Ancient Egypt: Difference between revisions

→‎New Kingdom pharaohs: adding to nefertiti
(→‎Religion: expanding and resetting sections)
(→‎New Kingdom pharaohs: adding to nefertiti)
Line 906: Line 906:
</div>
</div>


===Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV)===
===Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) & Nefertiti ===
[[File:La_salle_dAkhenaton_(1356-1340_av_J.C.)_(Musée_du_Caire)_(2076972086).jpg|right|250px|thumb|Pharaoh Akhenaten (center) and his family worshiping the Aten, with characteristic rays seen emanating from the solar disk. Later such imagery was prohibited.]]
[[File:La_salle_dAkhenaton_(1356-1340_av_J.C.)_(Musée_du_Caire)_(2076972086).jpg|right|250px|thumb|Pharaoh Akhenaten (center) and his family worshiping the Aten, with characteristic rays seen emanating from the solar disk. Later such imagery was prohibited.]]
* reign: 1353 – 1336 BC
* reign: 1353 – 1336 BC
Line 935: Line 935:
** [http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/belief-akhenaten/ Belief Of Akhenaten]
** [http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/belief-akhenaten/ Belief Of Akhenaten]
</div>
</div>
'''Nefertiti'''  
 
''' Nefertiti '''
* wife & queen to Akhenaten
* wife & queen to Akhenaten
** her name translates to ""The Beautiful Woman has Come"
** her name translates to "The Beautiful Woman has Come"
* likely served as co-regent with Akhenaten during his last year and possibly as pharaoh outright
click EXPAND for details
click EXPAND for details
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
[[File:Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Nefertiti bust, perhaps the most famous depiction of an ancient Egyptian ]]
[[File:Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Nefertiti bust, perhaps the most famous depiction of an ancient Egyptian ]]
** some suggest she was also Akhenaten's sister, which is unlikely
* family lineage disputed, most likely:
* title of Egyptian queen = "Great Royal Wife"
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
* theories of her rule as pharaoh:
click EXPAND for more
** she may have ruled as co-regent with Akheneten the year before his death
** father = likely, Ay, advisor to Amenhotep III and Tutankhamun
** mother ? perhaps Tey, wife of Ay, but only reference to her is as "nurse" to Nefertiti
*** a theory is that an earlier wife, "luy" and Tey was Nefertiti's stepmother
** sibling theories:
*** that Akhenaten and Nefertiti were full siblings is based on depictions of them as the sibling gods, Shu and Tefnut
*** that her name, "The Beautiful Woman has Come," suggests she was born of a foreign mother
**** Amenhotep III had a Mittani (mideastern) wife, Tadukhipa
**** so it is supposed that she was Nefertiti's mother and thus half-brother to Akhenaten
</div>
* title as Egyptian queen = "Great Royal Wife"
* theories of her rule as co-ruler and/or pharaoh:
** that Nefertiti influenced Akhenaten to worship Aten (the sun god)
** depictions of Akhenaten and Nefertiti show them in equal proportions
** depictions show Nefertiti leading ceremonies and receiving diplomats
* co-regent:
** she may have ruled as co-regent with Akhenaten the year before his death
*** if so, it suggests that he knew he was dying, perhaps of a plague
*** if so, it suggests that he knew he was dying, perhaps of a plague
** a brief successor king to Akhenaten was named Neferneferuaten  
** a brief successor king to Akhenaten was named Neferneferuaten  
Line 950: Line 967:
**** thus naming her "Neferneferuaten Nefertiti"
**** thus naming her "Neferneferuaten Nefertiti"
**** the suffix "aten" = same as "Akhen-aten", for the god "Aten"
**** the suffix "aten" = same as "Akhen-aten", for the god "Aten"
** there is little evidence for the succession of Akheneten
** there is little evidence for the succession of Akhenaten
*** much evidence of his rule was erased by his successors
*** much evidence of his rule was erased by his successors
''' the Hittite letters'''
''' the Hittite letters'''
Line 961: Line 978:
** possible authors of the letter are Nerfertiti, her daughter, Meritaten, or Ankhesenamun, wife of Tutankhamun
** possible authors of the letter are Nerfertiti, her daughter, Meritaten, or Ankhesenamun, wife of Tutankhamun
* see [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefertiti#Hittite_letters Hittite Letters (wiki)]]
* see [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefertiti#Hittite_letters Hittite Letters (wiki)]]
* sources:
** [[https://www.ancient.eu/Nefertiti/ Nefertiti (ancient.eu)]]
** https://www.arce.org/resource/akhenaten-nefertiti-aten-many-gods-one Akhenaten, Nefertiti & Aten: From Many Gods to One (arce.org)]]
** [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefertiti Nefertiti (wiki)]]
</div>
'''succession of Akhenaten'''
* there seem to be two pharaohs between Akhenaten and his son Tutankhamun
click EXPAND for more:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
** the order is a guess and could be in reverse
** evidence is uncertain; if so:
* Smenkhkare
** possibly co-regent with Akhenaten (before Nefertiti's co-regency)
** it is only speculation that Smenkhkare served as actual pharaoh
*** portions of "wine dockets" (containers) mention "Regnal Year 1" or years 2-3 from the "house of Smenkhkare"
* see [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smenkhkare Smenkhkare (wiki)]]
* Neferneferuaten
** thought to be Nefertiti
** this pharaoh is thought to have moved the royal capital back to Thebes, thus ending the cult of Aten
* possibly, these were regents to Tutankhamun and not outright pharaohs
** "cartouches," a hieroglyph representing royalty, depict Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten
*** but that is not evidence enough of their ascension to pharaoh
</div>
</div>