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*** see participle for the -ing form of a verb that acts as an adjective or a noun (called a gerund) | *** see participle for the -ing form of a verb that acts as an adjective or a noun (called a gerund) | ||
** note that present progressive verb forms are frequently used to combine sentences or independent clauses | ** note that present progressive verb forms are frequently used to combine sentences or independent clauses | ||
** click EXPAND to see examples of present progressive verbs used to combine independent clauses | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
* ex. "I went to see the sequel, and I hoped it would be as good as the first | * ex. "I went to see the sequel, and I hoped it would be as good as the first | ||
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*** thus it is a dependent or subordinate clause | *** thus it is a dependent or subordinate clause | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
* see also: | * see also: | ||
** [[https://www.thoughtco.com/present-participles-vs-present-progressives-1689701 present participles vs present progressives (thoughtco.com]] | ** [[https://www.thoughtco.com/present-participles-vs-present-progressives-1689701 present participles vs present progressives (thoughtco.com]] | ||
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*** "I ate before they showed up" | *** "I ate before they showed up" | ||
*** "I played soccer yesterday" | *** "I played soccer yesterday" | ||
*** "I lived in | *** "I lived in Brazil" | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
* '''past progressive''' | * '''past progressive''' | ||
** actions that were ongoing at some point in the past or that were repeated in the past | ** actions that were ongoing at some point in the past or that were repeated in the past | ||
** uses the -ing form of a verb | ** uses the -ing form of a verb | ||
* * click Expand for past progressive examples: | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> past progressive examples: | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> past progressive examples: | ||
*** "I was eating when they showed up" | *** "I was eating when they showed up" | ||
*** "I was playing soccer all last year" | *** "I was playing soccer all last year" | ||
*** "I was living in | *** "I was living in Brazil" | ||
</div> | |||
* '''past perfect''' | * '''past perfect''' | ||
* an action that happened before something else happened (both in the past) | * an action that happened before something else happened (both in the past) | ||
* uses "had" to show the earlier event | * uses "had" to show the earlier event | ||
** and compares it to another even with "before", "because" or "by the time", etc. | ** and compares it to another even with "before", "because" or "by the time", etc. | ||
* click Expand for past perfect examples: | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
** "I had already eaten when they showed up" | ** "I had already eaten when they showed up" | ||
** "I had played soccer long before I learned rugby" | ** "I had played soccer long before I learned rugby" | ||
** "Because I had lived in | ** "Because I had lived in Brazil, I already knew some Spanish" | ||
</div> | |||
=== future tense forms === | === future tense forms === | ||
* '''future simple''' | * '''future simple''' | ||
** an action that will take place in the future, usually with "will" | ** an action that will take place in the future, usually with "will" | ||
* click Expand for future simple examples: | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
*** "I will eat after they show up" | *** "I will eat after they show up" | ||
*** I will play soccer tomorrow" | *** I will play soccer tomorrow" | ||
*** I will live in | *** I will live in Brazil next year" | ||
** future simple also indicates a promise to do something in the future | ** future simple also indicates a promise to do something in the future | ||
*** "I will play harder next time" | *** "I will play harder next time" | ||
</div> | |||
* '''future progressive''' | * '''future progressive''' | ||
** an action that will be ongoing in the future, usually with "will" and "-ing" | ** an action that will be ongoing in the future, usually with "will" and "-ing" | ||
* | * click Expand for future progressive examples: | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
*** "I will be eating with them when they show up" | *** "I will be eating with them when they show up" | ||
*** "I will be playing soccer again after my ankle heals" | *** "I will be playing soccer again after my ankle heals" | ||
*** "I will be living in | *** "I will be living in Brazil all next year" | ||
</div> | |||
* '''future perfect''' | * '''future perfect''' | ||
** an action that will happen before something else, usually with "will have" | ** an action that will happen before something else, usually with "will have" | ||
** future perfect combines the future "will" with a past tense verb form | ** future perfect combines the future "will" with a past tense verb form | ||
** future perfect also indicates an ongoing future state or condition | ** future perfect also indicates an ongoing future state or condition | ||
*** "If they show up late, I will have been eating already." | * click Expand for future perfect examples: | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
* "I will have eaten before they show up" | |||
* '''future ''' | * "I will have played much better by the time we got to the playoffs" | ||
** | * "I will have lived in Brazil by the end of next summer" | ||
** or | |||
* "If they show up late, I will have been eating already." | |||
* "By next year, I will have played soccer for 12 years" | |||
* "I will have lived in Brazil a full year as of next week" | |||
</div> | |||
* '''future perfect progressive''' | |||
** an action that will be going on until something else happens | |||
** uses the "will have been" and -ing form of the verb | |||
* click Expand for future perfect progressive examples: | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
* "I will have been eating by the time they show up" | |||
* "By the end of the season, I will have been playing better" | |||
* "By next week, I will have been living in Brazil a full year" | |||
</div> | |||
=== participles and gerunds === | === participles and gerunds === | ||
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** gerund | ** gerund | ||
*** verb form using -ing that acts as a noun | *** verb form using -ing that acts as a noun | ||
* click on EXPAND for more explanation and examples of participles and gerunds | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
* '''present participle''' | * '''present participle''' | ||
** uses the -ing form of a verb as an adjective | ** uses the -ing form of a verb as an adjective | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | * click EXPAND to see examples of present participles | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
** "The boiling water is hot" (describes the water) | ** "The boiling water is hot" (describes the water) | ||
** "This trip is exciting" (modifies or describes the trip) | ** "This trip is exciting" (modifies or describes the trip) | ||
** "The directions are confusing" (modifies the directions) | ** "The directions are confusing" (modifies the directions) | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
* '''past participle''' | * '''past participle''' | ||
** verbs in the past tense used as an adjective | ** verbs in the past tense used as an adjective | ||
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** typically are -ed -en and -t forms | ** typically are -ed -en and -t forms | ||
** includes irregular verbs in the past tense, such as "to be" "to go" etc. | ** includes irregular verbs in the past tense, such as "to be" "to go" etc. | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | * click on EXPAND for past participles as adjectives examples: | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
** "Boiled water is sanitized" ("boiled" and "sanitized" describe the water) | ** "Boiled water is sanitized" ("boiled" and "sanitized" describe the water) | ||
** "The glass was broken when I found it" ("was broken" describes the glass) | ** "The glass was broken when I found it" ("was broken" describes the glass) | ||
** "The cut flowers are pretty" ("cut - | ** "The cut flowers are pretty" ("cut - | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
* '''gerunds''' | * '''gerunds''' | ||
** verbs that act as nouns | ** verbs that act as nouns | ||
** use the -ing form of the verb | ** use the -ing form of the verb | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | * click on EXPAND for gerund (participles as nouns) examples: | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
** "to swim" + -ing = "swimming" = a noun for the act of swimming | ** "to swim" + -ing = "swimming" = a noun for the act of swimming | ||
** "Swimming is fun" | ** "Swimming is fun" | ||
** "Boiling water sanitizes it" ("boiling" is an act, therefore a noun, from the verb "to boil") | ** "Boiling water sanitizes it" ("boiling" is an act, therefore a noun, from the verb "to boil") | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
*** Note: gerunds are often interchangeable with infinitives | |||
*** Note: | **** "I hate doing math" versus "I hate to do math" | ||
**** however, note that gerunds and infinitives may act differently in terms of the object of the sentence | **** however, note that gerunds and infinitives may act differently in terms of the object of the sentence | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | * click on EXPAND for how gerunds and infinitives change the meaning of a sentence using College Board Writing practice test 6 question 21: | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
''"Burland advocated using soil extraction:"'' | ''"Burland advocated using soil extraction:"'' | ||
* A) NO CHANGE | * A) NO CHANGE | ||
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* A) NO CHANGE is correct because it is the object of the sentence, "soil extraction," that Burland advocates, not the action of its use (to use") | * A) NO CHANGE is correct because it is the object of the sentence, "soil extraction," that Burland advocates, not the action of its use (to use") | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
* See | * See | ||
** [https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/verbforms Grammar: Verb Forms: "-ing," Infinitives, and Past Participles (Walden Univ)] | ** [https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/verbforms Grammar: Verb Forms: "-ing," Infinitives, and Past Participles (Walden Univ)] | ||
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** [https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/participles.htm Grammar-Monster.com participles] | ** [https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/participles.htm Grammar-Monster.com participles] | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
== conjugations == | == conjugations == | ||
* students of Latin, Spanish or French verb conjugations while not learning about them in English | |||
* English has conjugations, just like many other languages | |||
** however, the conjugations in English do not vary as much | |||
* conjugations work by changing the verb suffix or form to match subject case | |||
>> to chart out comparison of Latin, Spanish, French and English cases << to do | |||
* see | * see | ||
** [https://www.verbto.com/ Verb conjugations] | ** [https://www.verbto.com/ Verb conjugations] | ||
== adverbs == | == adverbs == | ||
* modify verbs | |||
== adjectives == | == adjectives == | ||
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== articles == | == articles == | ||
* definite | * definite article: | ||
** the | ** the | ||
** refers to a specific noun, usually already stated or defined | ** refers to a specific noun, usually already stated or defined | ||
* indefinite | * indefinite article: | ||
* a or an | * a or an | ||
** refers to a general noun, usually not already stated or defined | ** refers to a general noun, usually not already stated or defined | ||
** indefinite articles are not used to refer to a general noun or one that cannot be | ** indefinite articles are not used to refer to a general noun or one that cannot be counted | ||
* click on EXPAND to see examples of articles: | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
*** ex. "water" cannot be counted, so "a water" is incorrect | *** ex. "water" cannot be counted, so "a water" is incorrect | ||
**** "may I have a water" should be instead "may I have some water" | **** "may I have a water" should be instead "may I have some water" | ||
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*** ex. | *** ex. | ||
**** "They went on vacation" as opposed to "they went on a vacation " | **** "They went on vacation" as opposed to "they went on a vacation " | ||
</div> | |||
* see | * see | ||
** [https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/grammar/using_articles.html Purdue OWN Using Articles} | ** [https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/grammar/using_articles.html Purdue OWN Using Articles} | ||
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== prepositions == | == prepositions == | ||
* express relationship in time, place, or sequence | * express relationship in time, place, or sequence | ||
* prepositions add information to a sentence | |||
* prepositions are dependent clauses, so are separated from a main or dominant clause by a comma | |||
== interjections == | == interjections == | ||
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== Categories == | == Categories == | ||
* [[Grammar]] | * [[Category:Grammar]] | ||
* [[Word Parts of Speech & Grammar Rules]] | * [[Category:Word Parts of Speech & Grammar Rules]] |