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AP US History vocabulary list: Difference between revisions
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* students will be expected to evaluate the origins, causes and consequences of the American Revolution | * students will be expected to evaluate the origins, causes and consequences of the American Revolution | ||
** and, less importantly but expected nonetheless, of the events and outcomes of the Revolutionary War | ** and, less importantly but expected nonetheless, of the events and outcomes of the Revolutionary War | ||
=== Influence of Enlightenment thought and thinkers === | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Enlightnment|philosophical movement that sought to explain reality through observation and logic; the movement was anti-clerical and largely (not entirely) anti-Catholic; Enlightenment ideas include notions of natural law, equality, self-governance, education, and individual rights;}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Locke|Scottish Englightenment thinker (1632-1704) whose ideas deeply influenced the American Revolution; Locke held that people held "natural rights" and it was the role of government to protect them, and, in exchange for that protection, the role of the people to obey the government; he called this arrangement "the social contract"}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Montesquieu|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:natural rights|especially as definted by Locke, the idea that people are born with inherent or "natural" rights, as Locke put it, "life health, liberty [and] possessions"; the key to natural rights and natural law is that those rights and laws exist prior to establishment of governments, whose role, according to Locke, is to protect those rights; when governments create laws over and above natural law, they are called "positive law" (in the sense of positively created, not necessarily "positive" as in good); the notion of natural rights played a crucial role in the justification of the American Revolution, and the Declaration of Independence}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Social contract|the idea,. promoted by various Enlightenment thinkers, especially Locke that people hold inherent or natural rights and that governments are formed in order to protect those rights; under the "social contract," when government does protect those rights, the people have a duty to uphold and obey that government; (note that in the law, a contract is only valid if both parties benefit)}}</ul></li> | |||
=== American Revolution general terms === | === American Revolution general terms === | ||
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Common Sense|}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Common Sense|}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Continental Association|}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Continental Association|}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Continental Congress | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Continental Congresses|from 1774 to 1781 (when the Congress of the Confederation commenced under the Articles of Confederation), an assembly of representatives of the 13 colonies; the purpose was to coordinate responses and resistance to British encroachments on American commerce, liberties, and, ultimately, to wage war against Britain}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Continental Association|}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Continental Association|}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Declaration of Independence|}}<li>direct representation</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Declaration of Independence|}}<li>direct representation</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Enlightenment philosophers|}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Enlightenment philosophers|}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:First Continental Congress|}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:First Continental Congress|}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms| July 6 1775; following the failed Olive Branch Petition, Congress issued the statement, written by Jefferson and Dickinson, of the reasons for "taking up arms" against Britain, blaming the | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms| July 6 1775; following the failed Olive Branch Petition, Congress issued the statement, written by Jefferson and Dickinson, of the reasons for "taking up arms" against Britain, blaming the Coercive Acts, the Declaratory Act, the Vice admiralty courts, and taxation without representation}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Dunmore's War|}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Dunmore's War|1774; Virginia Royal Governor Lord Dunmore represented the King but held colonial ambitions as governor of Virginia; after the British Army pulled troops from Ft. Pitt in western Pennsylvania (thus today's Pittsburg), an important British fort during the French-Indian War, the resulting power vacuum led to settler and Indian conflicts across the Ohio Valley, including in modern Kentucky and Tennessee, where Daniel Boone led 50 settlers who were attacked by Indians. In response, Gov. Dunmore ordered the Virginia Militia to attack the Indians, with the ulterior goal of securing those lands for Virginia (Virginia originally claimed all of modern Kentucky); colonial settlers in those lands resented the lack of support from the British (Proclamation of 1763); the Indian tribes who fought the Virginia militia aligned with the British during the Revolutionary War}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:''Gaspee'' affair|1772, colonials burned the British ''HMS Gaspee'', which was enforcing Navigation Acts off of Rhode Island; the ''Gaspee'' had been aggressively boarding and inspecting colonial vessels and seizing cargo, and while chasing a colonial boat got stuck aground; a group of colonials took advantage of the boat's helplessness and attacked}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:''Gaspee'' affair|1772, colonials burned the British ''HMS Gaspee'', which was enforcing Navigation Acts off of Rhode Island; the ''Gaspee'' had been aggressively boarding and inspecting colonial vessels and seizing cargo, and while chasing a colonial boat got stuck aground; a group of colonials took advantage of the boat's helplessness and attacked}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer|by John Dickinson}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer|by John Dickinson}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Lexington/Concord|}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Lexington/Concord|}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Loyalist|}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Loyalist|}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Minutemen|}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Minutemen|}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Nonimportation movement|}}</ul> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Nonimportation movement|}}</ul> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Navigation Acts|}}</ul> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Navigation Acts|}}</ul> | ||
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Revolutionary flags|flags symbolically represent a place or people; the colonial flags highlighted their protest and their growing identity as an independent nation of unified colonies; here for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Flags_of_the_American_Revolution |Flags of the American Revolution}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Revolutionary flags|flags symbolically represent a place or people; the colonial flags highlighted their protest and their growing identity as an independent nation of unified colonies; here for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Flags_of_the_American_Revolution |Flags of the American Revolution}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:social contract theory|}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:social contract theory|}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sons of Liberty|}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sons of Liberty|in response to the Stamp Act of 1765, colonists organized street protests and demanded resignation of stamp tax collectors; the Sons of Liberty was formed in protest in Boston and took the protests into violence, attacking property and the Lt. Governor's own house; the Sons of Liberty further organized and led boycott movements, publishing names of merchants and harassing their employees and customers; in 1773, the Sons of Liberty organized the Boston Tea party}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stamp Act Congress|nine colonial assemblies sent delegates to protest the encroachment of "rights and liberties", especially trial by jury}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stamp Act Congress|nine colonial assemblies sent delegates to protest the encroachment of "rights and liberties", especially trial by jury}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Vice admiralty courts|judicial courts of the British Navy with jurisdiction over colonial legal matters regarding shipping, customs, smuggling, and other maritime-related activities; "vice" because they were beneath the general "Admiralty Court" of Great Britain; as Parliament imposed new regulations, the Vice admiralty courts were charged with enforcement, including over affairs not previously considered maritime-related; this was especially offensice to the colonists because they had no say in selection of Admiralty court judges, there were usually no juries, and the burden of proof was upon the accused, not the Court, all of which they considered a violation of their rights}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Vice admiralty courts|judicial courts of the British Navy with jurisdiction over colonial legal matters regarding shipping, customs, smuggling, and other maritime-related activities; "vice" because they were beneath the general "Admiralty Court" of Great Britain; as Parliament imposed new regulations, the Vice admiralty courts were charged with enforcement, including over affairs not previously considered maritime-related; this was especially offensice to the colonists because they had no say in selection of Admiralty court judges, there were usually no juries, and the burden of proof was upon the accused, not the Court, all of which they considered a violation of their rights}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text: | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:virtual representation|the British idea that the colonies were represented "virtually," or in essence, by Parliament and without "direct" representation; following the Stamp Act, Benjamin Franklin argued for representation in Parliament: "If you chuse to tax us, give us Members in your Legislature and let us be one People." A core problem with representation was that the proprietary colonial landowners traditionally resided in London and therefore managed their colonial affairs from there, with direct influence in Parliament; Lonodon-based Caribbean plantation owners and merchants, especially, argued against direct representation, as "virtual representation" gave them more control over the colonies}}</li></ul> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Writs of Assistance|}}</ul> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Writs of Assistance|}}</ul> | ||