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Parts of speech: Difference between revisions
→participles and gerunds
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*** verb form using -ing that acts as an adjective or an adverb | *** verb form using -ing that acts as an adjective or an adverb | ||
** past participle: | ** past participle: | ||
*** past tense verb form that acts as an adjective | *** past tense verb form that acts as an adjective | ||
** gerund | ** gerund | ||
*** verb form using -ing that acts as a noun | *** verb form using -ing that acts as a noun | ||
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** "The directions are ''confusing''" (modifies the directions) | ** "The directions are ''confusing''" (modifies the directions) | ||
* present participles as adverbs: | * present participles as adverbs: | ||
** ''Smiling'', she went about her work" (modifies how she "went about her work") | ** note: here grammar becomes debatable: this form of a particle can be seen as an adverb or a gerund (noun): | ||
* | ** ''Smiling'', she went about her work" (modifies how she "went about her work") | ||
** or "She went about her work ''smiling''" | |||
==== participles and adverbs ==== | |||
* present participles may themselves be modified by an adverb | |||
** ex.: ** or "She went about her work smiling enormously" | |||
<< to confirm | |||
==== past participle ==== | ==== past participle ==== | ||
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** "''Swimming'' is fun" | ** "''Swimming'' is fun" | ||
** "''Boiling'' the water sanitizes it" ("boiling" is an act, therefore a noun, from the verb "to boil") | ** "''Boiling'' the water sanitizes it" ("boiling" is an act, therefore a noun, from the verb "to boil") | ||
* gerunds are used as objects of verbs, ex: | |||
** "The student hesitated ''raising'' her hand" | |||
* Note: gerunds are often interchangeable with infinitives | * Note: gerunds are often interchangeable with infinitives | ||
** "I hate ''doing'' math" | ** "The student hesitated ''raising'' her hand" vs "The student hesitated to raise her hand", or: | ||
** "I hate ''doing'' math" vs "I hate ''to do'' math" | |||
** however, note that gerunds and infinitives may act differently in terms of the object of the sentence: | ** however, note that gerunds and infinitives may act differently in terms of the object of the sentence: | ||
* gerunds are used with prepositions, ex: | |||
** "Before ''leaving'', he turned off the lights" << "before" is a preposition | |||
** "Joanna stepped carefully after ''dropping'' the glass" <<"after" = preposition | |||
* click on EXPAND for how gerunds and infinitives change the meaning of a sentence using College Board Writing practice test 6 question 21: | * click on EXPAND for how gerunds and infinitives change the meaning of a sentence using College Board Writing practice test 6 question 21: | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
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==== using gerunds and participles ==== | ==== using gerunds and participles ==== | ||
* the reason we use gerunds and participle is to express either the state of an action ("swimming") or what an action does/did to a noun ("boiled water") | * the reason we use gerunds and participle is to express either the state of an action ("swimming") or what an action does/did to a noun ("boiled water") | ||
* gerunds and participles allow for simpler expression of those ideas than if they were expressed as subject-verbs | |||
* gerunds may act as subordinating conjunction | |||
** such as "Scrambling up the hill, he barely made it to the top." | |||
*** "Scrambling up the hill" is not a complete thought or sentence, so it is subordinate to the main clause, "he barely made it to the top. | |||
** as opposed to "He scrambled up the hill, and he barely made it to the top" | |||
** or "He scrambled up the hill and barely made it to the top" | |||
*** each form expresses a different emphasis upon sentence parts | |||
* -ing forms as adverbs may concisely express a "relative clause" (a sentence part that is related to | |||
==== participles as dangling modifiers ==== | ==== participles as dangling modifiers ==== | ||
* participial phrases are often the source of "dangling modifiers" | * participial phrases are often the source of "dangling modifiers" | ||
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* See | * See | ||
** [[https://examples.yourdictionary.com/gerund-examples.html Gerund examples (yourdictionary.com)]] | |||
** [https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/verbforms Grammar: Verb Forms: "-ing," Infinitives, and Past Participles (Walden Univ)] | ** [https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/verbforms Grammar: Verb Forms: "-ing," Infinitives, and Past Participles (Walden Univ)] | ||
** [https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/verbtensesMost Common Verb Tenses in Academic Writing (Walden Univ)] | ** [https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/verbtensesMost Common Verb Tenses in Academic Writing (Walden Univ)] | ||