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AP US History vocabulary list: Difference between revisions
→Colonial Periods: adding defintions/ explanations to early periods
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== Colonial Periods == | == Colonial Periods == | ||
=== Pre-Columbian === | === Pre-Columbian === | ||
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Algonquian|largest language group of North American tribes who occupied the northeastern coast, and central-east Canada; Algonquian tribes traded with the French and aligned with them against English colonists and their Iroquois allies, who were their traditional enemies}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Algonquian|largest language group of North American tribes who occupied the northeastern coast, and central-east Canada; Algonquian tribes traded with the French and aligned with them against English colonists and their Iroquois allies, who were their traditional enemies}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Hopewell tradition|Ohio Valley cultures of the '''Woodland Period''' that were interconnected by trade and shared cultural traits, such as mound building}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Hopewell tradition|Ohio Valley cultures of the '''Woodland Period''' that were interconnected by trade and shared cultural traits, such as mound building}}</ul></li> | ||
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:reciprocal relations|Native American cultural and economic structures were largely based on reciprocal relations that shared territory, land use and labor; however, those relations were largely tied to linguistic and ethnic alliances that otherwise competed and warred with one another when in contact or conflict over resources; the reciprocal concept of land use, especially was not shared by European settlers who employed notions of private property and land ownership, which led to mistrust and conflict between indigenous and colonial populations}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:reciprocal relations|Native American cultural and economic structures were largely based on reciprocal relations that shared territory, land use and labor; however, those relations were largely tied to linguistic and ethnic alliances that otherwise competed and warred with one another when in contact or conflict over resources; the reciprocal concept of land use, especially was not shared by European settlers who employed notions of private property and land ownership, which led to mistrust and conflict between indigenous and colonial populations}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Woodland Period|Eastern and central North American indigenous cultures that thrived from 1000 BC to 1000 AD; period marked by trade, cultural exchange, population growth and linguistic variation}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Woodland Period|Eastern and central North American indigenous cultures that thrived from 1000 BC to 1000 AD; period marked by trade, cultural exchange, population growth and linguistic variation}}</ul></li> | ||
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=== Age of Exploration === | === Age of Exploration === | ||
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Caravel|trans-oceanic sailing ship developed by the Portuguese that allowed for long voyages and the ability to "cut" into the wind for manueverability; since they were small and had a shallow draft (didn't go deep into the water), caravels were especially useful for exploring coastlines, bays and up rivers; into the "triangle trade" period, caravels were replaced by larger the "carrack" and, later, the "galleon"}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Henry Hudson|not an important name to know for the AP test, but Hudson exemplifies the British purposes of exploration: he desperately wanted to find a way to Asia, but kept running into more land}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:conquistador|Spanish explorers and adventurers who conquered parts of the Americas, particulary Hernán Cortés (Mexico, 1519-21) and Francisco Pizarro (Peru, 1532)}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text: St. Lawrence waterways|the St. Lawrence River passageway that was an important pre-colonial trade route that explorer Jacques Cartier in 1532 claimed for France and that was a significant part of French trade and colonial possessions in "New France"; the St. Lawrence River connects to the Great Lakes and thus provided trade access to the Ohio Valley}}</ul></li> | |||
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=== Spanish Colonial === | === Spanish Colonial === | ||
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:asiento|""asiento" means "contract; the "Asiento de Negros" was a trade agreement between Britain and Spain over rights to slave trade passages controlled by Spain}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:De Las Casas|Spanish priest Bartolomé de las Casas wrote in 1542 "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies" documenting Spanish abuse of Native Americans}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Encomienda|from ''encomendar'' for to "entrust", a land and labor grant as reward to ''conquistadores'' for conquests on behalf of Spain; the ''encomenderos'' thus claimed large lands and plantations using enslaved native labor; the ''encomienda'' system incentivized Spanish conquest and expansion across the world; the system was outlawed in 1542 when Natives were granted limited Spanish citizenship (i.e., "subjects" of the Spanish king); it was replaced by the ''repartiamento'' system}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:New Laws of 1542|replaced the Laws of Burgos of 1512 that were supposed to protect the rights of the native peoples; the New Laws ended the ''encomienda'' system by outlawing hereditary control; the New Laws met great and at times violent protest by the ''encomederos''; the New Laws marked more direct control of the colonies by Spanish King Charles I (who was also Holy Roman EMperor Charles V); the intervention by Charles may be usefully compared to that of various English monarchs}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Pueblo Revolt|1680 rebellion by the Pueblo (in modern New Mexico/ AZ), and led by Papé, for maltreatment by the Spanish, who had outlawed their religious practices, forced labor, resource extraction (maize and textiles); }}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:repartimiento|from ''reparto'' for "distribution", the Spanish system implemented in 1542 of regulated and forced labor that replaced direct slavery of Native Americans}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sepúlveda|Spanish philosopher Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda who in 1550/51 debated in writing De las Casas over legitimacy of Spanish colonization and treatment of Native Americans; Sepúlveda argued the superior Spanish culture justified the conquest of "savage" natives and forced conversion to Christianity; his views were shared by later Americans who justified westward expansion and maltreatment of Native tribes)}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Spanish social heirarchies (terms)|''peninsulares'' = born in Spain; ''criolles'' = born in New World of Spanish descent; ''mestizos'' = mixed Spanish and Native American parentage}}</ul></li> | |||
===Dutch and French colonialism === | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Beaver War| 1600s conflicts between the French and their Algonquin allies and the Iroquois League that opposed them}}}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:''couriers de bois''|French "runners" sent to explore and live with local inhabitants across the Great Lakes region}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Manhattan (New Amsterdam)|a Dutch city established at head of the Hudson River and which served as an important port for Dutch fur trade and trade and piracy across the Atlantic Coast and Caribbean; Dutch holdings included lower New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey and Delaware, all of which were ceded to Britain in 1664 (breifly retaken by the Dutch in 1673/4 }}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:New France|French colonial possessions in North America, from theSt. Lawrence waterway to the Great Lakes and along the Mississippi River to New Orleans; northern New France was primarily focused on fur trade, although cities were established with French migrants}}</ul></li> | |||
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=== English Colonial === | === English Colonial === | ||
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