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* See * [[Word Parts of Speech & Grammar Rules]] for list of various key words, their use, and part of speech
* See * [[Word Parts of Speech & Grammar Rules]] for list of various key words, their use, and part of speech


== adjective ==
* modify nouns
== adverb ==
* in general, adverbs provide additional information about an action
** how, when, where, degree, or state of an action
* modify verbs
** "He shopped quickly"
* modify adjectives:
** in the sense of describing "the state", degree, or situation of the descriptor
* Sources:
** [[https://literarydevices.net/adverb/ Advrb (literarydevices.net)]]
== article ==
* also called "determiner"
* definite article:
** the
** refers to a specific noun, usually already stated or defined
* indefinite article:
* a or an
** refers to a general noun, usually not already stated or defined
** indefinite articles are not used to refer to a general noun or one that cannot be counted
* click on EXPAND to see examples of articles:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
*** ex. "water" cannot be counted, so "a water" is incorrect
**** "may I have a water" should be instead "may I have some water"
** zero articles
*** when the noun represents a generic idea, the article can be omitted
*** ex.
**** "They went on vacation" as opposed to "they went on a vacation "
</div>
* see
** [https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/grammar/using_articles.html Purdue OWN Using Articles}
** [https://www.grammarly.com/blog/articles/ What Are Articles?]
== conjunction ==
== interjection ==
* aside remarks or interruptions
* an exclamation
** expresses a spontaneous reaction or emotion
* click EXPAND to see examples of interjections:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
* "no!"
* "okay"
* "damn!"
* "heh!"
</div>


== noun ==
== noun ==
Line 36: Line 86:
** B) and D) the noun "opportunities" cannot possess the preposition "for"  
** B) and D) the noun "opportunities" cannot possess the preposition "for"  
** A) "workers'" is incorrect object
** A) "workers'" is incorrect object
== preposition ==
* express relationship in time, place, or sequence
* add information to a sentence
* can relate other word forms to one another, including nouns (usually), adjectives, and verbs
click EXPAND for list of prepositions:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Quick list of (single word) prepositions
|-
| across || after || among
|-
| before || behind || beneath
|-
|by || down || during
|-
| from || in || into
|-
| of || off || on
|-
| over || past || since
|-
| throughout || to || toward/s
|-
| under ||until || up
|-
| upon || with || within/out
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Quick list of combined words that act as a single-word preposition
|-
| according to || as of || ahead of
|-
| aside from|| at the risk of || by means of
|-
| except for || in addition to || in case of
|-
| next to|| on top of || up against
|-
|}
</div>
=== Overlap of prepositions, adverbs & subordinating conjunctions ===
* some words operate or "overlap" in their grammatical roles
click EXPAND for more on the overlap of prepositions & adverbs and prepositions & subordinating conjunctions
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
* overlap of prepositions and adverbs:
** = "intransitive preposition"
** = prepositions may or may not define a "noun phrase" (which prepositions would normally accompany)
*** note:
**** transitive verb = must be accompanied by an object
**** intransitive verb = does not need an object ("I feel happy")
**** so intransitive prepositions do not need a noun or noun phrase
* most dictionaries qualify intransitive prepositions as adverbs, such as "abroad," "now," "until"
** ex. of intransitive preposition: "They went ahead" or "The dog is outside"
*** with a noun these would be more clearly prepositions: "They went ahead of the others" or "The dog is outside the fence"
* overlap of prepositions and subordinating conjunctions
** = a "conjunctive preposition"
** "I got my license before last year" (before= preposition that defines when "I went to school")
** vs.: "I got my license before last year ended" (before = combines "I got my license" and "last year ended" and defines which came first)
*** we can view "before" as subordinating the phrase, "last year ended," which is technically a complete thought and sentence
*** however, since "before" is defining the "when," which is a core function of a preposition, we can call it one, or call it a "conjunctive preposition" when also acting as a [[#subordinating conjunction]].
*** ''like'' can also operate as both preposition and a subordinating conjunction
</div>
=== prepositional phrase ===
* = a phrase created by a preposition + its object
* = dependent clauses, so are separated from a main or dominant clause by a comma
* prepositional phrases that modify verbs are called ""adverbial phrases"
* see
** [[https://writer.com/blog/prepositional-phrase/ Prepositional phrases: what they are and examples (writer.com)]]
=== other exceptions ===
* prepositional phrases can also act as nouns, usually as the subject of a sentence
** and usually in reference to a location or time that has an action (verb), such as:
*** "During the summer is the best time to play outside"
*** "After I exercise is when I feel best"
* see:
** [[https://www.englishgrammar101.com/module-7/prepositions/lesson-6/prepositional-phrases-as-nouns Prepositional Phrases as Nouns(englishgrammar.com)]]
** [[https://www.brighthubeducation.com/english-homework-help/46995-the-nominal-functions-of-prepositions-and-prepositional-phrases/ How to Use Prepositions as Subjects, Subject Complements, and Direct Objects (brighthub.com)]]
== pronoun ==
* "pro" = for; "noun"
* refer to a noun in oder to avoid repetition
* pronoun forms
** subject
** object
** possessive
** comparisons
** see [https://www.dummies.com/education/language-arts/grammar/how-to-pick-pronouns-for-comparisons/ How to Pick Pronouns for Comparisons (Dummies)]


== verb ==
== verb ==
Line 230: Line 371:
** [https://www.verbto.com/ Verb conjugations]
** [https://www.verbto.com/ Verb conjugations]


== adverb ==
* in general, adverbs provide additional information about an action
** how, when, where, degree, or state of an action
* modify verbs
** "He shopped quickly"
* modify adjectives:
** in the sense of describing "the state", degree, or situation of the descriptor
* Sources:
** [[https://literarydevices.net/adverb/ Advrb (literarydevices.net)]]
== adjective ==
* modify nouns
== article ==
* definite article:
** the
** refers to a specific noun, usually already stated or defined
* indefinite article:
* a or an
** refers to a general noun, usually not already stated or defined
** indefinite articles are not used to refer to a general noun or one that cannot be counted
* click on EXPAND to see examples of articles:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
*** ex. "water" cannot be counted, so "a water" is incorrect
**** "may I have a water" should be instead "may I have some water"
** zero articles
*** when the noun represents a generic idea, the article can be omitted
*** ex.
**** "They went on vacation" as opposed to "they went on a vacation "
</div>
* see
** [https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/grammar/using_articles.html Purdue OWN Using Articles}
** [https://www.grammarly.com/blog/articles/ What Are Articles?]
== pronoun ==
* "pro" = for; "noun"
* refer to a noun in oder to avoid repetition
* pronoun forms
** subject
** object
** possessive
** comparisons
** see [https://www.dummies.com/education/language-arts/grammar/how-to-pick-pronouns-for-comparisons/ How to Pick Pronouns for Comparisons (Dummies)]
== preposition ==
* express relationship in time, place, or sequence
* add information to a sentence
* can relate other word forms to one another, including nouns (usually), adjectives, and verbs
click EXPAND for list of prepositions:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Quick list of (single word) prepositions
|-
| across || after || among
|-
| before || behind || beneath
|-
|by || down || during
|-
| from || in || into
|-
| of || off || on
|-
| over || past || since
|-
| throughout || to || toward/s
|-
| under ||until || up
|-
| upon || with || within/out
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Quick list of combined words that act as a single-word preposition
|-
| according to || as of || ahead of
|-
| aside from|| at the risk of || by means of
|-
| except for || in addition to || in case of
|-
| next to|| on top of || up against
|-
|}
</div>
=== Overlap of prepositions, adverbs & subordinating conjunctions ===
* some words operate or "overlap" in their grammatical roles
click EXPAND for more on the overlap of prepositions & adverbs and prepositions & subordinating conjunctions
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
* overlap of prepositions and adverbs:
** = "intransitive preposition"
** = prepositions may or may not define a "noun phrase" (which prepositions would normally accompany)
*** note:
**** transitive verb = must be accompanied by an object
**** intransitive verb = does not need an object ("I feel happy")
**** so intransitive prepositions do not need a noun or noun phrase
* most dictionaries qualify intransitive prepositions as adverbs, such as "abroad," "now," "until"
** ex. of intransitive preposition: "They went ahead" or "The dog is outside"
*** with a noun these would be more clearly prepositions: "They went ahead of the others" or "The dog is outside the fence"
* overlap of prepositions and subordinating conjunctions
** = a "conjunctive preposition"
** "I got my license before last year" (before= preposition that defines when "I went to school")
** vs.: "I got my license before last year ended" (before = combines "I got my license" and "last year ended" and defines which came first)
*** we can view "before" as subordinating the phrase, "last year ended," which is technically a complete thought and sentence
*** however, since "before" is defining the "when," which is a core function of a preposition, we can call it one, or call it a "conjunctive preposition" when also acting as a [[#subordinating conjunction]].
*** ''like'' can also operate as both preposition and a subordinating conjunction
</div>
== types of phrases created by parts of speech ===
=== prepositional phrase ===
* when a preposition requires additional information to follow (called a "complement")
started by a preposition and contains additional information
*
are dependent clauses, so are separated from a main or dominant clause by a comma
== interjections ==
* aside remarks or interruptions
* an exclamation
** expresses a spontaneous reaction or emotion
* click EXPAND to see examples of interjections:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
* "no!"
* "okay"
* "damn!"
* "heh!"
</div>


'''Categories'''
'''Categories'''
* [[Category:Grammar]]
* [[Category:Grammar]]
* [[Category:Word Parts of Speech & Grammar Rules]]
* [[Category:Word Parts of Speech & Grammar Rules]]
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