A+ Club Lesson Planner & Study Guide

Parts of speech: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Parts of speech (view source)

Revision as of 14:00, 13 June 2023

5,613 bytes added ,  13 June 2023
m
→‎nouns and verbs as adjectives
VisualWikitext
 
(13 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Parts of Speech'''
'''Parts of Speech'''
* "part" = portion or role
* "part" = portion or role
* "speech" = verbal communication
* "speech" = verbal communication
Line 15: Line 14:


*[[Category:Grammar]] [[Category:Parts of speech]] Abbreviations used in this article:
*[[Category:Grammar]] [[Category:Parts of speech]] Abbreviations used in this article:
** IC = "independent clause"
** IC = "independent [[Vocabulary:Clause|clause]]"
** DC = "dependent clause"
** DC = "dependent clause"
** Phr = "[[Vocabulary:Phrase|phrase]]"
** SV = "subject + verb"
** SV = "subject + verb"
** SVO = "subject + verb + object"
** SVO = "subject + verb + object"
Line 61: Line 61:
=== nouns and verbs as adjectives ===
=== nouns and verbs as adjectives ===
* when a noun or an adverb modify a noun, they are acting like adjectives
* when a noun or an adverb modify a noun, they are acting like adjectives
** note that they act like but are not adjectives
** see "Noun as modifier (attributive)" below
** see "Noun as modifier (attributive)" below
*** ex.: "dog food" = "dog" describes the kind of food, even though "dog" is a noun"  
*** ex.: "dog food" = "dog" describes the kind of food, even though "dog" is a noun"  
** see "past participle" under Verbs
** see "past participle" under Verbs
*** ex.: "cooked food" = "cooked" describes the kind of food, even though "cook" is a verb
*** ex.: "cooked food" = "cooked" describes the kind of food, even though "cook" is a verb
=== adjectives following subject-verb ===  
=== adjectives following subject-verb (linking verb) ===  
* sometimes adjectives stand alone following a verb
* sometimes adjectives stand alone following a verb
** ex. "Josephus felt sad"
** ex. "Josephus felt sad"
Line 72: Line 73:
*** if it were, it would an adverb, as in "Josephus felt badly for the hurt boy"
*** if it were, it would an adverb, as in "Josephus felt badly for the hurt boy"
**** "badly" = adverb that modifies the verb "felt  
**** "badly" = adverb that modifies the verb "felt  
** verbs that may be followed by an adjective (and not an object/noun) include:
* verbs that connect an adjective to a subject are called "linking verbs"
** linking verbs that may be followed by an adjective (and not an object/noun) include:
*** ''be, feel, taste, smell, sound, sound, look, appear, seem''
*** ''be, feel, taste, smell, sound, sound, look, appear, seem''
* these sentences, therefore do not have objects (nouns)
* these sentences, therefore do not have objects (nouns)
Line 542: Line 544:
* compound prepositions:
* compound prepositions:
** ''ahead of, apart from, by means of, due to, from above (etc.) , in excess of, in front of, in regard to, prior to, similar to, with reference to, etc.''
** ''ahead of, apart from, by means of, due to, from above (etc.) , in excess of, in front of, in regard to, prior to, similar to, with reference to, etc.''
* categories of prepositions:
 
{| class="wikitable"
=== categories of prepositions ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+ Some types or categories of prepositions
|+ Some types or categories of prepositions
|'''Prepositions of...'''
|'''Prepositions of...'''
Line 574: Line 577:
|-
|-
| direction or movement
| direction or movement
| ||''at, between, for, into, onto''
| ||''along, at, between, for, into, onto''
|
|
|-
|-
Line 583: Line 586:
|relationship or purpose
|relationship or purpose
|
|
|for, in relation to, like, regarding, with, without
|''for, in relation to, like, regarding, with, without''
|for learning, without laughing
|for learning, without laughing
|-
|accompaniment, together, in conjunction
|common or coordinated activity or purpose
|with,
|
|-
|-
|ownership
|ownership
|owned, created  
|owned, created  
|by, of,  
|''by, of''
|
|-
|origin
|source
|''from, of''
|
|
|-
|-
|focus of attention
|focus of attention or topic
|
|
|regarding, to,
|''about, regarding, to''
|He apologized to her
|He apologized to her
|-
|-
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+ Preposition comparisons per category & use
|+ Preposition comparisons per category & use
| about|| place ||near, within || ''about there, moving about''
| about|| place ||near, within || ''about there, moving about''
Line 613: Line 626:
* See [[Preposition definitions and use]]<br />
* See [[Preposition definitions and use]]<br />


click EXPAND for list of prepositions:
=== List of prepositions ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Quick list of (single word) prepositions
|+ Quick list of (single word) prepositions
|-
|-
Line 655: Line 667:
|-
|-
|}
|}
</div>
 
=== Select preposition definitions & use ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+Select preposition definitions and examples
!Preposition
!Expresses
!Example
!Notes
|-
|about
|
|
|
|-
|at
|
|
|
|-
|by
|
|
|
|-
|for
|
|
|
|-
|from
|
|
|
|-
|of
|
|
|
|-
|on
|
|
|
|-
|to
|
|
|"to" can also be a "particle" or "infinitive marker"
 
* creates an infinitive: "to go"
* so not to be confused with a preposition
|-
|up
|heading above or upwards
|''He crept up the stairs''
|"up" can also be an adjective, adverb, noun or particle.
 
* * adjective, so when we say, "the sky is up" or "the system is up and running" it is not a preposition
 
* adverb: "She picked it up"
* noun: "What's up?"
* particle: "I looked it up," "The DJ turned up the music"
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''with'''
|accompanying, alongside, together
|''Stevie went with Joey to class''
 
''Coffeecake goes with coffee''
|
|-
|connected
|''The sofa & chair are with each other''
|
|-
|agreement
|''I agree with you (also "I am with you")''
|
|-
|method
|''I fixed my phone with duct tape''
|
|-
|note: see 1/13/23 Blair class
|
|
|
|}
 
* See
* See
** [<nowiki/>[[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|Preposition and postposition (wiki)]]]
** [<nowiki/>[[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|Preposition and postposition (wiki)]]]
Line 662: Line 761:
=== prepositional phrase ===
=== prepositional phrase ===
* = a phrase created by a preposition + its object
* = a phrase created by a preposition + its object
* = dependent clauses, so are separated from a main or dominant clause by a comma
** (a phrase = two or more words that do not contain a subject + verb)
* prepositional phrases that modify verbs are called ""adverbial phrases"  
* ex.: ''the book is '''on the table'''''
* see
** "on" = preposition
** [[https://writer.com/blog/prepositional-phrase/ Prepositional phrases: what they are and examples (writer.com)]]
** "table" = object of the preposition, "on"
=== other exceptions ===
** "on the table" = prepositional phrase
 
=== prepositional phrases & verb types ===
* '''transitive verb''' = must be accompanied by an object
** the preposition will not be the direct object
*** ''I give a bone '''to the dog'''''
* '''intransitive verb''' = does not take an object
** the preposition will act as an adverb (modifier) of the intransitive verb:
*** He waits '''''for the bus'''''
**** the prepositional phrase doesn't match the subject; instead if modifies the verb "waits"
* '''linking verb''' = does not need an object
** linking verbs include ''is, become, seem, smell'', etc.
*** they do not take an adverb
**** i.e., "You seem happily" makes no sense
**** instead, "You seem happy"
***** "happy" = '''subject complement adjective'''
*** linking verbs "link" to a noun or adjective
**** "I feel happy" or "He is a doctor"
** as a modifier the '''prepositional phrase''' adds additional information to the '''subject complement noun'''
*** ''I feel happy '''about my test'''''
*** ''He is a doctor '''in Nebraska'''''
 
=== prepositional phrase as modifier ===
* prepositional phrases act like adjectives or adverbs to modify nouns or verbs
** therefore, they are not separated from the word they modify by punctuation
** ex. ''The player ran onto the field''
*** as opposed to ''The player, ran onto the field''
**** = incorrect comma that separates the verb "ran" from the prepositional phrase "onto the field"
 
==== modify a noun (as an adjective) ====
* ''The best books '''in the library''' are in the adventure section''
** note that there is no punctuation separating "books" from the modifying prepositional phrase, "in the library"
** also called an "adjective phrase" or "adjective prepositional phrase
 
==== modify a verb (as an adverb): ====
* ''He stepped onto the porch''
** "onto the porch" describes how "he stepped"
** so the prepositional phrase acts like an adverb
** sometimes called an "adverbial phrase"
 
==== as introductory phrase ====
 
* prepositional phrases are commonly used to introduce information about the clause that follows
** ex. ''On Tuesdays, I have night classes''
 
==== as noun phrase ====
* prepositional phrases can also act as nouns, usually as the subject of a sentence
* prepositional phrases can also act as nouns, usually as the subject of a sentence
** and usually in reference to a location or time that has an action (verb), such as:
** and usually in reference to a location or time that has an action (verb), such as:
*** "During the summer is the best time to play outside"
*** ''During the summer is the best time to play outside''
*** "After I exercise is when I feel best"
*** ''After I exercise is when I feel best''
* see:
* Sources:
** [https://writer.com/blog/prepositional-phrase/ Prepositional phrases: what they are and examples (writer.com)]
** [https://www.englishgrammar101.com/module-7/prepositions/lesson-6/prepositional-phrases-as-nouns Prepositional Phrases as Nouns(englishgrammar.com)]
** [https://www.englishgrammar101.com/module-7/prepositions/lesson-6/prepositional-phrases-as-nouns Prepositional Phrases as Nouns(englishgrammar.com)]
** [https://www.brighthubeducation.com/english-homework-help/46995-the-nominal-functions-of-prepositions-and-prepositional-phrases/ How to Use Prepositions as Subjects, Subject Complements, and Direct Objects (brighthub.com)]
** [https://www.brighthubeducation.com/english-homework-help/46995-the-nominal-functions-of-prepositions-and-prepositional-phrases/ How to Use Prepositions as Subjects, Subject Complements, and Direct Objects (brighthub.com)]
** [https://blog.inkforall.com/types-of-prepositions Types of Prepositions (inkforall.com)]
** [https://blog.inkforall.com/types-of-prepositions Types of Prepositions (inkforall.com)]


=== Prepositions as adverbs & subordinating conjunctions ===
=== "overlapping" grammatical roles for prepositions ===
* prepositions and verb types:
* some words and grammar forms "overlap" or operate in or as multiple grammatical forms
** '''transitive verb''' = must be accompanied by an object
 
*** the preposition will not be the direct object
===== preposition as subordinating conjunction =====
**** ''I give a bone '''to the dog'''''
* = a "conjunctive preposition"
** '''intransitive verb''' = does not take an object
* which is also a "subordinating conjunction"
*** the preposition will act as an adverb (modifier) of the intransitive verb:
** compare: ''I got my license '''before last year'''''  
**** He waits '''''for the bus'''''
*** before= preposition that defines when "I went to school"
***** the prepositional phrase doesn't match the subject; instead if modifies the verb "waits"
** to: ''I got my license '''before last year ended'''''  
** '''linking verb''' = does not need an object
*** before = combines "I got my license" and "last year ended" and defines which came first
*** linking verbs include ''is, become, seem, smell'', etc.
** so we can view "before" as '''subordinating''' the clause, "last year ended,"
**** they do not take an adverb
*** it is a clause because it contains a subject (year) and verb ("ended)
***** i.e., "You seem happily" makes no sense
*** and the preposition "before" "subordinates
***** instead, "You seem happy"
*** however, since "before" is defining the "when," which is a core function of a preposition, we can call it one, or call it a "conjunctive preposition" when also acting as a [[#subordinating conjunction]].
****** "happy" = '''subject complement adjective'''
** more examples:
**** linking verbs "link" to a noun or adjective
*** ''She paid the bill after dinner''vs:
***** "I feel happy" or "He is a doctor"
**** ''She paid the bill after she ate dinner''
*** as a modifier the prepositional phrase adds additional information to the '''subject complement noun'''
*** ''He played like a pro''vs.
**** ''I feel happy '''about my test'''''
**** ''He played like he was a pro''
**** ''He is a doctor '''in Nebraska'''''
 
* "overlapping" grammatical roles for prepositions
==== "intransitive preposition" ====
** some words and grammar forms "overlap" or operate in or as multiple grammatical forms
* = prepositions may or may not define a "noun phrase" (which prepositions would normally accompany)
* "intransitive preposition"
* intransitive prepositions do not need a noun or noun phrase
** = prepositions may or may not define a "noun phrase" (which prepositions would normally accompany)
* i.e., they act as '''adverb modifiers''' or '''subject complements'''
** intransitive prepositions do not need a noun or noun phrase
 
** i.e., they act as '''adverb modifiers''' or '''subject complements'''
* most dictionaries qualify '''intransitive prepositions''' as adverbs, such as "abroad," "now," "until"
* most dictionaries qualify intransitive prepositions as adverbs, such as "abroad," "now," "until"
** ex. of intransitive preposition: ''They went ahead'' or ''The dog is outside''
** ex. of intransitive preposition: "They went ahead" or "The dog is outside"
** with a noun these would be more clearly prepositions:  
** with a noun these would be more clearly prepositions:  
*** "They went ahead of the others" or "The dog is outside the fence"
*** ''They went ahead of the others'' or ''The dog is outside the fence''
* overlap of prepositions and subordinating conjunctions
* = a "conjunctive preposition"
** ex.: "I got my license before last year" (before= preposition that defines when "I went to school")
** vs.: "I got my license before last year ended" (before = combines "I got my license" and "last year ended" and defines which came first)
** we can view "before" as subordinating the phrase, "last year ended," which is technically a complete thought and sentence
** however, since "before" is defining the "when," which is a core function of a preposition, we can call it one, or call it a "conjunctive preposition" when also acting as a [[#subordinating conjunction]].
** ex.: "She paid the bill after dinner"
** vs.: "She paid the bill after she ate dinner"
** ex.: "He played like a pro"
** vs.: "He played like he was a pro"


=== Prepositions as "particle" (w/o object complement)===
=== Preposition as "particle" (w/o object complement)===
* ''particles'' are words that don't fit into the general categories of parts of speech
* ''particles'' are words that don't fit into the general categories of parts of speech
** the most common are prepositions that do not have an object
** the most common are prepositions that do not have an object
Line 795: Line 929:
** technically = "predicate"
** technically = "predicate"
*** predicate = "the portion of a sentence which makes a claim about the subject" [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate_(grammar) Predicate (grammar) (wikipedia)]
*** predicate = "the portion of a sentence which makes a claim about the subject" [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate_(grammar) Predicate (grammar) (wikipedia)]
=== finite v. non-finite verb ===
* finite verb = action verb
** action verb has a subject
*** ex. "Joey hates golf"
**** "hates" has the subject "Joey" and expresses an action
* non-finite verb = has no subject
** ex.  "playing golf is fun"
** non-finite verbs are also called "verbals"
* '''finite verb''' = directly expresses an action
* '''non-finite verb''' = does not directly express an action
** "Joey hates playing golf"
*** Joey = subject
*** hates = action verb
*** playing = a noun
**** = not a verb as it is not a direct action and has no subject
**** however, note that "golf" is the object of the non-finite verb "playing"
**** finite and non-finite verbs may have objects
***** object = recipient of the finite verb's action or the non-finite verb's expression of an action


=== verb "moods" ===  
=== verb "moods" ===  
Line 842: Line 996:
**** other incorrect examples:
**** other incorrect examples:
***** "She told about her trip."  v. "She told us about her trip."
***** "She told about her trip."  v. "She told us about her trip."
***** "His dad bought
***** "His dad bought" = incomplete thought bc "bought" requires an object:
****** "His dad bought a boat"


=== infinitives ===
* infinitives use "to"
** ex. "I go to see the game"
* root forms act like infinitives but without the "to"
** infinitive and base forms are generally interchangeable:
** ex. "He helped her clean her desk" (root form)
** v. "He helped her to clean her desk" (infinitive form)
* note that "root" and "base" forms are used interchangeably
** except "base form" of a verb includes infinitive and simple present forms of the verb
* bare infinitive
* see:
** [https://www.thefreedictionary.com/bare+infinitive Bare Infinitive (fredictionary.com)]
** [https://englishlessonsbrighton.co.uk/bare-infinitive/ What is a bare infinitive? (englishlessonsbrighton.com)]
=== present tense forms ===
=== present tense forms ===
*'''simple present'''
*'''simple present'''
Line 962: Line 1,103:
</div>
</div>


=== participles and gerunds ===
=== non-finite verb: participle, gerund & infinitive ===
* non-finite verbs
** = verbs that do not have a subject
** and thus do not act as an action or "finite" verb (that has a subject)
** = verbs that act as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns
** non-finite verbs are also called "verbals"
* verb forms that act like an adjective, adverb or noun
* verb forms that act like an adjective, adverb or noun
* types:
* types:
Line 1,022: Line 1,168:
* present participles may themselves be modified by an adverb
* present participles may themselves be modified by an adverb
** ex.: ** or "She went about her work smiling enormously"
** ex.: ** or "She went about her work smiling enormously"
==== gerunds ====
==== gerund ====
*= verbs that act as nouns
*= verbs that act as nouns
* use the -ing form of the verb
* use the -ing form of the verb
Line 1,073: Line 1,219:
** [https://www.ef.edu/english-resources/english-grammar/ing-forms/ The -ing forms (ef.edu Resources for Learning English]
** [https://www.ef.edu/english-resources/english-grammar/ing-forms/ The -ing forms (ef.edu Resources for Learning English]
** [https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/participles.htm Grammar-Monster.com participles]
** [https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/participles.htm Grammar-Monster.com participles]
==== infinitive ====
* = a non-finite verbs
* infinitives use the particle "to"
** ex. "I go ''to see'' the game"
* "infinitive" comes from Latin for "indefinite" or "unrestricted"
** bc in Latin restrictive verbs must match noun case or plurality
*** i.e., they have a subject (and match to it)
** so the infinitive is "indefinite" or "unrestricted"
*** since it not attached to another noun (subject)
*** and thus it does not match case or plurality
* root forms or "bare infinitives" act like infinitives but without the "to"
** infinitive and base forms are generally interchangeable:
** ex. "He helped her clean her desk" (root form)
** v. "He helped her to clean her desk" (infinitive form)
** note that "root" and "base" forms are used interchangeably
*** except "base form" of a verb includes infinitive and simple present forms of the verb
** see:
*** [https://www.thefreedictionary.com/bare+infinitive Bare Infinitive (fredictionary.com)]
*** [https://englishlessonsbrighton.co.uk/bare-infinitive/ What is a bare infinitive? (englishlessonsbrighton.com)]
* infinitives act as adjectives, adverbs or nouns
** as adjective
*** ''The place to go is the theatre''
**** "to go" is an adjective that describes "place"
** as adverb
*** I get to go there tomorrow
**** "to go" is an adverb that modifies the verb "get"
** as noun
*** ''I learned how to build it''
**** "to build" is the noun object of the verb "learned"
==== Resources ====
* [[Non-finite verbs & the "verbiness" of participles gerunds infinitives worksheet]]


=== subjunctive mood ===
=== subjunctive mood ===
Line 1,176: Line 1,357:


=== modal verb ===
=== modal verb ===
* asdf
* a form of auxiliary verb
* asdf
* indicates possibility, necessity, desirability, possibility, requirement:
** '''can, could, had better, may, might, must, need, ought, shall, should, would'''
* modal verbs add that conditionality to a finite (action) verb
** ''I can do it, we should go there, you must go there'', etc., vs.
** ''I do it,'' ''we go there, you go there'', etc
* the modal verb is necessary for the semantic purpose (its meaning) of the sentence
** whereas an auxiliary ("helping") verb is not
*** auxiliary verbs "mark" tense or passive voice
**** ''The teacher '''had''' taught'' (past perfect tense)
***** ''The subject '''was''' taught by the teacher'' (passive voice)
*** however, the modal verb must be accompanied by a finite (action) verb
**** i.e., modals cannot be the action of the sentence
>>  Modal Verbs: Definition & Usage Examples | Grammarly Blog
>>  Modal Verbs: Definition & Usage Examples | Grammarly Blog


Retrieved from "https://school4schools.wiki/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/3430...4177"