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Ancient Egypt: Difference between revisions
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*** ruled the Delta concurrently with part of the 13th Dynasty | *** ruled the Delta concurrently with part of the 13th Dynasty | ||
** the 13th & 14th Dynasties are generally considered the last of the Middle Kingdom | ** the 13th & 14th Dynasties are generally considered the last of the Middle Kingdom | ||
** | *** but they may also be seen as beginning of the Second Intermediate Period | ||
=== end of Middle Kingdom === | |||
* possible droughts and crop failures contributed to decline | |||
** droughts related to Greek volcano at Thera (Santorini), which caused/accelerated (?) sudden climate change associated with decline of Minoan Crete and Eurasian migrations (including Indo-Aryan) and migrations in Middle East, including that of the Hebrews & Caananites | |||
* 12th dynasty declined and had succession problems | |||
* | * followed by unrelated rulers (13th & 14th dynasties; power exchanged, fought over) | ||
** Hyksos invasion -- migration, settlement (conquest?) of Nile Delta leads to final collapse of 13th dynasty and the Middle Kingdom | ** Hyksos invasion -- migration, settlement (conquest?) of Nile Delta leads to final collapse of 13th dynasty and the Middle Kingdom | ||
== Hyksos invasion == | |||
'''Summary''' | '''Summary''' | ||
* Hyksos period = 1678-1570 BC | * Hyksos period = 1678-1570 BC | ||
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* period between final collapse of Middle Kingdom 13th & 14th dynasties and rise of New Kingdom 18th Dynasty | * period between final collapse of Middle Kingdom 13th & 14th dynasties and rise of New Kingdom 18th Dynasty | ||
* 15th, 16th, & 17th dynasties | * 15th, 16th, & 17th dynasties | ||
** 15th | ** 15th Dynasty = Hyksos rule of Lower Egypt | ||
** 17th | ** 16th & 17th dynasties = Upper Egypt rulers coinciding with Hyksos rule of Lower Egypt | ||
*** Kamose, last king of 17th dynasty invaded Lower Egypt but failed to fully defeat the Hyksos | *** Kamose, last king of 17th dynasty invaded Lower Egypt but failed to fully defeat the Hyksos | ||
* Second Intermediate Period ends with rise of | * Second Intermediate Period ends with rise of Ahmose I, ruler of Thebes, and the 18th dynasty in 1549 BC (sometimes 1550) | ||
* Hyksos fully expelled by | * Hyksos fully expelled by Ahmose I in 1532 BC at the Hyksos Delta region capital, Avaris | ||
** from the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhind_mathematical_papyrus Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (wiki)]], Amhose I claims: | |||
<pre>Then there was fighting Egypt to the south of this town [Avaris], and I carried off a man as a living captive. I went down into the water—for he was captured on the city side—and crossed the water carrying him. ... Then Avaris was despoiled, and I brought spoil from there.</pre> | |||
[[File:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos (axe of Ahmose I, from the Treasure of Queen Aahhotep II) Colorized per source.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a probable Hyksos]] | |||
==New Kingdom== | ==New Kingdom== | ||