Human geography: Difference between revisions

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 * demographic analysis can be empowered by these categories
 **
+==== pre-Stage 1 ====
+* pre-Agriculture or early agriculture (Neolithic)
+* hunter-gatherers
+* nomadic pastoral (herders)
+* low fertility rates
+** hunter-gatherer societies, women typically have babies every 4-5 years
+* stable population
 ===== Stage 1 =====
-**
+* marked by both high birth and death rates
+*pre-industrial agricultural period
+*high fertility rates
+**in pre-industrial agricultural societies, women typically have babies every 2 years
+*high birth rates coincident w/ high death rates
+**= stable population
+**= high birth rate for population replacement
+*most people involved in agriculture
+**includes herding, farming
+*population dependent upon food supply
+**susceptible to famines and environmental
+***susceptible = easily impacted by
 ===== Stage 2 =====
+* falling death rates and ongoing high birth rates
+* = high population growth
+* declines in death rates due to
+** higher agricultural yields, due to
+*** crop rotation
+*** soil management
+*** seed and seeding technologies
+** lower early-age death rates due to better hygiene
+* public health improvement due to
+** sewerage:
+*** fresh water supply
+*** sewage disposal
+*** general better hygiene
+* ongoing high-birth rates due to dependence on agriculture
 ===== Stage 3 =====
+* low death rates and lower birth rates
+* lower fertility
+** less need for farm labor
+** contraception
+* movement of women into workforce
+** more educational opportunities for women
+* urbanization
+* increase in literacy
+* decline in '''youth dependency ratio'''
+** leads to increasing population aging
 ===== Stage 4 =====
+* lower death and birth rates
+** leads to decline in population growth
+* larger female integration into education and workplace and general independence
 ===== Stage 5 =====
+* lower death rates and birth rates below replacement levels
+** '''sub-replacement fertility'''
+* population aging and decline
+* Stage 5 countries without immigration will have population declines
 ==== key terms ====
 ===== agriculture =====
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 * contraception
 * population momentum
+* population aging
+* sub-replacement fertility
 * baby boom
 * urbanization