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Parts of speech: Difference between revisions
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== prepositions == | == prepositions == | ||
* express relationship in time, place, or sequence | * express relationship in time, place, or sequence | ||
* | * add information to a sentence | ||
* prepositions are dependent clauses, so are separated from a main or dominant clause by a comma | * can relate other word forms to one another, including nouns (usually), adjectives, and verbs | ||
click EXPAND for list of prepositions: | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Quick list of (single word) prepositions | |||
|- | |||
| across || after || among | |||
|- | |||
| before || behind || beneath | |||
|- | |||
|by || down || during | |||
|- | |||
| from || in || into | |||
|- | |||
| of || off || on | |||
|- | |||
| over || past || since | |||
|- | |||
| throughout || to || toward/s | |||
|- | |||
| under ||until || up | |||
|- | |||
| upon || with || within/out | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Quick list of (single word) phrases that act as a single-word preposition | |||
|- | |||
| according to || as of || ahead of | |||
|- | |||
| aside from|| at the risk of || by means of | |||
|- | |||
| except for || in addition to || in case of | |||
|- | |||
| next to|| on top of || up against | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
=== Overlap of prepositions and adverbs and prepositions and subordinating conjunctions === | |||
* some words operate or "overlap" in their grammatical roles | |||
* as a preposition and an adverb: | |||
** = "intransitive preposition" | |||
** = prepositions may or may not define a "noun phrase" (which prepositions would normally accompany) | |||
*** note: | |||
**** transitive verb = must be accompanied by an object | |||
**** intransitive verb = does not need an object ("I feel happy") | |||
**** so intransitive prepositions do not need a noun or noun phrase | |||
* most dictionaries qualify intransitive prepositions as adverbs, such as "abroad," "now," "until" | |||
** ex. of intransitive preposition: "They went ahead" or "The dog is outside" | |||
*** with a noun these would be more clearly prepositions: "They went ahead of the others" or "The dog is outside the fence" | |||
* as a preposition and a subordinating conjunction | |||
** = a "conjunctive preposition" | |||
** "I got my license before last year" (before= preposition that defines when "I went to school") | |||
** vs.: "I got my license before last year ended" (before = combines "I got my license" and "last year ended" and defines which came first) | |||
*** we can view "before" as subordinating the phrase, "last year ended," which is technically a complete thought and sentence | |||
*** however, since "before" is defining the "when," which is a core function of a preposition, we can call it one, or call it a "conjunctive preposition" when also acting as a [https://school4schools.com/wiki/index.php?title=Grammar#subordinating_conjunctions subordinating conjunction]. | |||
*** ''like'' also operates as both preposition and conjunction | |||
=== Overlap of prepositions and adverbs and prepositions and subordinating conjunctions === | |||
* some words operate or "overlap" in their grammatical roles | |||
* as a preposition and a subordinating conjunction: | |||
** "I got my license before last year" (before= preposition that defines when "I went to school") | |||
** vs.: "I got my license before last year ended" (before = combines "I got my license" and "last year ended" and defines which came first) | |||
*** ''like'' also operates as both preposition and conjunction | |||
== types of phrases created by parts of speech === | |||
=== prepositional phrase === | |||
* when a preposition requires additional information to follow (called a "complement") | |||
started by a preposition and contains additional information | |||
* | |||
are dependent clauses, so are separated from a main or dominant clause by a comma | |||
== interjections == | == interjections == | ||