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Parts of speech: Difference between revisions
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*** ex. "dog food" | *** ex. "dog food" | ||
*** see [http://myenglishgrammar.com/lesson-12-modifiers/4-nouns-as-modifiers.html Nouns as Modifiers (meg.com)] | *** see [http://myenglishgrammar.com/lesson-12-modifiers/4-nouns-as-modifiers.html Nouns as Modifiers (meg.com)] | ||
== verbs == | == verbs == | ||
* express action | * express action | ||
* verb phrases | * verb phrases | ||
* verb forms | * verb forms | ||
=== transitive and intransitive verbs === | |||
* transitive verbs act upon a direct object | |||
** ex. "The soccer player kicked the ball" | |||
* intransitive verbs do not have a direct object | |||
** ex. "The soccer player played hard" | |||
<< to complete / expand | |||
=== infinitives === | === infinitives === | ||
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** except "base form" of a verb includes infinitive and simple present forms of the verb | ** except "base form" of a verb includes infinitive and simple present forms of the verb | ||
=== | === present tense forms === | ||
* denotes a single action that is repeated, always happens, or the present condition of something | *'''simple present''' | ||
* examples | ** denotes a single action that is repeated, always happens, or the present condition of something | ||
** repeated action: "I eat lunch at noon." | ** examples | ||
** action that always (or, in the negative, never) happens: "I can't speak Latin" | *** repeated action: "I eat lunch at noon." | ||
*** action that always (or, in the negative, never) happens: "I can't speak Latin" | |||
** denotes the condition or state of something: "The car is clean" or "I feel great!" | ** denotes the condition or state of something: "The car is clean" or "I feel great!" | ||
* simple present form is also considered as a "base" verb form | ** simple present form is also considered as a "base" verb form | ||
* '''present progressive''' | |||
** = -ing form for a verb to express an ongoing action | |||
* = -ing form for a verb to express an ongoing action | *** used with "to be" conjugations ("am" "is", etc.) the -ing verb form denotes an ongoing action | ||
** used with "to be" conjugations ("am" "is", etc.) the -ing verb form denotes an ongoing action | *** ex. "She is dancing" | ||
** ex. "She is dancing" | *** see participle for the -ing form of a verb that acts as an adjective or a noun (called a gerund) | ||
** see participle for the -ing form of a verb that acts as an adjective or a noun (called a gerund) | ** note that present progressive verb forms are frequently used to combine sentences or independent clauses | ||
* note that present progressive verb forms are frequently used to combine sentences or independent clauses | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
* ex. "I went to see the sequel, and I hoped it would be as good as the first | |||
* the two independent clauses (complete sentences) can be combined by converting the "I hoped" to the present progressive form, "hoping" | |||
* "I went to see the sequel, hoping it would as good as the first" | |||
* note that "hoping" renders the second clause dependent (not a complete sentence or thought), thus employing only a comma and not a comma + conjunction | |||
* present progressive verbs subordinate clauses: | |||
** "Hoping it would be as good as the first" is not a complete sentence or thought | |||
*** thus it is a dependent or subordinate clause | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
* '''click EXPAND to see examples of present progressive verbs used to combine independent clauses | * '''click EXPAND to see examples of present progressive verbs used to combine independent clauses | ||
* see also: | * see also: | ||
** [[https://www.thoughtco.com/present-participles-vs-present-progressives-1689701 present participles vs present progressives (thoughtco.com]] | ** [[https://www.thoughtco.com/present-participles-vs-present-progressives-1689701 present participles vs present progressives (thoughtco.com]] | ||
* '''present perfect''' | |||
** indicates an action that happened at one point or that just happened and that consequences on the present | |||
** usually uses the "has" or "have" forms of a verb | |||
*** "Yes, I have eaten dinner already" | |||
*** "I have played soccer since I was five" | |||
*** "I haven't seen her in years" | |||
=== | === past tense forms === | ||
* | * '''past simple''' | ||
** | ** an action that happened in the past | ||
* | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> past simple examples | ||
** | *** "I ate before they showed up" | ||
*** "I played soccer yesterday" | |||
*** "I lived in Spain." | |||
</div> | |||
* click Expand for past simple examples | |||
* '''past progressive''' | |||
** actions that were ongoing at some point in the past or that were repeated in the past | |||
** uses the -ing form of a verb | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> past progressive examples: | |||
*** "I was eating when they showed up" | |||
*** "I was playing soccer all last year" | |||
*** "I was living in Spain" | |||
* '''past perfect''' | |||
* an action that happened before something else happened (both in the past) | |||
* uses "had" to show the earlier event | |||
** and compares it to another even with "before", "because" or "by the time", etc. | |||
** "I had already eaten when they showed up" | |||
** "I had played soccer long before I learned rugby" | |||
** "Because I had lived in Spain, I already knew some Spanish" | |||
=== future tense forms === | |||
* '''future simple''' | |||
** an action that will take place in the future, usually with "will" | |||
*** "I will eat after they show up" | |||
*** I will play soccer tomorrow" | |||
*** I will live in Spain next year" | |||
** future simple also indicates a promise to do something in the future | |||
*** "I will play harder next time" | |||
* '''future progressive''' | |||
** an action that will be ongoing in the future, usually with "will" and "-ing" | |||
** usually | |||
*** "I will be eating with them when they show up" | |||
*** "I will be playing soccer again after my ankle heals" | |||
*** "I will be living in Spain all next year" | |||
* '''future perfect''' | |||
** an action that will happen before something else, usually with "will have" | |||
** future perfect combines the future "will" with a past tense verb form | |||
*** "I will have eaten before they show up" | |||
*** "I will have played much better by the time we got to the playoffs" | |||
*** "I will have lived in Spain by the end of next summer" | |||
** future perfect also indicates an ongoing future state or condition | |||
*** "If they show up late, I will have been eating already." | |||
*** "By next year, I will have played soccer for 12 years" | |||
*** "I will have lived in Spain a full year as of next week" | |||
* '''future ''' | |||
** | |||
=== participles and gerunds === | === participles and gerunds === | ||