Non-finite verbs & the "verbiness" of participles gerunds infinitives: Difference between revisions
(Created page with " '''Non-Finite Verbs & “Verbiness”''' '''Finite verb''' = action verb · has a subject '''Non-finite verb''' = verbs acting as adjective, adverb or noun · does not have a subject · also called “verbals” '''Participle''' = present continuous (-ing) or simple past (-ed) tense of a verb · ''can be a finite or non-finite verb'' '''Non-finite verb''' forms: · '''present participle''' = -''ing'' · =...") |
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'''Non-Finite Verbs & “Verbiness”''' | '''Non-Finite Verbs & “Verbiness”''' | ||
* click [https://school4schools.wiki/w/images/2/2c/Verbiness_of_participles_gerunds_infinitives.pdf here for pdf printout of this worksheet] | |||
'''Finite verb''' = action verb | '''Finite verb''' = action verb |
Revision as of 16:24, 1 December 2022
Non-Finite Verbs & “Verbiness”
Finite verb = action verb
· has a subject
Non-finite verb = verbs acting as adjective, adverb or noun
· does not have a subject
· also called “verbals”
Participle = present continuous (-ing) or simple past (-ed) tense of a verb
· can be a finite or non-finite verb
Non-finite verb forms:
· present participle = -ing
· = an adjective (“present participle adjective”)
· or a noun (“gerund”)
· past participle = -ed
· = an adjective (“past participle adjective”)
· infinitive = “to” form of a verb
· “infinitive” is from Latin for “indefinite” or “unrestricted” because the verb form is not tied to a specific case (person or number)
· can be an adjective, adverb or noun
Participles[edit | edit source]
Finite form | Non-finite forms: | |||
verb: | participle
(finite verb form) |
present participle
adjective |
gerund
(noun form) |
past participle
adjective |
boil | The water is boiling
The water boiled |
The boiling water is very hot | Boiling makes water very hot | Boiled water is very hot |
cook | Dad is cooking dinner
Dad cooked dinner |
Dinner cooking makes me happy | Cooking is fun | Cooked food is better for you than raw food |
finish | I am finishing my hw
I finished my hw |
Finishing is the hardest | I have my homework finished | |
smile | The boy is smiling
The boy smiled |
The smiling boy is happy | Smiling makes others happy | |
swim | The dog is swimming fast
The dog swam fast |
The swimming dog is getting there fast | The dog got there fast by swimming |
Infinitives[edit | edit source]
The infinitive expresses a state or result of action – not the action itself:
infinitive adjective | infinitive adverb | infinitive noun |
soup to boil completes dinner | it is good to boil water | to boil water makes it hot |
The best way to cook is baking | I am hoping to cool tomorrow | I learned how to cook fish |
I have homework to finish * | She works to advance her career | We want to go home |
* note how the adjective and adverb forms of “to finish” are essentially interchangeable |
Testing for participle adjective | Testing for participle noun (gerund) | Testing for infinitive modifier or noun |
if the sentence is grammatically correct and/or still makes sense, the participle is an adjective, as adjectives are not essential sentence elements | if the sentence is not grammatically correct and/or still makes sense, it is a noun, as nouns are essential sentence elements | if the sentence is not grammatically correct and/or still makes sense, it is a noun, as nouns are essential sentence elements; however, if it is still grammatically correct, then the infinitive is a modifier (adjective or adverb) |
Boiled water is hot.
remove the participle “boiled”: --> = a valid sentence <-- therefore “boiled” is an adjective |
Boiling water takes 5 minutes.
remove the participle “boiling”: --> = incoherent sentence <-- therefore “boiling” is a noun |
To boil water makes it hot.
remove the infinitive “to boil” --> T = incoherent sentence <-- therefore “to boil” is a noun or: I have homework to finish --> I have homework = valid sentence <-- therefore “to finish” is an adjective |
To test whether the participle or infinitive is an adjective/adverb or noun, remove it from the sentence, and see…
“Verbiness”[edit | edit source]
Participle adjectives, gerunds and infinitives retain their “verbiness”, or their indication of an action.
Just like finite verbs, non-finite verbs can have adverbs, objects, and prepositional phrases.
** they do not have subjects!! (if so, they’d become a finite-verb)
Let’s review those grammatical forms:
Adverb = usually describes a verb as to how, how much where, when, etc.
She runs fast
“fast” describes how she runs
Object = recipient of the action of a verb
direct object = what was acted on by the verb
I gave a book
= “book” is what I “gave”
indirect object = the recipient what was acted on by the verb
I gave her a book
= I gave a book “to her”
Prepositional phrase = a modifying phrase to describe another noun or verb
The keys are on the table by the door.
“on the table” and “by the door” are prepositional phrases
Non-finite verbs can be modified by all of these sentence parts.
Let’s see how:
Verbiness of Participle Adjectives:[edit | edit source]
- participle adjective indicating an action:
I prefer my food cooked
Running, I was still late.
- participle adjective with an adverb:
I prefer my food cooked thoroughly
· “thoroughly” modifies the “cooked” not the verb “prefer”
- participle adjective with an object:
Running home, I was still late
· “home” is the object of “running”, which describes “I was still late”
- participle adjective with prepositional phrase*:
Running to my house, I was still late
· “to my house” = prepositional phrase
Verbiness of Gerunds:[edit | edit source]
- gerund indicating an action:
Cooking takes practice
· “cooking” = subject (noun) but still indicates the action of “cook”
- gerund with an object:
Cooking food takes practice
· food = the object of "cooking"
· practice = the object of "takes"
- gerund with an adverb:
Cooking food well takes practice
Verbiness of Infinitives:[edit | edit source]
- infinitive as object:
I learned to build
· “to build” = direct object infinitive noun of “learned”
- infinitive with adverb:
I learned how to build
· “how” modifies the infinitive “to build” and not the verb “learned”
- infinitive w/ object:
I learned how to build a computer
· "computer" = the object of infinitive noun "to build" File:Verbiness of participles gerunds infinitives.pdf