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Forms of government: Difference between revisions
→Absolute monarchy in Europe
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[[category: Social Studies Skills]] | [[category: Social Studies Skills]] | ||
=== [[Distribution of Power]] === | === [[Distribution of Power|Distribution of power]] === | ||
* open v. closed societies | * open v. closed societies | ||
* | * centralized v. decentralized government | ||
* relevant vocabulary includes: | |||
** authority | |||
** autonomy | |||
** extents v. limits of power/authority | |||
** legitimacy | |||
** mandate/s | |||
** overlapping authorities | |||
questions to ask about "distribution of power" | questions to ask about "distribution of power" | ||
> do you have to share power? / decision making/ | > do you have to share power? / decision making/ | ||
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> how do you maintain legitimacy? | > how do you maintain legitimacy? | ||
== State == | |||
* a "state" is an independent political entity | |||
* | ** a nation or country that exercises its own authority and sovereignty | ||
* note that US (American) "states" share power with the central government | |||
** the U.S. Constitution combines them into a single nation through a system of shared powers | |||
== Greek | == Basic forms of government == | ||
* tribal | |||
** population 10-100 people | |||
** communal authority | |||
*chiefdom | |||
**population: 50-1,0000+ | |||
**centralized authority | |||
*state | |||
**population: 1,000-+ | |||
**centralized authority | |||
adapted from Jared Diamond's "Guns, Germs & Steel," p. << to do chart | |||
== Greek terms for forms of government == | |||
note the hierarchy here from elite / centralized to democratic /popular rule | note the hierarchy here from elite / centralized to democratic /popular rule | ||
* monarchy | * monarchy | ||
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** rule by one but not a monarch | ** rule by one but not a monarch | ||
** power seized not inherited | ** power seized not inherited | ||
* thalassocracy | |||
** rule by maritime empire | |||
** from Greek ''thalla'' for "sea" | |||
* republic | * republic | ||
** "res publica" = for the people | ** "res publica" = for the people | ||
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* Corporatocracy = rule by corporations | * Corporatocracy = rule by corporations | ||
* Idiocracy = rule by idiots | * Idiocracy = rule by idiots | ||
* hydraulic empire = rule by controlling water supply | |||
* | |||
== Modern terms for forms of government == | |||
* authoritative | |||
* democracy | |||
* fascism | |||
* laissez-faire | |||
* mixed | |||
* regulatory state | |||
* republic | |||
* totalitarianism | |||
=== authoritarian state === | |||
* authority through state apparatus (elements), including | |||
** bureaucracy | |||
** judicial system controlled by central authority | |||
** military | |||
** police / secret police | |||
** state-owned media | |||
* authoritarian states frequently pretend to employ democratic structures | |||
** but those institutions are centrally and not popularly (the people) controlled | |||
=== fascist state / fascism === | |||
* from the Roman symbol of authority based upon a "fasces" | |||
** which is a bundle of sticks, i.e., they are stronger when together, break easily when separated | |||
** the "fasces" is a common emblem across history and types of government | |||
*** including in the U.S. in order to symbolize strength through unity | |||
* fascism as a political system was created by Italy under Mussolini and Germany under Hitler in the 1920s/1930s | |||
* fascism uses authoritarian and totalitarian methods and structures | |||
** it is basically the same thing | |||
** however, some political scientists distinguish fascism by use of "charismatic" leadership | |||
*** = the power is built upon leaders who make popular appeals to the people for their support | |||
*** that is, the people support the fascist government | |||
*** charismatic leadership is referred to in fascism as "cult of personality" | |||
=== totalitarian state === | |||
* same as "authoritarian" except the totalitarian state abolishes all pretense (pretending) of democracy | |||
** i.e., the people have no representative institutions | |||
** as opposed to authoritarian states that pretend to maintain democratic institutions | |||
== Monarchy == | == Monarchy == | ||
== Absolute monarchy in Europe == | === Absolute monarchy in Europe === | ||
* as states were formed in Europe at the end of the feudal period (see [[Feudalism]] entry) | * as states were formed in Europe at the end of the feudal period (see [[Feudalism]] entry) | ||
** monarchs who had governed through alliances and confederations with local or lesser princes or lords | ** monarchs who had governed through alliances and confederations with local or lesser princes or lords | ||
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** example, in the Republic of Poland, the king was elected by and subject to the local lords | ** example, in the Republic of Poland, the king was elected by and subject to the local lords | ||
=== Louis XIV === | ==== Louis XIV ==== | ||
* "l'etat c'est moi" = "I am the state" | * "l'etat c'est moi" = "I am the state" | ||
* "Versailles" | * "Versailles" | ||
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** Louis XIV was purported to have said this when he stepped out of his palace door and his carriage was only just then arriving | ** Louis XIV was purported to have said this when he stepped out of his palace door and his carriage was only just then arriving | ||
** i.e., that he "almost" had to wait was an affront (insult) to him | ** i.e., that he "almost" had to wait was an affront (insult) to him | ||
* see this page for more on [[History of France|the history of France and Louis XIV]] | |||
=== Henry VIII England === | ==== Henry VIII England ==== | ||
> declared himself head of the Church of England | > declared himself head of the Church of England | ||
>> transposes himself for the pope | >> transposes himself for the pope | ||
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> taking church property | > taking church property | ||
=== other | === other European absolute monarchs === | ||
* Peter the Great of Russia | * Peter the Great of Russia | ||
* Frederick the Great of Prussia (Germany) | * Frederick the Great of Prussia (Germany) | ||
=== why / how | === Monarchy problems to consider === | ||
* why / how does an absolute monarch lose power? | |||
* loses legitimacy via: | |||
** raise taxes to pay for excesses or war | |||
>> allows dissent, allows debate... shares power w/ the king | ** deliberate devaluation of currency (causing inflation) | ||
** don't allow dissent | |||
** can't force agreement | |||
** neglect or divert resources from public work | |||
* in Europe | |||
* the solution is parliaments >> allows dissent, allows debate... shares power w/ the king | |||
== Thalassocracy == | |||
* also known as | |||
** "maritime empire | |||
** naval supremacy | |||
** "stato de mar" | |||
* poet Ralph Waldo Emerson observed that<pre> | |||
The most advanced nations are always those who navigate the most. | |||
</pre> | |||
=== Ancient thalassocracies === | |||
* Phoenician states, 6th-2nd century B.C. | |||
*[[File:Phoenician trade routes (eng).svg|thumb|Major Phoenician trade networks (c. 1200–800 BC)]] | |||
** Tyre & Sidon (in The [[The Levant|Levant]]), Carthage | |||
* Athenian Empire, Aegean Sea, 5th to 4th centuries BC | |||
* Chola dynasty of Tamil (southern) India, 4th century BC | |||
=== Medieval thalassocracies === | |||
* Medieval Cholas, 9th-13th centuries AD | |||
* Srivijaya in Sumatra (modern Indonesia), Buddhist 7th to 12 centuries, AD | |||
* Majapahit, Hindu-Buddhist trade/ maritime empire , Southeast Asia, 13th to 15th centuries | |||
=== Italian late middle ages thalossocracies === | |||
* Italian maritime / merchant states: | |||
** Genoa | |||
** Venice, 13th to 15th centuries AD, maintained shipyards ("[[wikipedia:Venetian_navy|Arsenal]]") across trade destinations across the Mediterranean and Black seas | |||
=== Age of Discovery thalassocracies === | |||
* European trade/ maritime empires (in order of prominence) | |||
** Portuguese Empire | |||
** Spanish Empire | |||
** Dutch Empire | |||
=== Early modern thalassocracies === | |||
** British empire | |||
* Omani Empire, Muslim trade/ maritime empire of eastern Arabian peninsula and East Africa, 18th and 19th centuries AD | |||
[[Category:World History]] | |||