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European Enlightenment: Difference between revisions
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=== John Locke === | === John Locke === | ||
[[File:John Locke.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Locke by Godfrey Kneller in 1697|alt=Portrait of Locke by Godfrey Kneller in 1697]] | |||
* 1632-1704 | |||
* key Enlightenment thinker | |||
* known as "Father of liberalism" | |||
* key ideas: | |||
** "natural law" and "natural rights" | |||
*** that people are born with certain rights and that "natural" laws pre-exist governments (which creates "positive law") | |||
** the "social contract" | |||
*** the government and the governed must have a "contract" that protects and defines the rights and responsibility of both | |||
*** people have the natural right to protect their own "life, health, liberty, or possessions" | |||
**** therefore, protecting those rights is a primary purpose of government (its contract) | |||
** "consent of the governed" | |||
** separation of powers | |||
*** Locke envisioned separate executive, legislative and judicial branches | |||
*** governments are legitimate only if they have the "consent" or permission from the "governed" (the people) | |||
** the "clean slate" or "''tabula rosa''" | |||
*** that all humans are born equal and learn from their environment and experiences | |||
*** he promoted proper education of children when young | |||
**** otherwise, prejudices, fears, and superstitions will be "locked in" to their memories | |||
** separation of church and state | |||
** property | |||
*** Locke argued that property is a natural right and is necesssary for happiness | |||
** supply and demand or "price threory" | |||
*** Locke developed the economic / monetary theory of the relationship between supply and demand | |||
* works: | |||
** "A Letter Concerning Toleration" 1689 | |||
** "Two Treatises of Government" 1689-90 | |||
** "Some Thoughts Concerning Education" 1693 | |||
** "1695. The Reasonableness of Christianity, as Delivered in the Scriptures" 1695 | |||
* quotations: | |||
** "What worries you masters you." | |||
=== Montesquieu === | |||
=== Isaac Newton === | === Isaac Newton === | ||
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=== Voltaire === | === Voltaire === | ||
* Candide | * 1694-1778 | ||
* French philosopher and writer | |||
* ideas: | |||
** freedom of speech | |||
** freedom of religion and freedom and toleration | |||
** separation of church and state | |||
*** was very anti-clerical and anti-dogma (strict religious rules) | |||
*** was a "deist" but not an atheist | |||
** disliked democracy | |||
*** leads to mob rule | |||
** pluralism | |||
*** Voltaire studied foreign religions and history and considered them on equal basis as with those of the West | |||
*** he admired Confucius: | |||
<pre> Confucius has no interest in falsehood; he did not pretend to be prophet; he claimed no inspiration; he taught no new religion; he used no delusions; flattered not the emperor under whom he lived... </pre> | |||
* works: | |||
** ''Candide'' | |||
** satire on Enlightenment thought "best of all possible worlds" | |||
* quotations: | |||
** "Common sense is not so common." | |||