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Parts of speech: Difference between revisions
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'''Parts of Speech''' | '''Parts of Speech''' | ||
* "part" = portion or role | * "part" = portion or role | ||
* "speech" = verbal communication | * "speech" = verbal communication | ||
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=== nouns and verbs as adjectives === | === nouns and verbs as adjectives === | ||
* when a noun or an adverb modify a noun, they are acting like adjectives | * when a noun or an adverb modify a noun, they are acting like adjectives | ||
** note that they act like but are not adjectives | |||
** see "Noun as modifier (attributive)" below | ** see "Noun as modifier (attributive)" below | ||
*** ex.: "dog food" = "dog" describes the kind of food, even though "dog" is a noun" | *** ex.: "dog food" = "dog" describes the kind of food, even though "dog" is a noun" | ||
** see "past participle" under Verbs | ** see "past participle" under Verbs | ||
*** ex.: "cooked food" = "cooked" describes the kind of food, even though "cook" is a verb | *** ex.: "cooked food" = "cooked" describes the kind of food, even though "cook" is a verb | ||
=== adjectives following subject-verb === | === adjectives following subject-verb (linking verb) === | ||
* sometimes adjectives stand alone following a verb | * sometimes adjectives stand alone following a verb | ||
** ex. "Josephus felt sad" | ** ex. "Josephus felt sad" | ||
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*** if it were, it would an adverb, as in "Josephus felt badly for the hurt boy" | *** if it were, it would an adverb, as in "Josephus felt badly for the hurt boy" | ||
**** "badly" = adverb that modifies the verb "felt | **** "badly" = adverb that modifies the verb "felt | ||
** verbs that may be followed by an adjective (and not an object/noun) include: | * verbs that connect an adjective to a subject are called "linking verbs" | ||
** linking verbs that may be followed by an adjective (and not an object/noun) include: | |||
*** ''be, feel, taste, smell, sound, sound, look, appear, seem'' | *** ''be, feel, taste, smell, sound, sound, look, appear, seem'' | ||
* these sentences, therefore do not have objects (nouns) | * these sentences, therefore do not have objects (nouns) | ||
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=== categories of prepositions === | === categories of prepositions === | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | ||
|+ Some types or categories of prepositions | |+ Some types or categories of prepositions | ||
|'''Prepositions of...''' | |'''Prepositions of...''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| direction or movement | | direction or movement | ||
| ||''at, between, for, into, onto'' | | ||''along, at, between, for, into, onto'' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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|relationship or purpose | |relationship or purpose | ||
| | | | ||
|for, in relation to, like, regarding, with, without | |''for, in relation to, like, regarding, with, without'' | ||
|for learning, without laughing | |for learning, without laughing | ||
|- | |||
|accompaniment, together, in conjunction | |||
|common or coordinated activity or purpose | |||
|with, | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|ownership | |ownership | ||
|owned, created | |owned, created | ||
|by, of, | |''by, of'' | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
|origin | |||
|source | |||
|''from, of'' | |||
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|- | |- | ||
|focus of attention | |focus of attention or topic | ||
| | | | ||
|regarding, to | |''about, regarding, to'' | ||
|He apologized to her | |He apologized to her | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | ||
|+ Preposition comparisons per category & use | |+ Preposition comparisons per category & use | ||
| about|| place ||near, within || ''about there, moving about'' | | about|| place ||near, within || ''about there, moving about'' | ||
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* See [[Preposition definitions and use]]<br /> | * See [[Preposition definitions and use]]<br /> | ||
=== List of prepositions === | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
|+ Quick list of (single word) prepositions | |+ Quick list of (single word) prepositions | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== Select preposition definitions & use === | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
|+Select preposition definitions and examples | |||
!Preposition | |||
!Expresses | |||
!Example | |||
!Notes | |||
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|about | |||
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|at | |||
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|by | |||
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|for | |||
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|from | |||
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|of | |||
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|on | |||
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|to | |||
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|"to" can also be a "particle" or "infinitive marker" | |||
* creates an infinitive: "to go" | |||
* so not to be confused with a preposition | |||
|- | |||
|up | |||
|heading above or upwards | |||
|''He crept up the stairs'' | |||
|"up" can also be an adjective, adverb, noun or particle. | |||
* * adjective, so when we say, "the sky is up" or "the system is up and running" it is not a preposition | |||
* adverb: "She picked it up" | |||
* noun: "What's up?" | |||
* particle: "I looked it up," "The DJ turned up the music" | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" |'''with''' | |||
|accompanying, alongside, together | |||
|''Stevie went with Joey to class'' | |||
''Coffeecake goes with coffee'' | |||
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|connected | |||
|''The sofa & chair are with each other'' | |||
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|agreement | |||
|''I agree with you (also "I am with you")'' | |||
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|method | |||
|''I fixed my phone with duct tape'' | |||
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|note: see 1/13/23 Blair class | |||
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* See | * See | ||
** [<nowiki/>[[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|Preposition and postposition (wiki)]]] | ** [<nowiki/>[[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|Preposition and postposition (wiki)]]] | ||