Pre-Columbian Americas: Difference between revisions

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See also: [[Prehispanic Mesoamerica]]
== pre-pottery Andean civilization ==
* also called "Archaic period"
* settlements on the west-slope of the Andes
* advantages of the location:
** changes in elevation within close proximity of the ocean
*** provided multiple ecological environments
*** variety of plants (each adapted to the different elevation)
*** access to the ocean, especially for fishing
* population growth along three river valleys
** Fortaleza, Pativilca, Caral-Supe rivers
 
=== Norte Chico civilization, 3500-1800 BC ===
 
=== City of Caral ===
{| border="1" align="right" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E8E8E8; font-size:90%;" cellpadding="5"
|+
City of Caral timeline
|-
| '''Period'''
| '''Stage'''
|-
| 2800 BC
| early settlement in Picu valley
|-
| 2600 BC
| rowspan="2" | First constructions
|-
| 2400 BC
|-
| 2200 BC
| rowspan="2" | Enlarged and reconstructed
|-
| 2000 BC
|-
| 1800 BC
| city abandoned
|-
|+ align="bottom" |source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caral
|}
[[File:PiramidesdeCaral.JPG|thumb|Pyramids at Caral-Supe]]
* the oldest city in the Americas is "Caral-Supe" or "Caral" in Peru
** "Caral" is the city
** "Supe" = the valley
* built approx. 3,000 BC
** contemporaneous (same time) with Ancient Egypt
* population was approx, 3,000
** other similar sites suggest overall regional population of up to 20,000
* consists of ceremonial, monumental and administrative buildings/ structures
* city layout shows signs of social classes
** large residential complexes near to ceremonial structures
** small rooms in other areas
* built pyramids
* created the pattern of urban design in the Andes through to the Inca
* shows no signs of warfare of defensive structures
 
==== Collapse ====
 
* earthquakes
* wind-blown sand and sediment from wind shift towards inland from the sea
** disrupted agriculture
** disrupted fisheries
 
== Amazon civilizations ==
Casarabe Culture, 500-1400 AD
 
* agriculture-based society in Amazon region of modern Bolivia (Llanos de Mojos) and southwestern Brazil
** watery-region
* created urban centers with elevated terraces, monumental buildings and pyramid-shaped mounds
* water control via canals, reservoirs, causeways and islands
* pimary cities: Landivar and Cotoca
 
see
 
* [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/lost-cities-of-the-amazon-discovered-from-the-air-180980142/ Lost Cities of the Amazon Discovered from the Air (Smithsonian)]
 
* [[wikipedia:Llanos_de_Moxos_(archaeology)|Llanos de Moxos (wikipedia)]]
 
== Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Americas==


* Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Americas per region:  
* Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Americas per region:  
** North America: no smelting
** North America: no smelting
*** copper readily available, malleable by hammering
*** copper readily available, malleable by hammering
*** iron ore used to make jewelry, simple tools  << confirm
**** easily exploitable in Great Lakes regions
**** but not applied to metallurgy
** South America developed smelting
** South America developed smelting
** Mesoamerica metallurgy via South American diffusion
** Mesoamerica metallurgy via South American diffusion
Line 36: Line 118:
*** planks not exploited for buildings / ships  
*** planks not exploited for buildings / ships  
****
****
[[Category:World History]]
== Writing in pre-Columbian Americas ==
* quipu
** see : [[wikipedia:Quipu|Quipu - Wikipedia]]
== Aztecs / Aztec Empire ==
engineering
writing system
=== vocabulary ===
* aqueducts
* canals
* chinampas
* dikes
* hieroglyphs
* obsidian
* quetzal
** tropical bird that Aztecs use for their feathers
* slash and burn agriculture
* tribute

Latest revision as of 22:54, 21 January 2023

See also: Prehispanic Mesoamerica

pre-pottery Andean civilization[edit | edit source]

  • also called "Archaic period"
  • settlements on the west-slope of the Andes
  • advantages of the location:
    • changes in elevation within close proximity of the ocean
      • provided multiple ecological environments
      • variety of plants (each adapted to the different elevation)
      • access to the ocean, especially for fishing
  • population growth along three river valleys
    • Fortaleza, Pativilca, Caral-Supe rivers

Norte Chico civilization, 3500-1800 BC[edit | edit source]

City of Caral[edit | edit source]

City of Caral timeline
Period Stage
2800 BC early settlement in Picu valley
2600 BC First constructions
2400 BC
2200 BC Enlarged and reconstructed
2000 BC
1800 BC city abandoned
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caral
Pyramids at Caral-Supe
  • the oldest city in the Americas is "Caral-Supe" or "Caral" in Peru
    • "Caral" is the city
    • "Supe" = the valley
  • built approx. 3,000 BC
    • contemporaneous (same time) with Ancient Egypt
  • population was approx, 3,000
    • other similar sites suggest overall regional population of up to 20,000
  • consists of ceremonial, monumental and administrative buildings/ structures
  • city layout shows signs of social classes
    • large residential complexes near to ceremonial structures
    • small rooms in other areas
  • built pyramids
  • created the pattern of urban design in the Andes through to the Inca
  • shows no signs of warfare of defensive structures

Collapse[edit | edit source]

  • earthquakes
  • wind-blown sand and sediment from wind shift towards inland from the sea
    • disrupted agriculture
    • disrupted fisheries

Amazon civilizations[edit | edit source]

Casarabe Culture, 500-1400 AD

  • agriculture-based society in Amazon region of modern Bolivia (Llanos de Mojos) and southwestern Brazil
    • watery-region
  • created urban centers with elevated terraces, monumental buildings and pyramid-shaped mounds
  • water control via canals, reservoirs, causeways and islands
  • pimary cities: Landivar and Cotoca

see

Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Americas[edit | edit source]

  • Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Americas per region:
    • North America: no smelting
      • copper readily available, malleable by hammering
      • iron ore used to make jewelry, simple tools << confirm
        • easily exploitable in Great Lakes regions
        • but not applied to metallurgy
    • South America developed smelting
    • Mesoamerica metallurgy via South American diffusion
  • see: Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America - Wikipedia
    • iron readily available
    • gold / silver / copper
      • gold hammered
      • tumbaga: copper-gold alloy
        • used for casting
    • gems used extensively / jade
    • obsidian used for edges/ knives/ cutting
      • ability to cut stone
      • but not wood
      • source: The Minerals of Pre-Columbian America | Rock & Gem Magazine (rockngem.com)
      • Andes region alloy use
        • tin used for specific but not general purposes >> "wirework bells"
          • tin deposits avail, not exploited
      • copper smelting in drafted furnaces
      • mercury
      • platinum developed in Andes region
        • copper, gold, silver alloys
        • technology adopted by Spanish
      • sinnabar
    • wood less useful
      • charcoal not developed
      • planks not exploited for buildings / ships

Writing in pre-Columbian Americas[edit | edit source]

Aztecs / Aztec Empire[edit | edit source]

engineering

writing system

vocabulary[edit | edit source]

  • aqueducts
  • canals
  • chinampas
  • dikes
  • hieroglyphs
  • obsidian
  • quetzal
    • tropical bird that Aztecs use for their feathers
  • slash and burn agriculture
  • tribute
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