European Enlightenment: Difference between revisions

→‎John Locke: adding voltaire section
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=== John Locke ===
=== John Locke ===
[[File:John Locke.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Locke by Godfrey Kneller in 1697|alt=Portrait of Locke by Godfrey Kneller in 1697]]
* 1632-1704
* key Enlightenment thinker
* known as "Father of liberalism"
* key ideas:
** "natural law" and "natural rights"
*** that people are born with certain rights and that "natural" laws pre-exist governments (which creates "positive law")
** the "social contract"
*** the government and the governed must have a "contract" that protects and defines the rights and responsibility of both
*** people have the natural right to protect their own "life, health, liberty, or possessions"
**** therefore, protecting those rights is a primary purpose of government (its contract)
** "consent of the governed"
*** governments are legitimate only if they have the "consent" or permission from the "governed" (the people)
** the "clean slate" or "''tabula rosa''"
*** that all humans are born equal and learn from their environment and experiences
*** he promoted proper education of children when young
**** otherwise, prejudices, fears, and superstitions will be "locked in" to their memories
** separation of church and state
** property
*** Locke argued that property is a natural right and is necesssary for happiness
** supply and demand or "price threory"
*** Locke developed the economic / monetary theory of the relationship between supply and demand
* works:
** "A Letter Concerning Toleration" 1689
** "Two Treatises of Government" 1689-90
** "Some Thoughts Concerning Education" 1693
** "1695. The Reasonableness of Christianity, as Delivered in the Scriptures" 1695
* quotations:
** "What worries you masters you."


=== Isaac Newton ===
=== Isaac Newton ===
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=== Voltaire ===
=== Voltaire ===
* Candide: satire on Englightenment thought "best of all possible worlds" << to do
* 1694-1778
* French philosopher and writer
* ideas:
** freedom of speech
** freedom of religion and freedom and toleration
** separation of church and state
*** was very anti-clerical and anti-dogma (strict religious rules)
*** was a "deist" but not an atheist
** disliked democracy
*** leads to mob rule
** pluralism
*** Voltaire studied foreign religions and history and considered them on equal basis as with those of the West
*** he admired Confucious:
<pre> Confucius has no interest in falsehood; he did not pretend to be prophet; he claimed no inspiration; he taught no new religion; he used no delusions; flattered not the emperor under whom he lived... </pre>
* works:
** ''Candide''
** satire on Enlightenment thought "best of all possible worlds"  
* quotations:
** "Common sense is not so common."