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AP US History vocabulary list: Difference between revisions
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== General terms to know for US History == | == General terms to know for US History == | ||
<div style="column-count:3"> | <div style="column-count:3"> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:abolitionism|the movement to end slavery; abolition, abolitionist; see also emancipation}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:aristocratic|of high social status, usually conferred by birth; note "titles of nobility" are banned by US Constitution}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:blue collar v. white collar| blue collar = workers, in reference to the blue "coveralls" laborers may wear (originally clothing made of denim or coarse fabric); white = refernence to the collars of a white dress shirt}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:cession|leaving the Union or a state }}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:chain migration|migration that follows existing personal, usually family, or other connections, such as a job skill or labor organization, thus a "chain" }}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:class warfare|political posturing by emphasizing differences between social and economic classes; historically, a Democratic political strategy}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:''de facto'' v. ''de jure''|"in fact" v. "in law"; ''de facto'' means something that exists in practice; whereas ''de jure'' means a practice according to law}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:delegate (as noun and verb)|n: a representative to a political body; v. to assign or pass along a task, power, or sovereignty}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:direct tax|a tax that is applied "directly" to persons as opposed to an activity or material; the income tax is a "direct" tax, which required Constitutional amendment to allow under the law}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:disenfranchised|not allowd to vote; can be ''de jure'' (legal voting restrictions) or ''de facto'' (forcible, if illegal, voting restrictions}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:dissent|to disagree or protest, usually in terms of a standing law or political opinion; in the Supreme Courts, a "dissenting" judge disagrees with the marjoity opinion}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:domestic|related to national as opposed to overseas or international affairs}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:duties| taxes on importation or sale of goods; "duties" usually refers to taxes on imported goods; note that "duties" constituted the largest source of revenue for the federal government up until the mid-20th century, when the personal and corporate income taxes were imposed at higher rates than when first introduced in 1914; after the Civil War up until that time, import duties constituted about half of federal revenues, with excise taxes (taxes on sale of certain goods) were about 40% of federal revenue; prior to the Civil War, import duties were the source of up to 90% of federal income; note the federal government also received significant revenue from land sales, mineral rights, etc.) }}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:emancipation|the act or process of freeing slaves (abolition)}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:embargo| to block or restrict access to something (Embargo Act of 1807, which restricted trade with Britain and France); embargo is usually in reference to a practical or legal exclusion of trade, or of a physical "naval blockade", such as the US embargo of Cuba in 1926; a naval blockade may be considered an act of war}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:equity| the notion that the laws must be applied equally; also a reference to capital ownership of a company (stock ownership = "equity"}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:excise tax|a tax upon a certain good, product or transaction}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:federal|in reference to the central, or "federal" government, and as opposed to state or local governments}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:franchise| = "the vote"; thus "disenfranchised" means to not have the right to vote}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:hegemony/hegomonic|control or rule of another country without direct military occupation; also used to describe the power of one body or person over another without directly managing that body or person ("hegemonic power"}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:imperialism| acts by a country of overseas conquest, possession or imposition; US imperialism started with the Spanish-American War (1896); U.S. foreign policy after WWII hgas been seen as "imperialistic" in the sense that it imposes U.S. policies or desires upon other nations; see "hegemony" }}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:indemnity| in international affairs, money paid as compensation for some loss, especially following a war}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:infringe / infringement | to violate, or undermine, especially in law}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:intolerance| unwillingness to accept views, beliefs or persons different from oneself; in international affairs; the "Intolerable Acts" was a name given by the American colonists who opposed a series of Acts of Parliament called by England the "Coercive Acts"}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:laissez-faire| from French for "to leave alone"; used as reference to government non-intervention in the economy, usually regarding corporations; "laissez-faire" has a negative connotation, whereas supporters of government non-interference in the economy refer to that point of view as "libertarian"}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:mercantilism| colonialist policy of controling or regulating trade so as to require that colonial possessions only purchase from and sell to the mnother country; the philosophy was that economic "stakeholders" were home-country farms, businesses, and land owners}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:nativism| "ethnocentric" belief in the dominant ethnicity and culture of a nation, particularly as regards immigration (called "chauvanisme" in French)}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:nullify / nullification| the theory that since the Constitution is a "compact" (agreement) of the states, the authority to withhold that agreement or parts of it remains with the states; | |||
as in the "Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions" and the Nullification Crisis of 1830s)}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Old World v. New World| "Old" = Europe; "New" = Americas}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:political|from Greek ''polis'' for "city"; governance or organization of a group of people; operates at all levels, as in local, state or national "politics" }}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:political expediency|expedience = cutting corners, compromising principles to achieve a short term outcomes; political expediency comes of politicians / leaders who act against their stated beliefs in order to achieve a cerain outcome; may be seen as hypocrisy, but all politicians must engage in expedients at some point, and students may identify these in analysis of causes and effects}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:popular sovereignty|1850s political stance that held that territories and states should accept or not accept the practice of slavery based upon a vote of the people (i.e., "popular"; sovereignty = rule}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:precedent| the judicial practice of adhereing to prior or "preceding" decisions; decisions that change "precedent" are considered "landmark"}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:prohibition| >>definition here }}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"Republican motherhood"| the Early Republic belief that the role of a patriotic mother was to raise their sons as good "republicans," i.e. members of a self-governed society (not the political party)>>definition here }}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:state|a sovereign political unit; in the "United States" the states are independent political entities that have yielded certain powers or sovereignties to the central government; internationally, a "state" is a country or nation (thus the "State Department" as the executive department that represents the country)}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:states rights| sovereignty and powers of states; generally, the belief that the federal government should not "infringe" }}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:segregation| racial separation, either ''de facto'' or ''de jure''; Plessy v. Furgusen affirmed in law ''de facto'' segregation; ''Brown v Board of Education'' prohibited legal segregation in schools, but did not end its ''de facto'' practice in policy and implementation across the states}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:socialism| an economic and political theory that the state (the government) should own the "means of production" (farming, industry, etc.); "socialists" across time have varied in the degree to which they call for state-control of different segments of the economy and society }}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:socialism|sovereignty|rule over; government authority or rule is called its "soveriegnty", thus a monarch is also called a "soveriegn"|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:suffrage| the right to vote; "suffragettes" were women activitists who promoted the right for women to vote}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:tariff| taxes on imports; also called "duties" }}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:temperance movement| social and political movement to ban production and use of alcohol}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:unalienable| not divisible, cannot be taken away; thus in the Declaration, "unalienable rights" are those that people are born with and cannot be taken away; unalienable rights can be violated, but under the theory of "natural law" any violation of those rights is illegitimate; note: "unalienable" = same as "inalienable" }}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:unintended consequence|effects of a policy, decision or action that are unexpected or unanticipated}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:United States|so-called because of the "union" of independent states that joined to form a single country; it is useful to note that prior to the Civil War the nation was referred to as "these United States", in the plural, whereas after the Civil War it changed to "the United States", in the singular, reflecting a dramatic change in the self-conception of the nation and union}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:western expansion|we can look upon the American historical experience as one of ongoing westward, or western, expansion: 1st spreading westward from teh coastal plains, then over the Appalachians into the Ohio Valley, then into the Mississippi Valley and across the Mississippi River, then across the Plains, up to the Rocky Mountains, then expansion to Califoria, especially following the 1849 Gold Rush; then connecting the nation through netwards of railroads and telegraph; then overseas expansion (Spanish-American War) and intervention (WWs I and II) and spread of American political, cultural and economic activity and influence across the world into the modern world of instantaneous connectivity}} | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
== Colonial Periods == | == Colonial Periods == | ||
=== Pre-Columbian === | === Pre-Columbian === | ||
<div style="column-count:3"> | <div style="column-count:3"> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Algonquian|largest language group of North American tribes who occupied the northeastern coast, and central-east Canada; Algonquian tribes traded with the French and aligned with them against English colonists and their Iroquois allies, who were their traditional enemies}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Hopewell tradition|Ohio Valley cultures of the '''Woodland Period''' that were interconnected by trade and shared cultural traits, such as mound building}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:indigenous|native to a place; original inhabitants}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Iroquois|North American tribes and linguistic group who originally occupied lands surrounding the St. Lawrence River and Lakes Ontario and Erie, as well as parts of upstate New York and Virginia; the Iroquois Confederacy arose after European contact, as tribes expanded and combined into the "Five Nations" who controlled central New York, Pennyslvannia and the western slopes of the Appalachian Mountains}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Mississippian period/ culture|800-1600 AD, period of extensive maize production and mound building across the Mississippi valley, including moderate urbanization and centralized rule}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:reciprocal relations|Native American cultural and economic structures were largely based on reciprocal relations that shared territory, land use and labor; however, those relations were largely tied to linguistic and ethnic alliances that otherwise competed and warred with one another when in contact or conflict over resources; the reciprocal concept of land use, especially was not shared by European settlers who employed notions of private property and land ownership, which led to mistrust and conflict between indigenous and colonial populations}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Woodland Period|Eastern and central North American indigenous cultures that thrived from 1000 BC to 1000 AD; period marked by trade, cultural exchange, population growth and linguistic variation}}</ul></li> | |||
=== Age of Exploration === | === Age of Exploration === | ||
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* Conquistador | * Conquistador | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
=== Colonial === | |||
=== Spanish Colonial === | |||
* | |||
=== English Colonial === | |||
<div style="column-count:3"> | <div style="column-count:3"> | ||
* Appalachian Mountains | * Appalachian Mountains | ||
* Bacon’s Rebellion | * Bacon’s Rebellion | ||
* John Cabot | |||
* headright system | * headright system | ||
* House of Burgesses | * House of Burgesses | ||
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* Massachusetts Bay – general characteristics | * Massachusetts Bay – general characteristics | ||
* mercantilism | * mercantilism | ||
* miration push/ pull factors | |||
* Native American-European interactions, including disease, treatment of | * Native American-European interactions, including disease, treatment of | ||
* Navigation Acts | * Navigation Acts | ||
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* ABC Boards | * ABC Boards | ||
* Admiralty Court | * Admiralty Court | ||
* Albany Conference | |||
* Boston Massacre | * Boston Massacre | ||
* Boston Tea Party | * Boston Tea Party | ||
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* First Continental Congress | * First Continental Congress | ||
* Fort Duquesne | * Fort Duquesne | ||
* Gadsden flag | |||
* French and Indian War | * French and Indian War | ||
* John Locke | * John Locke | ||
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* Continental Congress/es | * Continental Congress/es | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
== Early Republic == | == Early Republic == | ||