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Parts of speech: Difference between revisions

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*** see participle for the -ing form of a verb that acts as an adjective or a noun (called a gerund)
*** see participle for the -ing form of a verb that acts as an adjective or a noun (called a gerund)
** note that present progressive verb forms are frequently used to combine sentences or independent clauses
** note that present progressive verb forms are frequently used to combine sentences or independent clauses
** click EXPAND to see examples of present progressive verbs used to combine independent clauses
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
* ex. "I went to see the sequel, and I hoped it would be as good as the first
* ex. "I went to see the sequel, and I hoped it would be as good as the first
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*** thus it is a dependent or subordinate clause
*** thus it is a dependent or subordinate clause
</div>
</div>
* '''click EXPAND to see examples of present progressive verbs used to combine independent clauses
* see also:
* see also:
** [[https://www.thoughtco.com/present-participles-vs-present-progressives-1689701 present participles vs present progressives (thoughtco.com]]
** [[https://www.thoughtco.com/present-participles-vs-present-progressives-1689701 present participles vs present progressives (thoughtco.com]]
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*** "I ate before they showed up"
*** "I ate before they showed up"
*** "I played soccer yesterday"
*** "I played soccer yesterday"
*** "I lived in Spain."
*** "I lived in Brazil"
</div>
</div>
* '''past progressive'''  
* '''past progressive'''  
** actions that were ongoing at some point in the past or that were repeated in the past
** actions that were ongoing at some point in the past or that were repeated in the past
** uses the -ing form of a verb
** uses the -ing form of a verb
* * click Expand for past progressive examples:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> past progressive examples:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> past progressive examples:
*** "I was eating when they showed up"
*** "I was eating when they showed up"
*** "I was playing soccer all last year"
*** "I was playing soccer all last year"
*** "I was living in Spain"
*** "I was living in Brazil"
</div>
* '''past perfect'''
* '''past perfect'''
* an action that happened before something else happened (both in the past)
* an action that happened before something else happened (both in the past)
* uses "had" to show the earlier event
* uses "had" to show the earlier event
** and compares it to another even with "before", "because" or "by the time", etc.  
** and compares it to another even with "before", "because" or "by the time", etc.  
* click Expand for past perfect examples:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
** "I had already eaten when they showed up"
** "I had already eaten when they showed up"
** "I had played soccer long before I learned rugby"
** "I had played soccer long before I learned rugby"
** "Because I had lived in Spain, I already knew some Spanish"
** "Because I had lived in Brazil, I already knew some Spanish"
 
</div>
=== future tense forms ===
=== future tense forms ===
* '''future simple'''
* '''future simple'''
** an action that will take place in the future, usually with "will"  
** an action that will take place in the future, usually with "will"  
* click Expand for future simple examples:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
*** "I will eat after they show up"
*** "I will eat after they show up"
*** I will play soccer tomorrow"
*** I will play soccer tomorrow"
*** I will live in Spain next year"
*** I will live in Brazil next year"
** future simple also indicates a promise to do something in the future
** future simple also indicates a promise to do something in the future
*** "I will play harder next time"
*** "I will play harder next time"
</div>
* '''future progressive'''
* '''future progressive'''
** an action that will be ongoing in the future, usually with "will" and "-ing"  
** an action that will be ongoing in the future, usually with "will" and "-ing"  
** usually
* click Expand for future progressive examples:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
*** "I will be eating with them when they show up"
*** "I will be eating with them when they show up"
*** "I will be playing soccer again after my ankle heals"
*** "I will be playing soccer again after my ankle heals"
*** "I will be living in Spain all next year"
*** "I will be living in Brazil all next year"
</div>
* '''future perfect'''
* '''future perfect'''
** an action that will happen before something else, usually with "will have"
** an action that will happen before something else, usually with "will have"
** future perfect combines the future "will" with a past tense verb form
** future perfect combines the future "will" with a past tense verb form
*** "I will have eaten before they show up"
*** "I will have played much better by the time we got to the playoffs"
*** "I will have lived in Spain by the end of next summer"
** future perfect also indicates an ongoing future state or condition  
** future perfect also indicates an ongoing future state or condition  
*** "If they show up late, I will have been eating already."
* click Expand for future perfect examples:
*** "By next year, I will have played soccer for 12 years"
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
*** "I will have lived in Spain a full year as of next week"
* "I will have eaten before they show up"
* '''future '''
* "I will have played much better by the time we got to the playoffs"
**  
* "I will have lived in Brazil  by the end of next summer"
 
** or
* "If they show up late, I will have been eating already."
* "By next year, I will have played soccer for 12 years"
* "I will have lived in Brazil a full year as of next week"
</div>
* '''future perfect progressive'''
** an action that will be going on until something else happens
** uses the "will have been" and -ing form of the verb
* click Expand for future perfect progressive examples:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
* "I will have been eating by the time they show up"
* "By the end of the season, I will have been playing better"
* "By next week, I will have been living in Brazil a full year"
</div>


=== participles and gerunds ===
=== participles and gerunds ===
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** gerund
** gerund
*** verb form using -ing that acts as a noun
*** verb form using -ing that acts as a noun
* click on EXPAND for more explanation and examples of participles and gerunds
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">  
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">  
* '''present participle'''
* '''present participle'''
** uses the -ing form of a verb as an adjective
** uses the -ing form of a verb as an adjective
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> present participles as adjectives examples:
* click EXPAND to see examples of present participles
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
** "The boiling water is hot" (describes the water)
** "The boiling water is hot" (describes the water)
** "This trip is exciting" (modifies or describes the trip)
** "This trip is exciting" (modifies or describes the trip)
** "The directions are confusing" (modifies the directions)
** "The directions are confusing" (modifies the directions)
</div>
</div>
'''Click EXPAND to see examples of present participles'''
* '''past participle'''
* '''past participle'''
** verbs in the past tense used as an adjective
** verbs in the past tense used as an adjective
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** typically are -ed -en and -t forms
** typically are -ed -en and -t forms
** includes irregular verbs in the past tense, such as "to be" "to go" etc.  
** includes irregular verbs in the past tense, such as "to be" "to go" etc.  
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> past participles as adjectives examples:
* click on EXPAND for past participles as adjectives examples:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">  
** "Boiled water is sanitized" ("boiled" and "sanitized" describe the water)
** "Boiled water is sanitized" ("boiled" and "sanitized" describe the water)
** "The glass was broken when I found it" ("was broken" describes the glass)
** "The glass was broken when I found it" ("was broken" describes the glass)
** "The cut flowers are pretty" ("cut -
** "The cut flowers are pretty" ("cut -
</div>
</div>
'''Click EXPAND to see examples of past participles'''
* '''gerunds'''
* '''gerunds'''
** verbs that act as nouns
** verbs that act as nouns
** use the -ing form of the verb
** use the -ing form of the verb
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> gerund (participles as nouns) examples:
* click on EXPAND for gerund (participles as nouns) examples:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
** "to swim" + -ing = "swimming" = a noun for the act of swimming
** "to swim" + -ing = "swimming" = a noun for the act of swimming
** "Swimming is fun"
** "Swimming is fun"
** "Boiling water sanitizes it" ("boiling" is an act, therefore a noun, from the verb "to boil")
** "Boiling water sanitizes it" ("boiling" is an act, therefore a noun, from the verb "to boil")
</div>
</div>
'''Click EXPAND to see examples of gerunds'''
*** Note: gerunds are often interchangeable with infinitives
*** Note:  
**** "I hate doing math" versus "I hate to do math"
**** gerunds are often interchangeable with infinitives
***** "I hate doing math" versus "I hate to do math"
**** however, note that gerunds and infinitives may act differently in terms of the object of the sentence
**** however, note that gerunds and infinitives may act differently in terms of the object of the sentence
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> how gerunds and infinitives change the meaning of a sentence:
* click on EXPAND for how gerunds and infinitives change the meaning of a sentence using College Board Writing practice test 6 question 21:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">  
''"Burland advocated using soil extraction:"''
''"Burland advocated using soil extraction:"''
* A) NO CHANGE
* A) NO CHANGE
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* A) NO CHANGE is correct because it is the object of the sentence, "soil extraction," that Burland advocates, not the action of its use (to use")
* A) NO CHANGE is correct because it is the object of the sentence, "soil extraction," that Burland advocates, not the action of its use (to use")
</div>  
</div>  
* '''Click EXPAND to see an example from College Board Practice Test 6, Writing Q21'''
* See
* See
** [https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/verbforms Grammar: Verb Forms: "-ing," Infinitives, and Past Participles (Walden Univ)]
** [https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/verbforms Grammar: Verb Forms: "-ing," Infinitives, and Past Participles (Walden Univ)]
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** [https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/participles.htm Grammar-Monster.com participles]
** [https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/participles.htm Grammar-Monster.com participles]
</div>
</div>
* '''Click EXPAND to see participles definitions and types


== conjugations ==
== conjugations ==
* students of Latin, Spanish or French verb conjugations while not learning about them in English
* English has conjugations, just like many other languages
** however, the conjugations in English do not vary as much
* conjugations work by changing the verb suffix or form to match subject case
>> to chart out comparison of Latin, Spanish, French and English cases << to do
* see
* see
** [https://www.verbto.com/ Verb conjugations]
** [https://www.verbto.com/ Verb conjugations]


== adverbs ==
== adverbs ==
* modify verbs


== adjectives ==
== adjectives ==
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== articles ==
== articles ==
* definite
* definite article:
** the
** the
** refers to a specific noun, usually already stated or defined
** refers to a specific noun, usually already stated or defined
* indefinite
* indefinite article:
* a or an
* a or an
** refers to a general noun, usually not already stated or defined
** refers to a general noun, usually not already stated or defined
** indefinite articles are not used to refer to a general noun or one that cannot be counteed
** indefinite articles are not used to refer to a general noun or one that cannot be counted
* click on EXPAND to see examples of articles:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
*** ex. "water" cannot be counted, so "a water" is incorrect
*** ex. "water" cannot be counted, so "a water" is incorrect
**** "may I have a water" should be instead "may I have some water"
**** "may I have a water" should be instead "may I have some water"
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*** ex.
*** ex.
**** "They went on vacation" as opposed to "they went on a vacation "
**** "They went on vacation" as opposed to "they went on a vacation "
</div>
* see
* see
** [https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/grammar/using_articles.html Purdue OWN Using Articles}
** [https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/grammar/using_articles.html Purdue OWN Using Articles}
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== prepositions ==
== prepositions ==
* express relationship in time, place, or sequence
* express relationship in time, place, or sequence
* prepositions add information to a sentence
* prepositions are dependent clauses, so are separated from a main or dominant clause by a comma


== interjections ==
== interjections ==
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== Categories ==
== Categories ==
* [[Grammar]]
* [[Category:Grammar]]
* [[Word Parts of Speech & Grammar Rules]]
* [[Category:Word Parts of Speech & Grammar Rules]]