a core Catholic belief | <nowiki>**</nowiki> "Trinitarian" refers to believers of the "Holy Trinity", which is a core Catholic belief | ||
<nowiki>**</nowiki> Rhode Island is considered the first government to separate "Church and State" | <nowiki>**</nowiki> Rhode Island is considered the first government to separate "Church and State" | ||
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 1649 Maryland passed the Maryland Toleration Act to enforce religious tolerance for Catholics ("Trinitarians") | <nowiki>*</nowiki> 1649 Maryland passed the Maryland Toleration Act to enforce religious tolerance for Catholics ("Trinitarians") | ||
<nowiki>**</nowiki> the Rhode Island and Maryland laws explicitly protected only Christians | <nowiki>**</nowiki> the Rhode Island and Maryland laws explicitly protected only Christians | ||
<nowiki>***</nowiki> after the English Restoration, Rhode Island welcomed Quakers, Jews and others seeking religious liberty | <nowiki>***</nowiki> after the English Restoration, Rhode Island welcomed Quakers, Jews and others seeking religious liberty | ||
=== Pennsylvania === | |||
'''Quakers''' = "Religious Society of Friends" | |||
* Puritans who were considered extremists for their belief that the "Light of Christ" resided in every person | |||
* in 1681, the Quaker William Penn traded a debt owed to his father by King Charles II for the province of Pennsylvania | |||
Quakers = "Religious Society of Friends" | * by 1685, 8,000 Quakers had moved to Pennsylvania | ||
* Penn encouraged protestant German immigrants, including Lutherans, Mennonites, Amish, and other sects | |||
* many of these groups settled on farm land, thus "Pennsylvania Dutch country" | |||
in 1681, the Quaker William Penn traded a debt owed to his father by King Charles II for the province of Pennsylvania | |||
by 1685, 8,000 Quakers had moved to Pennsylvania | |||
Penn encouraged protestant German immigrants, including Lutherans, Mennonites, Amish, and other sects | |||
many of these groups settled on farm land, thus "Pennsylvania Dutch country" | |||
=== Connecticut === | |||
* '''Fundamental Orders of Connecticut''', 1639 | * '''Fundamental Orders of Connecticut''', 1639 | ||
** | ** in 1636, disaffected Massachusetts Puritans settled in Connecticut River valley | ||
** 1638 Roger Ludlow petitioned Governor Winthrop for authority for those settlements to “united ourselves to walk and lie peaceably and lovingly together” | ** 1638 Roger Ludlow petitioned Governor Winthrop for authority for those settlements to “united ourselves to walk and lie peaceably and lovingly together” | ||
** 1639 Connecticut established as separate colony | ** 1639 Connecticut established as separate colony | ||
Line 853: | Line 891: | ||
** thus the modern “Constitution State” state motto | ** thus the modern “Constitution State” state motto | ||
=== Religious groups, movements === | |||
*'''Separatists''', 16th-17th centuries | |||
* '''Separatists''', 16th-17th centuries | |||
** Protestants who wanted independent churches from Church of England | ** Protestants who wanted independent churches from Church of England | ||
** initially illegal and persecuted but gained power under Oliver Cromwell, a separatist (1649-1660) | ** initially illegal and persecuted but gained power under Oliver Cromwell, a separatist (1649-1660) | ||
Line 913: | Line 946: | ||
*** saw religious rules as essential, called them “Justice and Mercy” and should apply to all, rich and poor | *** saw religious rules as essential, called them “Justice and Mercy” and should apply to all, rich and poor | ||
** historians see “City upon a Hill” as a statement of “American exceptionalism” | ** historians see “City upon a Hill” as a statement of “American exceptionalism” | ||
|- | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- style="vertical-align:top;" | |- style="vertical-align:top;" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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* Bacon's Rebellion | * Bacon's Rebellion | ||
* expansion of slavery | * expansion of slavery | ||
** by early 1700s VA & MD planters switch from indentured servants to slaves | |||
'''DETAILS''' | '''DETAILS''' | ||
* Berkeley and Virginia demographics | |||
** Berkeley was from a wealthy family that supported the Royal cause. | |||
** Before the English Civil WEar, William Berkeley saw the coming trouble and essentially purchased the governship of Virginia | |||
** from there, he drew migrants largely from Royalist-supporting counties of England | |||
*** which included both elites and lower classes | |||
**** lower classes: most came as indentured servants | |||
*** as opposed to the "middling" origins of New English | |||
* From "The Cavalier flight to Virginia" | |||
click EXPAND to read an analysis of Virginia social makeup under Berkeley's leadership: | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
<pre> The society that bloomed in the Virginia tidewater during Berkeley’s decades in office reflected the social order, regional characteristics, and ecclesiastical convictions of the people who came. In fact, it reflected Sir William’s own view of the world and of the people who inhabited it. Though the Puritans hardly believed in a free society as we recognize it today, they were from the middling sort of society—craftsmen, tradesmen, and gentry—from a part of England with a tradition of local participatory government. The md women who immigrated to Virginia during the 1640s-60s came from opposite ends of the economic and social spectrum. | |||
From its first flourishing under Berkeley’s dynamic leadership to the end of its colonial existence in 1776, Virginia society was a culture of a sharp division between the haves and have-nots. After all, the very nature of a wealthy elite implies a mass of folk who are not. The vast majority of those who came to Virginia had Royalist and Anglican sympathies certainly (they were not welcome otherwise), but they were rural laborers of humble origins, generally illiterate and accustomed to a humble lot in life. While they dreamed of betterment in the New World, more than 75 percent of them arrived in Virginia as indentured servants. Two-thirds of those folk were unskilled agrarian workers. All the plantations springing up beside the rivers in the rich fertile delta of the Virginia tidewater required a labor force. As the Algonquian tribes being supplanted from eastern Virginia were unavailable for employment, that labor force had to be imported. | |||
The two decades from 1645 to 1665 saw the greatest influx of Royalist colonists, elite and lowly alike. They did not come to sample the pure air of egalitarian freedom promised by America’s founding documents a century and a quarter later. They expected to find, and accepted, the hierarchical English society that they left behind. | |||
</pre></div> | |||
* cash crops: | * cash crops: | ||
** tobacco in NC, VA and MD | ** tobacco in NC, VA and MD | ||
Line 1,027: | Line 1,081: | ||
** maintain oral traditions, songs | ** maintain oral traditions, songs | ||
** mixture of African and colonial cultures | ** mixture of African and colonial cultures | ||
slave population & distribution | |||
* with growth of tobacco markets in Europe, Maryland and Virginia increased slave labor significantly | |||
* into the 1760s, the slave economy grew in North and South Carolina | |||
[[File:1770 Slavery in the 13 colonies.jpg|none|thumb|American colonial Slave populations as of 1770 (before the American Revolution) with number of slaves and slaves as percentage of total population]] | |||
for Colonial populations, including slaves and free blacks see: | for Colonial populations, including slaves and free blacks see: | ||
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|| | || | ||
'''BIG IDEAS''' | '''BIG IDEAS''' | ||
* the colonial "French & Indian Wars" were part of various European "dynastic wars" | |||
* in French known as "Intercolonial wars" | |||
* all of these wars were largely result of '''American colonial expansion''', including: | * all of these wars were largely result of '''American colonial expansion''', including: | ||
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* European political and religious dynamics deeply influenced British and French colonial interactions | * European political and religious dynamics deeply influenced British and French colonial interactions | ||
** as well as among and between the British colonies | ** as well as among and between the British colonies | ||
* series of European conflicts ended with British maritime supremacy and decline of Spain | |||
|- style="vertical-align:top;" | |- style="vertical-align:top;" | ||
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|| '''King Philip's War''' | || '''King Philip's War''' | ||
|| n/a - independent of European conflicts or involvement | || n/a - independent of European conflicts or involvement | ||
|| | || | ||
* early Pilgrims & Wampanoag chief Massasoit maintained friendly relations | * King Philip was the adopted English name of the Wampanoag chief Metacom | ||
* upon his death, his son, Metacom, accused colonists of violating agreements (land use) | |||
* early Pilgrims & prior Wampanoag chief Massasoit maintained friendly relations | |||
* upon his death, his son, Metacom (King Philip), accused colonists of violating agreements (land use) | |||
** led raids on Massachusetts, Maine, Rhode Island and Connecticut villages & settlements | ** led raids on Massachusetts, Maine, Rhode Island and Connecticut villages & settlements | ||
** colonial militia responded | ** colonial militia responded | ||
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* impact upon New England identity | * impact upon New England identity | ||
** war conducted without British involvement or support | ** war conducted without British involvement or support | ||
** created distinct identify and sense of independence from Britain | ** created distinct identify and sense of independence from Britain | ||
|- style="vertical-align:top;" | |- style="vertical-align:top;" | ||
| 1688–1697 | | 1688–1697 | ||
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* War of the League of Augsburg | * War of the League of Augsburg | ||
* Nine Years' War | * Nine Years' War | ||
|| | || | ||
* started due to New England expansion into Acadia, a region of New France | * King William inherited the British throne after the death of his wife, Mary (as in "William and Mary" | ||
* agreements that settled King Philip's war were not followed | |||
* the war started due to New England expansion into Acadia, a region of New France | |||
* France aligned '''Wabanaki Confederacy''' opposed colonialists and their allied Iroquois Confederacy | * France aligned '''Wabanaki Confederacy''' opposed colonialists and their allied Iroquois Confederacy | ||
* wiki: The Iroquois dominated the economically important Great Lakes fur trade and had been in conflict with New France since 1680.[15]:43 At the urging of New England, the Iroquois interrupted the trade between New France and the western tribes. In retaliation, New France raided Seneca lands of western New York. In turn, New England supported the Iroquois in attacking New France, which they did by raiding Lachine. | * wiki: The Iroquois dominated the economically important Great Lakes fur trade and had been in conflict with New France since 1680.[15]:43 At the urging of New England, the Iroquois interrupted the trade between New France and the western tribes. In retaliation, New France raided Seneca lands of western New York. In turn, New England supported the Iroquois in attacking New France, which they did by raiding Lachine. | ||
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|| '''Queen Anne's War''' | || '''Queen Anne's War''' | ||
|| War of the Spanish Succession | || War of the Spanish Succession | ||
|| | || | ||
* War of Spanish Succession | * Anne was Queen of Britain (unified w/ Scotland in 1702) | ||
** she inherited the throne after the death of William, whose wife was Mary, sister of Anne | |||
* in Europe the War of Spanish Succession arose after death of Spanish King Charles II | |||
** France and England wanted colonies to remain neutral | ** France and England wanted colonies to remain neutral | ||
** existing colonial border tensions were enflamed by the European conflict | ** existing colonial border tensions were enflamed by the European conflict | ||
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*** Newfoundland & Hudson Bay | *** Newfoundland & Hudson Bay | ||
*** Massachusetts & Maine | *** Massachusetts & Maine | ||
*** Carolinas | *** Carolinas | ||
* English colonial population 250,000 | * English colonial population 250,000 | ||
* French & Spanish populations were negligible, relying mostly on Indian allies | * French & Spanish populations were negligible, relying mostly on Indian allies |
Latest revision as of 15:49, 23 April 2024
US History timeline & concept chart: American colonies 17th & mid-18th centuries
Objectives:
- to help students to
- associate timelines with events, persons, themes & concepts
- associate presidents with timelines, themes & concepts
- identify timelines with BIG IDEAS across periods of US history
- find connections and common themes across US history
- easily find relevant details for larger comprehension
- to help teachers to
- quickly review US History content for lesson planning
- provide students with easy and complete reference source for US history
Click EXPAND for a note for mobile phone users
- these timeline & concept charts use tables in order to connect ideas, timelines, and major concepts
- tables are not mobile-friendly (they do not wrap to a single column)
- when these charts are complete, we will in the future convert the charts to mobile-friendly format as an alternative file
- we encourage you to use a tablet or larger monitor in order to see the charts here
Index
Page structure & format guide
U.S. History course pages:
Article objectives[edit | edit source]
- exploration & colonialism motives & purposes
- review of British internal politics, events, civil and religious conflicts
- impact of domestic Britain events, ideas & rule in American colonialism
- especially religious & political conflict, population & economic growth
- regional, economic, and demographic aspects of colonial expansion
- timeline up to the French-Indian War (1754)
Protestant Reformation, European political and religious conflicts & impacts on American colonies[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
---|---|---|
|
Martin Luther & Protestant Reformation
Thirty Years War, 1618-1648 & European nationalism English Civil War, 1642–1651 & the Commonwealth Religious conflict & persecution as push factor on migration to colonial America
|
BIG IDEAS
DETAILS Protestant Reformation[edit | edit source]
Church of England & Protestantism in England (English Reformation)[edit | edit source]
Thirty Years War, 1618-1648[edit | edit source]
click EXPAND for notes on Bohemian Revolt: [[File:Prague Castle defenestration site.jpg|thumb|The window (top floor) where the defenestration occurred in 1618, when Protestant locals threw two Catholic agents of the Holy Roman Emperor out the window; they both survived]] * Bohemia had a long history of quasi-independence from Catholic rule ** including the right to publish the Bible in Slavic (see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius Saints Cyril and Methodius (wikipedia)] * Bohemian priest Jan Hus led a reform movement, especially in protest of papal selling of "indulgences" (forgiveness for sins for money) ** Hus was excommunicated and burned at the stake in 1415 ** Hus's followers led a successful peasant revolt in the "Hussite Wars" ** ultimately, the Hussites surrendered to the Catholic King of Bohemia ** Hus's reform movement came over 100 years before that of Church reformer Martin Luther (the 1517 "95 Theses"), who inherited Hus' ideas * the Bohemian Revolt (1618-1620) was precipitated when royal governors (agents of the Holy Roman Emperor) attempted retake Catholic properties and rule ** Protestant leaders threw two of the royal governors out the window of a castle *** both survived *** the Catholics claimed that Mother Mary descended from heaven and gently set them on the ground *** the Protestants claimed that they fell into donkey dung, thus saving them from the fall *** one of the royal governors was later rewarded by the Emperor and given the title, "Baron of Highfall"
English Civil War, 1642–1651[edit | edit source]
The Commonwealth (or Interregnum) & Charles Cromwell[edit | edit source]
English Civil War & the American colonies[edit | edit source]
Significance of English Civil War & Legacy on American Colonies[edit | edit source]
Glorious Revolution & English Bill or Rights & Tolerance Act[edit | edit source]
|
British exploration and early settlements in North America[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
---|---|---|
|
early British expeditions not successful because goals were to find gold & a route to Asia
|
BIG IDEAS
DETAILS Early British explorations of North America[edit | edit source]
British governance of early colonies[edit | edit source]
Royal charters & mercantilism[edit | edit source]
Dominion of New England[edit | edit source]
mercantilism[edit | edit source]
Salutary neglect[edit | edit source]
click EXPAND for excerpt from Burke's speech to Parliament in 1775: “That I know that the colonies in general owe little or nothing to any care of ours, and that they are not squeezed into this happy form by the constraints of watchful and suspicious government, but that, through a wise and salutary neglect, a generous nature has been suffered to take her own way to perfection; when I reflect upon these effects, when I see how profitable they have been to us, I feel all the pride of power sink, and all presumption in the wisdom of human contrivances melt, and die away within me.” |
Timeline of migration in British-American colonies[edit | edit source]
Period | Pattern/ Type | Notes |
---|---|---|
1609-1620s | Initial settlement | Virginia & Plymouth colonies |
1630-1642 |
- 16,000 migrants arrive to Massachusetts Bay colony - inland migration as settlers expand across New England | |
1634 | Catholic migrants to Maryland | about 200 settlers, mostly Catholic settled in Maryland-- |
1635-38 | inland migration to Connecticut and Rhode Island | - Roger Williams creates Rhode Island (1636)
- Ann Hutchinson & associates move to Rhode Island (1638) |
1645-1665 | English Civil War Royalist migration | as the Parliamentarians (protestants) gained over the Royalists (Cavaliers), royalist supporters fled England for the ROyalist-loyal colonies of Maryland and Virginia
- 1649 Charles I was executed, accelerating Royalist emigration from England - 75% of them came as unskilled, indentured servants in Virginia, which became an influence leading up to Bacon's Rebellion (see The Cavalier flight to Virginia) |
1665 | colonial population estimates: | - total population estimated at 75,000 |
1680-1776 | Scottish-Irish, German migrants | - push cause: British wars/ occupation of Scotland & Ireland
- settlement to Piedmont region (Eastern slope of Appalachians) - Chesapeake and Atlantic coast settlement in "tidewaters" of Maryland, Virginia and the Carolinas |
1683 | arrival of the Concord | - considered the "German Mayflower"
- had 33 German Mennonites on board; landed near Philadelphia |
1681 | WIlliam Penn granted land by Charles II | - names it Pennsylvania
- Quaker refuge - settlers include Germans |
early 1700s | Mennonite settlements in Pennsylvania | mostly Swiss and German religious dissenters |
1700 | colonial population estimates: |
- 275,000 in all colonies - 7,000 in Boston - 5,000 in New York City |
1718 | French establish New Orleans | receives migration from Canada and France |
1725 | black slave population: |
- starting w/ first importation of African slaves in 1619 (about 20) to Jamestown - by 1725 black slave population estimated at 75,000 |
1760 | colonial population estimate: | - total population est. at 1,600,000
- estimated 350,000 white migrants were indentured servants |
1790 | loyalist emigration from American colonies | the 1790 census showed emigration of
- 46,000 went to Canada - 10,000 who returned to England - 6,000 who went to the Caribbean (including Bahamas) |
Sources: |
Country | Immigrants before 1790 | Population 1790[1] |
---|---|---|
Africa[2] | 360,000 | 757,000 |
England* | 230,000 | 2,100,000 |
Ulster Scots-Irish* | 135,000 | 300,000 |
Germany[3] | 103,000 | 270,000 |
Scotland | 48,500 | 150,000 |
Ireland* | 8,000 | (Incl. in Scot-Irish) |
Netherlands | 6,000 | 100,000 |
Wales* | 4,000 | 10,000 |
France | 3,000 | 15,000 |
Jewish[4] | 1,000 | 2,000 |
Sweden | 1,000 | 6,000 |
Other[5] | 50,000 | 200,000 |
British total | 425,500 | 2,560,000 |
Total[6] | 950,000 | 3,900,000 |
Early British North American colonization[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
British colonial population growth
Migration Push / Pull factors
Joint Stock Company
Headright System
Indentured servants
Separatists (religious)
John Winthrop & "city upon a hill"
House of Burgesses
|
BIG IDEAS
British colonial population growth & demographics[edit | edit source]
Early British settlements of North America[edit | edit source]
Joint-stock company[edit | edit source]
Jamestown, 1607[edit | edit source]
General Assembly, 1619-1642[edit | edit source]
Council of State[edit | edit source]
House of Burgesses, 1642-1776[edit | edit source]
Virginia "tobacco economy"[edit | edit source]
Headright System/Headrights[edit | edit source]
Maryland[edit | edit source]
Rhode Island[edit | edit source]
>> notes / todo Rhode Island & religious freedom * 1636 Rhode Island passed acts to prohibit religious persecution of "non-Trinitarians" ** "Trinitarian" refers to believers of the "Holy Trinity", which is a core Catholic belief ** Rhode Island is considered the first government to separate "Church and State" * 1649 Maryland passed the Maryland Toleration Act to enforce religious tolerance for Catholics ("Trinitarians") ** the Rhode Island and Maryland laws explicitly protected only Christians *** after the English Restoration, Rhode Island welcomed Quakers, Jews and others seeking religious liberty Pennsylvania[edit | edit source]Quakers = "Religious Society of Friends"
Connecticut[edit | edit source]
Religious groups, movements[edit | edit source]
“IN THE NAME OF GOD, AMEN. We… Do by these Presents, solemnly and mutually, in the Presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid: And by Virtue hereof do enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions, and Officers, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general Good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due Submission and Obedience …”
click EXPAAND for Bradford's account of the cicada outbreak of 1633: "It is to be observed that, the spring before this sickness, there was a numerous company of Flies which were like for bigness unto wasps or Bumble-Bees; they came out of little holes in the ground, and did eat up the green things, and made such a constant yelling noise as made the woods ring of them, and ready to deafen the hearers; they were not any seen or heard by the English in this country before this time; but the Indians told them that sickness would follow, and so it did, very hot, in the months of June, July, and August of that summer."
| ||||
Southern colonial economies & demographics[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
---|---|---|
|
cash crops[edit | edit source]plantation economy[edit | edit source]coastal elites[edit | edit source]
backcountry farmers[edit | edit source]
Bacon's Rebellion[edit | edit source]slavery[edit | edit source]>> to do
|
BIG IDEAS
DETAILS
click EXPAND to read an analysis of Virginia social makeup under Berkeley's leadership: The society that bloomed in the Virginia tidewater during Berkeley’s decades in office reflected the social order, regional characteristics, and ecclesiastical convictions of the people who came. In fact, it reflected Sir William’s own view of the world and of the people who inhabited it. Though the Puritans hardly believed in a free society as we recognize it today, they were from the middling sort of society—craftsmen, tradesmen, and gentry—from a part of England with a tradition of local participatory government. The md women who immigrated to Virginia during the 1640s-60s came from opposite ends of the economic and social spectrum. From its first flourishing under Berkeley’s dynamic leadership to the end of its colonial existence in 1776, Virginia society was a culture of a sharp division between the haves and have-nots. After all, the very nature of a wealthy elite implies a mass of folk who are not. The vast majority of those who came to Virginia had Royalist and Anglican sympathies certainly (they were not welcome otherwise), but they were rural laborers of humble origins, generally illiterate and accustomed to a humble lot in life. While they dreamed of betterment in the New World, more than 75 percent of them arrived in Virginia as indentured servants. Two-thirds of those folk were unskilled agrarian workers. All the plantations springing up beside the rivers in the rich fertile delta of the Virginia tidewater required a labor force. As the Algonquian tribes being supplanted from eastern Virginia were unavailable for employment, that labor force had to be imported. The two decades from 1645 to 1665 saw the greatest influx of Royalist colonists, elite and lowly alike. They did not come to sample the pure air of egalitarian freedom promised by America’s founding documents a century and a quarter later. They expected to find, and accepted, the hierarchical English society that they left behind.
|
Colonial slavery[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
---|---|---|
|
subtitle[edit | edit source] |
BIG IDEAS DETAILS
slavery & slave culture
slave population & distribution
for Colonial populations, including slaves and free blacks see: https://web.viu.ca/davies/H320/population.colonies.htm ESTIMATED POPULATION OF AMERICAN COLONIES (viu.ca) |
New England colonial expansion[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events | |
---|---|---|---|
|
subtitle[edit | edit source] |
BIG IDEAS
DETAILS
>> see Taylor on 1/4th of Boston freeman had ownership of a ship |
central colonies[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
---|---|---|
|
subtitle[edit | edit source] |
BIG IDEAS DETAILS
|
Colonial wars[edit | edit source]
War Timeline | Colonial name | European name | Consequence | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1675-1763 |
"French & Indian Wars" include:
|
BIG IDEAS
| ||
1675–1678 | King Philip's War | n/a - independent of European conflicts or involvement |
| |
1688–1697 | King William's War |
|
| |
1702–1713 | Queen Anne's War | War of the Spanish Succession |
| |
1722–1725 | Dumner's War |
n/a - colonial war
|
|
|
1739 | War of Jenkin's Ear |
n/a - colonial conflict
|
| |
1744–1748 | King George's War | War of the Austrian Succession |
| |
1754–1763 | French-Indian War | Seven Years' War | to be discussed in subsequent timeline & concepts chart |
- ↑ Data From Ann Arbor, Michigan: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPS).
- ↑ Several West African regions were the home to most African immigrants. Population from U.S. 1790 Census.
- ↑ Germany in this time period consisted of a large number of separate countries, the largest of which was Prussia.
- ↑ Jewish settlers from several European countries.
- ↑ The Other category probably contains mostly English ancestry settlers; but the loss of several states' census records make better estimates difficult. The summaries of the 1790 and 1800 census from all states survived.
- ↑ Total represents total immigration over the approximately 130 year span of existence of the U.S. colonies as found in the 1790 census. At the time of the American Revolution, the foreign-born population was estimated to be from 300,000 to 400,000.