US History timeline & concept chart: 1789-1860 Early Republic to Antebellum: Difference between revisions

* 1800: Washington, D.C. opened

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* Whiskey Act extremely unpopular  

* pro-British or pro-French sentiments

* warned against political parties  

* avoided war with France

* marked by severe political partisanship  

* Alien & Sedition Acts

* restricted naturalization (citizenship)

* criminalized "false statements"

* state legislatures declared Alien & Sedition Acts unconstitutional  

* states rights & "strict construction" of Constitution

* avoidance of war with France over the '''XYZ Affair''' & naval clashes w/ French ships

'''DETAILS'''

* the reluctant President

click EXPAND for excerpt from Washington expressing his reluctance to become president

** Washington reluctantly signed the bill following Hamilton's advice

* location was disputed

** deal made for Maryland-Virginia border in exchange for assuming national debt

* territory ceded by Virginian and Maryland

* argued for federal support of domestic industry, including

** protective tariffs

** federal investment in transportation infrastructure

** laid basis for basic political/ ideological split  

* Founders used the term "faction"  

* Federalists:  

*** anti-national bank, states’ rights, interpret constitution strictly, pro farming, pro-French

** “necessary and proper” = implied powers required to enforce enumerated powers

* Americans were largely sympathetic with French Revolution (1789-1799)

** especially as anti-British

* various wars and clashes between European alliances centered around Britain and France

* French government sent Edmond-Charles Genêt to the U.S. to  

** build support for its cause  

** issued the '''Proclamation of Neutrality''' on April 22, 1793 stating the America was neutral in the French / British conflict  

* Secretary of State John Jay negotiated a treaty with England that:

** ensured US neutrality in British-French wars

*** = establishing "'''executive privilege'''"

* formal name: "Treaty of San Lorenzo"  

* agreement w/ Spain provided

** promise from Spain to help stop Indian attacks on US settlers  

* = important example of a leader stepping down from power and supporting a peaceful transfer of power  

* sets precedent for two-term limit for presidents

<pre>The unity of government which constitutes you one people is also now dear to you. It is justly so; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence, the support of your tranquility at home, your peace abroad, of your safety, of your prosperity, of that very liberty which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee that, from different causes and from different quarters, much pains will be taken, many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth; as this is the point in your political fortress against which the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most constantly and actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed, it is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of your national Union to your collective and individual happiness; that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to it; accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety and prosperity; watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion that it can in any event be abandoned; and indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various parts</pre> (for full text see [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Washington%27s_Farewell_Address Washington's Farewell Address (wikisource)]

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* Adams unpopular but firm

* marked by political bitterness

** Americans/ parties split on allegiance to Britain or France of European wars

* naval clashes w/ French privateers (private ships given permission to attack others) & American merchant ships

** mostly in Caribbean and Atlantic coast

* Congress established the U.S. Navy and authorized use of force against French vessels

* US diplomats sent to France over Quasi-War

** three French officials demanded a bribe from them

* turned American public against France

* Adams and congressional allies attempted to outlaw dissent  

* congress dominated by Federalists

* unpopularity leads to Democrat-Republican wins in 1800 elections

* state legislatures "nullified" Alien & Sedition Acts

** = declared them unconstitutional

** statement of southern states rights ideology

* as US prepared for the Quasi-War with France

** Congress imposed a "direct tax" upon all of the states

*** Adams granted amnesty to them in 1800

* "Federal City" opened  

* capitol moved from New York

* initial population was 14,093

* after election of 1800

* last minute appointments by Adams for 60 federal positions at end of his administration to fill offices with loyalists/federalists

** in 1801 Marbury sued the government under grounds that he had been duly appointed

Leads to the "landmark" case, '''Marbury v. Madison''' that established '''judicial review''' (see below)

Other concepts & terms:  

* Vermont (territory ceded by New York) 1791

* Kentucky (“western”), 1792

[[File:Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png|thumb|Northwest-territory-usa-1787|alt=Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png]]

* in 1878 the Continental Congress organized land ceded by England north of the Ohio River to the Great Lakes into a "territory"  

** '''Treaty of Greenville''' (1795) with the Western Confederacy, Native American Tribes led by the Delaware (tribe), formally opened the Territory to settlement

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