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| === John Locke === | | === John Locke === |
| [[File:John Locke.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Locke by Godfrey Kneller in 1697|alt=Portrait of Locke by Godfrey Kneller in 1697]]
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| * 1632-1704
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| * key Enlightenment thinker
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| * known as "Father of liberalism"
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| * key ideas:
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| ** "natural law" and "natural rights"
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| *** that people are born with certain rights and that "natural" laws pre-exist governments (which creates "positive law")
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| ** the "social contract"
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| *** the government and the governed must have a "contract" that protects and defines the rights and responsibility of both
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| *** people have the natural right to protect their own "life, health, liberty, or possessions"
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| **** therefore, protecting those rights is a primary purpose of government (its contract)
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| ** "consent of the governed"
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| *** governments are legitimate only if they have the "consent" or permission from the "governed" (the people)
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| ** the "clean slate" or "''tabula rosa''"
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| *** that all humans are born equal and learn from their environment and experiences
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| *** he promoted proper education of children when young
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| **** otherwise, prejudices, fears, and superstitions will be "locked in" to their memories
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| ** separation of church and state
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| ** property
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| *** Locke argued that property is a natural right and is necesssary for happiness
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| ** supply and demand or "price threory"
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| *** Locke developed the economic / monetary theory of the relationship between supply and demand
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| * works:
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| ** "A Letter Concerning Toleration" 1689
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| ** "Two Treatises of Government" 1689-90
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| ** "Some Thoughts Concerning Education" 1693
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| ** "1695. The Reasonableness of Christianity, as Delivered in the Scriptures" 1695
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| * quotations:
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| ** "What worries you masters you."
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| === Isaac Newton === | | === Isaac Newton === |
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| === Voltaire === | | === Voltaire === |
| * 1694-1778 | | * Candide: satire on Englightenment thought "best of all possible worlds" << to do |
| * French philosopher and writer
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| * ideas:
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| ** freedom of speech
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| ** freedom of religion and freedom and toleration
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| ** separation of church and state
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| *** was very anti-clerical and anti-dogma (strict religious rules)
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| *** was a "deist" but not an atheist
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| ** disliked democracy
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| *** leads to mob rule
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| ** pluralism
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| *** Voltaire studied foreign religions and history and considered them on equal basis as with those of the West
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| *** he admired Confucious:
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| <pre> Confucius has no interest in falsehood; he did not pretend to be prophet; he claimed no inspiration; he taught no new religion; he used no delusions; flattered not the emperor under whom he lived... </pre>
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| * works:
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| ** ''Candide''
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| ** satire on Enlightenment thought "best of all possible worlds"
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| * quotations:
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| ** "Common sense is not so common."
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