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Clause (grammar): Difference between revisions

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Clause (grammar) (view source)

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* note: Santa is not a clause
* note: Santa is not a clause


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:0.8em; width:80%; margin-left:20px;"
|+
|+
!Description
!Description
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!Is not a clause
!Is not a clause
|-
|-
|a grammatically complete thought
|a grammatically complete thought without another clause
|Sentence
|Sentence
|
|
|'''X'''
| ✘
|-
|a grammatically complete thought that is part of a larger sentence that contains another clause
|independent clause
| ✓
|
|-
|-
|a grammatically complete though
|the main clause of a sentence is
that is part of a larger sentence
|independent clause
|independent clause
|'''Y'''
| ✓
|
|
|-
|-
|a part of a sentence that contains  
|two independent clauses combined by a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)
a subject & a verb but is not a complete
|coordinate clauses (both independent)
thought
| ✓
|
|-
|a part of a sentence that contains a subject & a verb but is not a complete thought
|dependent clause
|dependent clause
|'''Y'''
| ✓
|
|
|-
|-
|a part of a sentence that contains two  
|a part of a sentence that contains two or more words but does not have both a subject & verb (not a [[Vocabulary:Finite verb|finite verb]])
or more words but does not have
both a subject & verb
|phrase
|phrase
|
|
|'''X'''
| ✘
|-
|Rides a sleigh driven by reindeer through the air to deliver Christmas presents
|proper noun
|
| ✘
|}
|}


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=== dependent clause ===
=== dependent clause ===
* "Dependent Clause" (DC) is a sentence part that contains a subject and a verb but does not complete a thought
* "Dependent Clause" (DC) is a sentence part that contains a subject and a verb but does not complete a thought
* also called "subordinate clause"
* also called "subordinate clause" (see below)
** DC clauses are therefore attached to an IC that completes the clause as a complete sentence and/or thought
* DC clauses are attached to an IC  
** DC clauses add information to ''but are not necessary for'' the IC to make sense
** DC clauses add information to ''but are not necessary for'' the IC to make sense
* Note: technically, a sentence part that does not contain both a noun and a verb is a phrase
* Note: a sentence part that does not contain both a noun and a verb is a phrase
** yet non-IC sentence parts are commonly referred to as "dependent clauses" when they are actually "phrases" if they do not contain a subject + verb  
** yet some sources call non-IC sentence parts "dependent clauses" when they are actually "phrases" since they do not contain a subject + verb
*types of DC:
*#'''subordinate clause''': an IC that has been "subordinated" into a DC by a "subordinating conjunction"
*#'''adverb or adverbial clause''': a subordinate clause that specifically modifies a verb, usually in terms of time, duration, extent, or condition (if)
*# '''noun clause''': acts as a noun
*# '''relative clause''': acts as an adjective to define a noun; can be restrictive or non-restrictive (see below)
**
Click EXPAND for examples of DC:
Click EXPAND for examples of DC:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
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------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------
</div>
</div>
* Dependent clauses are introduced by a "dependent word"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Type of Dependent Clause
!Dependent word
!Dependent word type
|-
|Subordinate or Adverb clause
|''after, although, since, etc.''
|subordinating conjunction (adverb)
|-
|Relative clause
|''that, which, who, whom, whose''
|relative pronoun
|-
|Noun clause
|''that, what, whatever, who, whoever''
|pronoun
|}
* see:
* see:
** [https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/punctuation/independent_and_dependent_clauses/index.html Identifying Independent and Dependent Clauses (owl.purdue.edu)]
** [https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/punctuation/independent_and_dependent_clauses/index.html Identifying Independent and Dependent Clauses (owl.purdue.edu)]
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=== subordinate clause ===
=== subordinate clause ===
* subordinate clause is another name for a DC
* a clause that is formed by adding a ''subordinating conjunction''
** we usually think of a subordinate clause as one that is formed by adding a subordinating conjunction
** which "subordinates" or turns an IC clause into a dependent clause
** however, technically there are three types of subordinate clauses:
* some sources refer to all dependent clauses as "subordinate clauses"
**# adverbial clause: defines a verb, usually in terms of time, duration, extent, or condition (if)
** in the sense that a subordinate clause is "subordinate" to an independent clause
**# noun clause: acts as a noun
* here will refer to subordinate clauses as those that add additional and not required, or requisite, information to the main clause
**# relative clause: acts as an adjective to define a noun; can be restrictive or non-restrictive (see below)
* however, here will think of subordinate clauses as those that add additional and not required, or requisite, information to the main clause
** in this sense, subordinate clauses are preceded by "subordinating conjunctions" (see below)
** in this sense, subordinate clauses are preceded by "subordinating conjunctions" (see below)
* note also that "adverb clauses" are subordinate clauses


=== subordinating conjunction ===
=== subordinating conjunction ===
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*** "Since I love baseball, I watch it every chance I get."
*** "Since I love baseball, I watch it every chance I get."


=== relative clause ===
=== relative or "adjective" clause ===
* a type of "adjective clause"
* = a dependent clause that contains a subject-verb, but provides additional information and is not a complete sentence of thought by itself
* = a dependent clause that contains a subject-verb, but provides additional information and is not a complete sentence of thought by itself
* the "subject" of the clause is a pronoun (thus "relative," as pronouns relate to a noun)
* the "subject" of the clause is a pronoun (thus "relative," as pronouns relate to a noun)
* relative clauses are introduced by a relative pronoun (see table)
* relative clauses are introduced by a relative pronoun (see table)
* relative clauses can be either restrictive or non-restrictive, per below
{| class="wikitable"  style="float:right; margin-left: 10px; width:40%"
{| class="wikitable"  style="float:right; margin-left: 10px; width:40%"
|+ relative pronouns
|+ relative pronouns
! Pronoun !! For !! Rule
! Pronoun !! For !! Rule
|-
| that || people or things  || <small>- subject or object: adds required information (restrictive, so no punctuation)</small>
<small>- acts as the subject of the relative clause</small>
|-
|what
|things
| <small>- object (acted upon)</small>
|-
| which || things  || <small>- subject or object: adds additional information (can be restrictive or non-restrictive)</small>
<small>- acts as the subject of the relative clause</small>
|-  
|-  
| who || people || subject (does the action): ''he, she, we, they''
| who || people || <small>subject (does the action): ''he, she, we, they'' (restrictive, so no punctuation)</small>
<small>- acts as the subject of the relative clause</small>
|-
|-
| whom || people || object (acted upon): ''him, her, us, them''
|whoever
|people
| <small>- subject or object of the relative clause</small>
|-
|-
| whose || people or things || possessive form of whom: ''his, her, us, their''
| whom || people || <small>- object (acted upon): ''him, her, us, them''</small>
<small>- creates but is not the subject of the relative clause</small>
|-
|-
| that || people or things || subject or object: adds required information (no punctuation)
| whose || people or things || <small>possessive form of whom: ''his, her, us, their''</small>
|-
|-
| which || things  || subject or object: adds additional information (usually non-restrictive, ie. with a comma)
| colspan="3" | <small>* Source: https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/relative-clauses/</small>
|-
| colspan="3" | * Source: https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/relative-clauses/  
|}
|}
* relative clauses can be either restrictive or non-restrictive, per below
** ex.
** ex.
*** "Sue, who is always late, showed up on time."
*** "Sue, who is always late, showed up on time."
*** "The PG-13 movie scared me, which was surprising."
*** "The PG-13 movie scared me, which was surprising."
* restrictive relative clauses can be replaced by an adjective:
** ''The thing '''that scares me about horror movies''' is the suspense''
*** (relative clause '''in bold''')
** is equivalent to
*** ''The '''scary''' thing about horror movies is the suspense''
**** (adjective '''in bold''')
** the choice to use the restrictive relative clause or an adjective depends upon the extent the writer wishes to emphasize the action (verb) in the relative clause
* Sources:
* Sources:
** [https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/relative-clauses/ Relative Clauses (unc.edu)]
** [https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/relative-clauses/ Relative Clauses (unc.edu)]
** [https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/clauses Grammar: Relative, Restrictive, and Nonrestrictive Clauses (walenu.edu)]
** [https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/clauses Grammar: Relative, Restrictive, and Nonrestrictive Clauses (walenu.edu)]
** [https://www.grammarly.com/blog/using-that-and-which-is-all-about-restrictive-and-non-restrictive-clauses/ Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses—What’s the Difference?(grammarly.com)]
** [https://www.grammarly.com/blog/using-that-and-which-is-all-about-restrictive-and-non-restrictive-clauses/ Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses—What’s the Difference?(grammarly.com)]
** [https://thewordcounter.com/blog-comma-before-which/ Comma before which (thewordcounter.com)]
** [https://thewordcounter.com/blog-comma-before-which/ Comma before which (thewordcounter.com)]
** [https://www.softschools.com/examples/grammar/essential_and_nonessential_adjective_clauses_examples/81/# Essential and Nonessential Adjective Clauses Examples (softschools.com)]
** [https://www.softschools.com/examples/grammar/essential_and_nonessential_adjective_clauses_examples/81/# Essential and Nonessential Adjective Clauses Examples (softschools.com)]


=== restrictive relative clause ===
=== restrictive relative clause ===
* goes by various names: necessary, requisite or defining clause
* goes by various names: adjective, necessary, requisite or defining clause
** technically, also an "adjective clause" since it describes a previously stated (antecedent) noun
** "adjective clause" since it describes a previously stated (antecedent) noun or idea
* "necessary" or "requisite" = the idea is the clause or phrase is necessary
** "necessary" or "requisite" = the idea is the clause or phrase is necessary
* "defining" = the meaning of the sentence is defined by the clause
** "defining" = the meaning of the sentence is defined by the clause
** or: the sentence is not a complete thought without the clause
*** or: the sentence is not a complete thought without the clause
* restrictive clauses are not separated by punctuation
* restrictive clauses are not separated by punctuation
** i.e.: since the information is necessary, there is no pause
** i.e.: since the information is necessary, there is no pause
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==== noun clause ====
==== noun clause ====
* = a clause that functions as a thing or idea (noun)
* = a clause that functions as a thing or idea (noun)
* = usually introduced by ''what, when, where, wherever''
* = usually introduced by ''what, when, where, wherever, who, whoever''
* = a clause that acts as a subject, object, subject complement or object of a preposition, ex.:
* = a clause that acts as a subject, object, subject complement or object of a preposition, ex.:
** <u>subject</u>: "'''What ''I love to eat the most''''' is steak"
** <u>subject</u>: "'''What ''I love to eat the most''''' is steak"
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