Grammar: Difference between revisions
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[[category:Language Arts]] | [[category:Language Arts]] | ||
[[category:SAT Verbal]] | [[category:SAT Verbal]] | ||
* Note on abbreviations | |||
** IC = "independent clause" | |||
** DC = "dependent clause" | |||
** SV = "subject + verb" | |||
** SVO = "subject + verb + object" | |||
** CB = College Board | |||
*** all practice tests referenced or excerpted here are from the [[https://collegereadiness.collegeboard.org/sat/practice/full-length-practice-tests College Board Official Practice Test Suite]] | |||
== clause == | == clause == |
Revision as of 17:59, 25 April 2021
Grammar
- Note: "punctuation" is a sub-category of "grammar" <<tbd structure for separate punctuation entry or not
See
- List of word parts of speech & their grammar rules for list of commonly used words, their parts of speech categories, and the rules governing their use
- Parts of Speech for grammar and usage rules on word categories
- Punctuation
- SAT Writing
- Note on abbreviations
- IC = "independent clause"
- DC = "dependent clause"
- SV = "subject + verb"
- SVO = "subject + verb + object"
- CB = College Board
- all practice tests referenced or excerpted here are from the [College Board Official Practice Test Suite]
clause[edit | edit source]
see SAT Writing >> to combine w/ SAT Writing entry
dependent clause[edit | edit source]
dominant clause[edit | edit source]
independent clause[edit | edit source]
subordinate clause[edit | edit source]
- Sources:
- [Clauses - Restrictive and Nonrestrictive (kentlaw.edu)
- this source is interesting as it addresses precision in language in terms of court cases and the law
- [Clauses - Restrictive and Nonrestrictive (kentlaw.edu)
Grammar lesson plans[edit | edit source]
- Understanding sentence cores & how to build out ideas into complex sentences
- students are to write a series of three or four simple statements of fact.
- such as,
- I like dogs.
- I have a dog.
- My dog's name is Dudu.
- Dudu is fun to play with.
- students are then to combine these thoughts two at a time by employing sentence parts such as pronouns, conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions, such as:
- "Since I like dogs, I have one."
- "My dog's name is Dudu, and she is fun to play with"
- then combine those sentences/ ideas into a single, complex sentence:
- Since I like dogs, I have one named Dudu who is fun to play with"
- such as,
- students are to write a series of three or four simple statements of fact.
- Language and the law:
- Create courtroom scenario in which precision or imprecision in words, syntax, and grammar would change the outcome of the case
- such as the classic example of leading a witness, "Did you see the glass?" (as opposed to, "Did you see any glass?")
- Legal Writing Teaching Assistant: The Law Student's Guide to Good Writing (kentlaw.edu) from Chicago-Kent College of Law, by Prof. Marc Grinker
- Prof. Grinker reviews grammar and writing from a legal perspective
- offers examples of the need for precision in language and downfalls of poor usage and incorrect grammar
complement or requisite phrase[edit | edit source]
- a word, phrase or clause that is necessary, or required, to complete an idea or sentence
- complements are not separated from the main clause by punctuation
conjunction[edit | edit source]
- conjunctions combine or coordinate words and phrases (clauses)
- see parts of speech
Alphab. list | FANBOYS list | |
---|---|---|
and | F | for |
but | A | and |
for | N | nor |
or | B | but |
nor | O | or |
so | Y | yet |
yet | S | so |
coordinating conjunctions[edit | edit source]
- = combine independent clauses (clauses that can stand as sentences on their own)
subordinating conjunctions[edit | edit source]
- = conjunctions that "subordinate" or turn an independent clause into a subordinate clause, i.e., a sentence that cannot stand on its own
- = create a need for additional information and sets up or adds to the information that follows in the dominant or main clause
- ex.: "The dog played with his toy every day until it wore out" can be phrased using a subordinating conjunction, as per:
- "Until it wore out, the dog played with his toy every day."
- "Until it wore out" is not a complete sentence or thought
Click EXPAND for partial list of subordinating conjunctions
after | although | as | as if | as long as |
as much as | as soon as | as though | because | before |
even | even if | even though | if | if only |
if then | if when | inasmuch | just as | lest |
now | now that | now when | once | provided |
provided that | rather than | since | so that | supposing |
than | that | though | till | unless |
until | when | whenever | where | whereas |
where if | wherever | whether | which | while |
who | whoever | why |
Introductory clauses & phrases[edit | edit source]
introductory clause[edit | edit source]
- provides information or context to set up a dominant clause
- = a dependent clause (does not stand as a complete sentence)
- usually begin with a subordinating conjunction
- ex. "If you want to do well on the test, use the study guide"
introductory phrase[edit | edit source]
Modifiers, qualifiers & intensifiers[edit | edit source]
Modifiers[edit | edit source]
- modifiers change or add or "modify" the meaning of a word or sentence
- modifiers provide or extent additional meaning to the reader
- types of modifiers
- adjectives
- prepositions
- prepositional phrases
- adverbs
- verbs as modifiers
- participle phrase
- other
- adjective clause
- infinitive phrase
- adverbial clause
- absolute phrase
- Nouns as modifiers
Qualifiers[edit | edit source]
- qualifiers limit, or "qualify," the meaning of a word
- types of qualifiers:
>> to do
Intensifiers[edit | edit source]
- enhance or strengthen the meaning of a word
- (opposite of qualifiers which limit the meaning of a word)
- intensifiers are adverbs (which modify verbs and adjectives), such as "he ran very fast" or "he was very late"
- intensifiers can also act as adjectives in order to intensify an noun,
- as in "a total lie"
- types of intensifiers:
- positive intensifiers:
- very, extremely, absolutely, greatly, totally, highly, particularly, seriously, etc.
- negative intensifiers:
- never, at all, dangerously, never, etc.
- intensifiers that can be both positive or negative:
- awfully, completely
- positive intensifiers:
Sources for modifiers, qualifiers & intensifiers
- Modifiers (Walden.edu)]
- Modifiers Intensifiers, Qualifiers (My English Teacher)]
- [Intensifiers (Britishcouncil.org)]
- [Intensifier (Grammar-Monster.com)]
- for Parts of Speech entry on "Very" (s4s wiki)
Sentence Diagramming[edit | edit source]
- diagraming sentences means identifying every part of speech of the words in a sentence
- See Parts of Speech
- see Using Nouns and Noun Phrases as Object Complements