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** "attributive" in the sense of indicating a characteristic or description (an attribute)
** "attributive" in the sense of indicating a characteristic or description (an attribute)
** are the same thing as "present participle adjective" and "past participle adjective"
** are the same thing as "present participle adjective" and "past participle adjective"
==== using gerunds and participles as nouns or adjectives ====
* the reason we use gerunds and participles is to express either the state of an action as a noun ("swimming") or, as an adjective, what an action does/did to a noun ("boiled water")
* gerunds and participles allow for simpler expression of those ideas than if they were expressed as subject-verbs
* participles may act as subordinating conjunction:
** such as "''Scrambling up the hill, he barely made it to the top''."
*** "Scrambling up the hill" is not a complete thought or sentence, so it is subordinate to the main clause, "he barely made it to the top.
** as opposed to "''He scrambled up the hill, and he barely made it to the top''"
** or
*** "''He scrambled up the hill and barely made it to the top''"
*** "''He scrambled up the hill, barely making it to the top''"
** each sentence form expresses a different emphasis
* '''''-ing''''' forms as adverbs may concisely express a "relative clause" (a sentence part that is related to it)
==== present participle ====  
==== present participle ====  
* uses the -ing form of a verb as an adjective or an adverb
* uses the -ing form of a verb as an adjective or an adverb
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** ''Smiling'', she went about her work" (modifies how she "went about her work")  
** ''Smiling'', she went about her work" (modifies how she "went about her work")  
** or "She went about her work ''smiling''"
** or "She went about her work ''smiling''"
==== participles and adverbs ====
* present participles may themselves be modified by an adverb
** ex.: ** or "She went about her work smiling enormously"
<< to confirm


==== past participle ====  
==== past participle ====  
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** "The glass was ''broken'' when I found it" ("was broken" describes the noun, glass)
** "The glass was ''broken'' when I found it" ("was broken" describes the noun, glass)
** "The ''cut'' flowers are pretty" ("cut'' modifies the noun, flowers)
** "The ''cut'' flowers are pretty" ("cut'' modifies the noun, flowers)
**
* participles as dangling modifiers
==== participial phrases are often the source of "dangling modifiers" ====
* = adjectives or adjective phrases that are not clear as to what they modify, ex:
** "Smiling happily, she won the choral competition"
*** = unclear if she won the competition because she was "smiling happily" or she was "smiling happily" when she won the tournament
* see [https://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/dangling-participle.html https://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/d Dangling participle (english-grammar-revolution.com)]
==== participle as adverb ====
* present participles may themselves be modified by an adverb
** ex.: ** or "She went about her work smiling enormously"
==== gerunds ====
==== gerunds ====
** verbs that act as nouns
*= verbs that act as nouns
** use the -ing form of the verb
* use the -ing form of the verb
* ex:
* ex:
** "to swim" + -ing = "swimming" = a noun for the act of swimming
** "to swim" + -ing = "swimming" = a noun for the act of swimming
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* since gerunds act as nouns, they are essential to make a complete sentence or thought (as a subject or object or other noun form)
* since gerunds act as nouns, they are essential to make a complete sentence or thought (as a subject or object or other noun form)
* to test whether verb is acting as a gerund or participle:
* to test whether verb is acting as a gerund or participle:
** is it modifying a
** remove it from the sentence and see if the sentence still makes sense:
** remove it from the sentence
*** "''Scrambling, he made it to the top of the hill''"\
==== using gerunds and participles ====
**** "''<s>Scrambling,</s> he made it to the top of the hill''"
* the reason we use gerunds and participle is to express either the state of an action ("swimming") or what an action does/did to a noun ("boiled water")
**** since the sentence is complete without "scrambling", it is a present participle adjective
* gerunds and participles allow for simpler expression of those ideas than if they were expressed as subject-verbs
*** "''Farming knowledge is helpful''"
* gerunds may act as subordinating conjunction
**** ''"<s>Farming</s> knowledge is helpful"''
** such as "Scrambling up the hill, he barely made it to the top."  
***** since "farming" is not necessary to the sentence, it is an adjective
*** "Scrambling up the hill" is not a complete thought or sentence, so it is subordinate to the main clause, "he barely made it to the top.
***''"Scrambling is not the best way to get up the hill"''
** as opposed to "He scrambled up the hill, and he barely made it to the top"
**** ''"<s>Scrambling</s> is not the best way to get up the hill"''
** or "He scrambled up the hill and barely made it to the top"
***** since the sentence is incomplete without "scrambling", it is a present participle adjective
*** each form expresses a different emphasis upon sentence parts
*** "''Knowing about farming is helpful''"
* -ing forms as adverbs may concisely express a "relative clause" (a sentence part that is related to
**** "''Knowing about farming is helpful''"
***** "''Knowing about <s>farming</s> is helpful''"
****** since the preposition "about" requires an object (noun), "farming" is a gerund
** see  from: https://classroom.synonym.com/can-word-verb-adjective-3119.html


==== participles as dangling modifiers ====
* sources:
* participial phrases are often the source of "dangling modifiers"
** = adjectives or adjective phrases that are not clear as to what they modify, ex:
*** "Smiling happily, she won the choral competition"
= unclear if she won the competition becuase she was "smiling happily" or she was "smiling happily" when she won the tournament
* see [https://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/dangling-participle.html https://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/d Dangling participle (english-grammar-revolution.com)]
* See
** [[https://examples.yourdictionary.com/gerund-examples.html Gerund examples (yourdictionary.com)]]
** [[https://examples.yourdictionary.com/gerund-examples.html Gerund examples (yourdictionary.com)]]
** [https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/verbforms Grammar: Verb Forms: "-ing," Infinitives, and Past Participles (Walden Univ)]
** [https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/verbforms Grammar: Verb Forms: "-ing," Infinitives, and Past Participles (Walden Univ)]
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** [https://www.ef.edu/english-resources/english-grammar/ing-forms/ The -ing forms (ef.edu Resources for Learning English]
** [https://www.ef.edu/english-resources/english-grammar/ing-forms/ The -ing forms (ef.edu Resources for Learning English]
** [https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/participles.htm Grammar-Monster.com participles]
** [https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/participles.htm Grammar-Monster.com participles]
'''>> to do:'''
from: https://classroom.synonym.com/can-word-verb-adjective-3119.html
<blockquote><i>Sometimes, it can be difficult to tell the difference between a gerund and a participle. A good rule of thumb to follow is that a participle can be omitted and the sentence will still make sense.</i>
<i>The old lady showed me the way to the museum still works without the participle "smiling," but the same doesn't work for a gerund. If you omit “smoking” from the sentence, He was scolded for smoking, it won’t make sense.</i>
<i>The sentence, Visiting relatives can be boring, is ambiguous because visiting can be interpreted here as a gerund or as a participle. If you interpreted it as "going to relatives houses can be boring," you saw it as a gerund that appears in the subject position in the sentence. You can replace it with a simple noun to confirm it (e.g. Math can be boring). If you interpreted it as "relatives who come to your house can be boring," you saw it as a participle that serves as an adjective modifying the noun "relatives." In this case, you can omit it (Relatives can be boring) and the sentence will still make sense.</i>
</blockquote>


=== subjunctive mood ===
=== subjunctive mood ===
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**** "My bike is painted red" = past participle adjective w/ linking verb "is"
**** "My bike is painted red" = past participle adjective w/ linking verb "is"
**** "My bike is painted red" = the result of the act of being painted
**** "My bike is painted red" = the result of the act of being painted
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File:Past-participle-as-subject-complement-to-linking-verb.jpg
File:Past-participle-as-subject-complement-to-linking-verb.jpg
File:Past-participle-as-transitive-verb-w-auxiliary-verb.jpg
File:Past-participle-as-transitive-verb-w-auxiliary-verb.jpg
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