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'''Parts of Speech''' | '''Parts of Speech''' | ||
* "part" = portion or role | * "part" = portion or role | ||
* "speech" = verbal communication | * "speech" = verbal communication | ||
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*[[Category:Grammar]] [[Category:Parts of speech]] Abbreviations used in this article: | *[[Category:Grammar]] [[Category:Parts of speech]] Abbreviations used in this article: | ||
** IC = "independent clause" | ** IC = "independent [[Vocabulary:Clause|clause]]" | ||
** DC = "dependent clause" | ** DC = "dependent clause" | ||
** Phr = "[[Vocabulary:Phrase|phrase]]" | |||
** SV = "subject + verb" | ** SV = "subject + verb" | ||
** SVO = "subject + verb + object" | ** SVO = "subject + verb + object" | ||
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=== nouns and verbs as adjectives === | === nouns and verbs as adjectives === | ||
* when a noun or an adverb modify a noun, they are acting like adjectives | * when a noun or an adverb modify a noun, they are acting like adjectives | ||
** note that they act like but are not adjectives | |||
** see "Noun as modifier (attributive)" below | ** see "Noun as modifier (attributive)" below | ||
*** ex.: "dog food" = "dog" describes the kind of food, even though "dog" is a noun" | *** ex.: "dog food" = "dog" describes the kind of food, even though "dog" is a noun" | ||
** see "past participle" under Verbs | ** see "past participle" under Verbs | ||
*** ex.: "cooked food" = "cooked" describes the kind of food, even though "cook" is a verb | *** ex.: "cooked food" = "cooked" describes the kind of food, even though "cook" is a verb | ||
=== adjectives following subject-verb === | === adjectives following subject-verb (linking verb) === | ||
* sometimes adjectives stand alone following a verb | * sometimes adjectives stand alone following a verb | ||
** ex. "Josephus felt sad" | ** ex. "Josephus felt sad" | ||
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*** if it were, it would an adverb, as in "Josephus felt badly for the hurt boy" | *** if it were, it would an adverb, as in "Josephus felt badly for the hurt boy" | ||
**** "badly" = adverb that modifies the verb "felt | **** "badly" = adverb that modifies the verb "felt | ||
** verbs that may be followed by an adjective (and not an object/noun) include: | * verbs that connect an adjective to a subject are called "linking verbs" | ||
** linking verbs that may be followed by an adjective (and not an object/noun) include: | |||
*** ''be, feel, taste, smell, sound, sound, look, appear, seem'' | *** ''be, feel, taste, smell, sound, sound, look, appear, seem'' | ||
* these sentences, therefore do not have objects (nouns) | * these sentences, therefore do not have objects (nouns) | ||
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==== Appositive nouns & phrases ==== | ==== Appositive nouns & phrases ==== | ||
* = a noun that is next to another noun to add information to it | * = a noun that is next to another noun to add information to or to explain it | ||
** may be intermixed with modifiers (adjectives, prepositions) | ** may be intermixed with modifiers (adjectives, prepositions) | ||
** distinct from an attributive noun in that the appositive noun clarifies but is not acting as an adjective | ** distinct from an attributive noun in that the appositive noun clarifies but is not acting as an adjective | ||
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=== categories of prepositions === | === categories of prepositions === | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | ||
|+ Some types or categories of prepositions | |+ Some types or categories of prepositions | ||
|'''Prepositions of...''' | |'''Prepositions of...''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| direction or movement | | direction or movement | ||
| ||''at, between, for, into, onto'' | | ||''along, at, between, for, into, onto'' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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|relationship or purpose | |relationship or purpose | ||
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|for, in relation to, like, regarding, with, without | |''for, in relation to, like, regarding, with, without'' | ||
|for learning, without laughing | |for learning, without laughing | ||
|- | |||
|accompaniment, together, in conjunction | |||
|common or coordinated activity or purpose | |||
|with, | |||
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|- | |- | ||
|ownership | |ownership | ||
|owned, created | |owned, created | ||
|by, of, | |''by, of'' | ||
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|- | |||
|origin | |||
|source | |||
|''from, of'' | |||
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|- | |- | ||
|focus of attention | |focus of attention or topic | ||
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|regarding, to | |''about, regarding, to'' | ||
|He apologized to her | |He apologized to her | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | ||
|+ Preposition comparisons per category & use | |+ Preposition comparisons per category & use | ||
| about|| place ||near, within || ''about there, moving about'' | | about|| place ||near, within || ''about there, moving about'' | ||
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* See [[Preposition definitions and use]]<br /> | * See [[Preposition definitions and use]]<br /> | ||
=== List of prepositions === | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
|+ Quick list of (single word) prepositions | |+ Quick list of (single word) prepositions | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== Select preposition definitions & use === | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
|+Select preposition definitions and examples | |||
!Preposition | |||
!Expresses | |||
!Example | |||
!Notes | |||
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|about | |||
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|at | |||
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|by | |||
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|for | |||
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|from | |||
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|of | |||
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|on | |||
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|to | |||
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|"to" can also be a "particle" or "infinitive marker" | |||
* creates an infinitive: "to go" | |||
* so not to be confused with a preposition | |||
|- | |||
|up | |||
|heading above or upwards | |||
|''He crept up the stairs'' | |||
|"up" can also be an adjective, adverb, noun or particle. | |||
* * adjective, so when we say, "the sky is up" or "the system is up and running" it is not a preposition | |||
* adverb: "She picked it up" | |||
* noun: "What's up?" | |||
* particle: "I looked it up," "The DJ turned up the music" | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" |'''with''' | |||
|accompanying, alongside, together | |||
|''Stevie went with Joey to class'' | |||
''Coffeecake goes with coffee'' | |||
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|- | |||
|connected | |||
|''The sofa & chair are with each other'' | |||
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|agreement | |||
|''I agree with you (also "I am with you")'' | |||
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|method | |||
|''I fixed my phone with duct tape'' | |||
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|note: see 1/13/23 Blair class | |||
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* See | * See | ||
** [<nowiki/>[[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|Preposition and postposition (wiki)]]] | ** [<nowiki/>[[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|Preposition and postposition (wiki)]]] | ||
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** "on the table" = prepositional phrase | ** "on the table" = prepositional phrase | ||
=== prepositional phrases & verb types === | |||
* '''transitive verb''' = must be accompanied by an object | * '''transitive verb''' = must be accompanied by an object | ||
** the preposition will not be the direct object | ** the preposition will not be the direct object | ||
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*** ''He is a doctor '''in Nebraska''''' | *** ''He is a doctor '''in Nebraska''''' | ||
==== "overlapping" grammatical roles for prepositions | === prepositional phrase as modifier === | ||
* prepositional phrases act like adjectives or adverbs to modify nouns or verbs | |||
** therefore, they are not separated from the word they modify by punctuation | |||
** ex. ''The player ran onto the field'' | |||
*** as opposed to ''The player, ran onto the field'' | |||
**** = incorrect comma that separates the verb "ran" from the prepositional phrase "onto the field" | |||
==== modify a noun (as an adjective) ==== | |||
* ''The best books '''in the library''' are in the adventure section'' | |||
** note that there is no punctuation separating "books" from the modifying prepositional phrase, "in the library" | |||
** also called an "adjective phrase" or "adjective prepositional phrase | |||
==== modify a verb (as an adverb): ==== | |||
* ''He stepped onto the porch'' | |||
** "onto the porch" describes how "he stepped" | |||
** so the prepositional phrase acts like an adverb | |||
** sometimes called an "adverbial phrase" | |||
==== as introductory phrase ==== | |||
* prepositional phrases are commonly used to introduce information about the clause that follows | |||
** ex. ''On Tuesdays, I have night classes'' | |||
==== as noun phrase ==== | |||
* prepositional phrases can also act as nouns, usually as the subject of a sentence | |||
** and usually in reference to a location or time that has an action (verb), such as: | |||
*** ''During the summer is the best time to play outside'' | |||
*** ''After I exercise is when I feel best'' | |||
* Sources: | |||
** [https://writer.com/blog/prepositional-phrase/ Prepositional phrases: what they are and examples (writer.com)] | |||
** [https://www.englishgrammar101.com/module-7/prepositions/lesson-6/prepositional-phrases-as-nouns Prepositional Phrases as Nouns(englishgrammar.com)] | |||
** [https://www.brighthubeducation.com/english-homework-help/46995-the-nominal-functions-of-prepositions-and-prepositional-phrases/ How to Use Prepositions as Subjects, Subject Complements, and Direct Objects (brighthub.com)] | |||
** [https://blog.inkforall.com/types-of-prepositions Types of Prepositions (inkforall.com)] | |||
=== "overlapping" grammatical roles for prepositions === | |||
* some words and grammar forms "overlap" or operate in or as multiple grammatical forms | * some words and grammar forms "overlap" or operate in or as multiple grammatical forms | ||
===== "intransitive preposition" | ===== preposition as subordinating conjunction ===== | ||
* = a "conjunctive preposition" | |||
* which is also a "subordinating conjunction" | |||
** compare: ''I got my license '''before last year''''' | |||
*** before= preposition that defines when "I went to school" | |||
** to: ''I got my license '''before last year ended''''' | |||
*** before = combines "I got my license" and "last year ended" and defines which came first | |||
** so we can view "before" as '''subordinating''' the clause, "last year ended," | |||
*** it is a clause because it contains a subject (year) and verb ("ended) | |||
*** and the preposition "before" "subordinates | |||
*** however, since "before" is defining the "when," which is a core function of a preposition, we can call it one, or call it a "conjunctive preposition" when also acting as a [[#subordinating conjunction]]. | |||
** more examples: | |||
*** ''She paid the bill after dinner''vs: | |||
**** ''She paid the bill after she ate dinner'' | |||
*** ''He played like a pro''vs. | |||
**** ''He played like he was a pro'' | |||
==== "intransitive preposition" ==== | |||
* = prepositions may or may not define a "noun phrase" (which prepositions would normally accompany) | * = prepositions may or may not define a "noun phrase" (which prepositions would normally accompany) | ||
* intransitive prepositions do not need a noun or noun phrase | * intransitive prepositions do not need a noun or noun phrase | ||
* i.e., they act as '''adverb modifiers''' or '''subject complements''' | * i.e., they act as '''adverb modifiers''' or '''subject complements''' | ||
* most dictionaries qualify intransitive prepositions as adverbs, such as "abroad," "now," "until" | * most dictionaries qualify '''intransitive prepositions''' as adverbs, such as "abroad," "now," "until" | ||
** ex. of intransitive preposition: | ** ex. of intransitive preposition: ''They went ahead'' or ''The dog is outside'' | ||
** with a noun these would be more clearly prepositions: | ** with a noun these would be more clearly prepositions: | ||
*** ''They went ahead of the others'' or ''The dog is outside the fence'' | *** ''They went ahead of the others'' or ''The dog is outside the fence'' | ||
=== | === Preposition as "particle" (w/o object complement)=== | ||
* ''particles'' are words that don't fit into the general categories of parts of speech | * ''particles'' are words that don't fit into the general categories of parts of speech | ||
** the most common are prepositions that do not have an object | ** the most common are prepositions that do not have an object |